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Malassezia

February 15, 2024

Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum) is a genus of fungi. It is the sole genus in family Malasseziaceae, which is the only family in order Malasseziales, itself the single member of class Malasseziomycetes.[3] Malassezia species are naturally found on the skin surfaces of many animals, including humans. In occasional opportunistic infections, some species can cause hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation on the trunk and other locations in humans. Allergy tests for these fungi are available. It is believed French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat suffered from a fungal infection from Malassezia restricta, which lead to his frequent bathing in a medicinal substance.[4]

Malassezia
Malassezia furfur in skin scale from a patient with tinea versicolor
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Subdivision: Ustilaginomycotina
Class: Malasseziomycetes
Denchev & T.Denchev (2014)
Order: Malasseziales
R.T.Moore (1980)
Family: Malasseziaceae
Denchev & R.T.Moore (2009)
Genus: Malassezia
Baill. (1889)[1]
Type species
Malassezia furfur
(C.P.Robin) Baill. (1889)
Synonyms[2]

Systematics edit

 
A 25-year-old man with pityrosporum folliculitis and electron micrograph of his skin, showing Malassezia spores.[5]

Due to progressive changes in their nomenclature, some confusion exists about the naming and classification of Malassezia yeast species. Work on these yeasts has been complicated because they require specific growth media and grow very slowly in laboratory culture.[6]

Malassezia was originally identified by the French scientist Louis-Charles Malassez in the late nineteenth century;[7] he associated it with the condition seborrhoeic dermatitis.[8] Raymond Sabouraud identified a dandruff-causing organism in 1904 and called it Pityrosporum Malassezii,[9] honoring Malassez, but at the species level as opposed to the genus level. When it was determined that the organisms were the same, the term "Malassezia" was judged to possess priority.[10]

In the mid-twentieth century, it was reclassified into two species:

  • Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale, which is lipid-dependent and found only on humans. P. ovale was later divided into two species, P. ovale and P. orbiculare, but current sources consider these terms to refer to a single species of fungus, with M. furfur the preferred name.[11]
  • Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis, which is lipophilic but not lipid-dependent. It is found on the skin of most animals.

In the mid-1990s, scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, discovered additional species.[12]

Malassezia is the sole genus in the family Malasseziaceae, which was validated by Cvetomir Denchev and Royall T. Moore in 2009.[13] The order Malasseziales had been previously proposed by Moore in 1980,[14] and later emended by Begerow and colleagues in 2000. At this time the order was classified as a member of unknown class placement in the subdivision Ustilaginomycotina.[15] In 2014, Cvetomir and Teodor Denchev circumscribed the class Malasseziomycetes to contain the group.[16]

Description edit

Malassezia demonstrates a rapid growth rate, typically maturing within 5 days when incubated at temperatures ranging from 30–35 °C (86–95 °F). Growth is less optimal at 25 °C (77 °F), and certain species struggle at 37 °C (99 °F). These organisms can proliferate on media infused with cycloheximide. An essential factor for the growth of Malassezia is the presence of long-chain fatty acids, with M. pachydermatis being an exception. The most conventional cultivation method involves overlaying solid media with a layer of olive oil. However, for nurturing some clinically relevant species, such as the challenging-to-cultivate M. restricta, more intricate culture media may be required. For the most efficient recovery of Malassezia, it has been recommended to collect blood through a lipid infusion catheter and subsequently use lysis-centrifugation—a recommendation backed by multiple comparative studies.[17]

The yeast-like cells of Malassezia, measuring between 1.5–4.5 μm by 3–7 μm, are characterised as phialides featuring tiny collarettes (a small, collar-like flange or lip at the mouth of a phialide from which spores or conidia are produced and released). These collarettes are challenging to identify using standard light microscopes. A defining characteristic of cells from this genus is their morphology: one end is round, while the other has a distinctly blunt termination. This latter end is where singular, broad-based bud-like structures emerge, although in certain species, these structures might be narrower. To effectively visualise the organism's shape, a staining technique involving safranin is recommended, followed by observation under oil immersion. Furthermore, Calcofluor-white staining provides an enhanced clarity of the cell wall and its unique contour. While Malassezia typically lacks hyphal elements, rudimentary forms can sporadically be present.[17]

Species edit

Species Fungorum accepts 22 species of Malassezia.[18] The following list gives the name of the fungus, the taxonomic authority (those who first described the fungus, or who transferred it into Malassezia from another genus; standardized author abbreviations are used), and the name of the organism from which the fungus was isolated, if not human.

Role in human diseases edit

Dermatitis and dandruff edit

Identification of Malassezia on skin has been aided by the application of molecular or DNA-based techniques. These investigations show that the Malassezia species causing most skin disease in humans, including the most common cause of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis, is M. globosa (though M. restricta is also involved).[25] The skin rash of tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) is also due to infection by this fungus.

As the fungus requires fat to grow,[12] it is most common in areas with many sebaceous glands: on the scalp,[37] face, and upper part of the body. When the fungus grows too rapidly, the natural renewal of cells is disturbed, and dandruff appears with itching (a similar process may also occur with other fungi or bacteria).

A project in 2007 sequenced the genome of dandruff-causing Malassezia globosa and found it to have 4,285 genes.[38][39] M. globosa uses eight different types of lipase, along with three phospholipases, to break down the oils on the scalp. Any of these 11 proteins would be a suitable target for dandruff medications.

The number of specimens of M. globosa on a human head can be up to ten million.[37]

M. globosa has been predicted to have the ability to reproduce sexually,[40] but this has not been observed.

Research edit

Malassezia is among the many mycobiota undergoing laboratory research to investigate whether it is associated with types of disease.[41] Translocation of Malassezia spp. from the intestines into pancreatic neoplasms has been associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and the fungi may promote tumor progression through activation of host complement.[42][43]

The yeast M. restricta, normally found in the skin, is linked to disorders like Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease when found in the gut, especially for those with the N12 CARD9 allele, which provokes a stronger inflammatory response to the yeast.[44]

References edit

  1. ^ Baillon, Henri Ernest (1889). "Traité de botanique médicale cryptogamique" [Treatise on cryptogamic medical botany] (in French). Paris: Octave Doin: 234. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5409. OCLC 2139870. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ "Synonymy: Malassezia Baill., Traité Bot. Méd. Crypt.: 234 (1889)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  3. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  4. ^ "Mystery of Jean-Paul Marat's bathing habit… - The Good Life France". thegoodlifefrance.com. 2021-06-14. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
  5. ^ Ran Yuping (2016). "Observation of Fungi, Bacteria, and Parasites in Clinical Skin Samples Using Scanning Electron Microscopy". In Janecek, Milos; Kral, Robert (eds.). Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences. InTech. doi:10.5772/61850. ISBN 978-953-51-2252-4. S2CID 53472683.
  6. ^ Theelen, Bart; Cafarchia, Claudia; Gaitanis, Georgios; Bassukas, Ioannis Dimitrios; Boekhout, Teun; Dawson, Thomas L. (2018). "Malassezia ecology, pathophysiology, and treatment". Medical Mycology. 56 (suppl 1): S10–S25. doi:10.1093/mmy/myx134. hdl:11586/215288. PMID 29538738.
  7. ^ Malassez, L. (1874). "Note sur le champignon du pityriasis simple" [Note on the fungus of simple pityriasis]. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry (in French). 2: 451–464.
  8. ^ Dawson, Thomas L. (2019). "Malassezia: The Forbidden Kingdom Opens". Cell Host Microbe. 25 (3): 345–347. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.010. PMID 30870616.
  9. ^ Sabouraud, R. (1904). Maladies du cuir chevelu: II. Les maladies desquamatives [Scalp conditions: II. Desquamative disorders] (in French). Paris: Masson et Cie. p. 646.
  10. ^ Inamadar AC, Palit A (2003). "The genus Malassezia and human disease". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 69 (4): 265–70. PMID 17642908.
  11. ^ Freedberg; et al., eds. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1187. ISBN 0-07-138067-1.
  12. ^ a b Guého E, Midgley G, Guillot J (May 1996). "The genus Malassezia with description of four new species". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 69 (4): 337–355. doi:10.1007/BF00399623. PMID 8836432. S2CID 31791799.
  13. ^ Denchev, C.M.; Moore, R.T. (2009). "Validation of Malasseziaceae and Ceraceosoraceae (Exobasidiomycetes)". Mycotaxon. 110: 379–382. doi:10.5248/110.379.
  14. ^ Moore, R.T. (1980). "Taxonomic proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts". Botanica Marina. 23 (6): 361–373.
  15. ^ Begerow, Dominik; Bauer, Robert; Boekhout, Teun (2000). "Phylogenetic placements of ustilaginomycetous anamorphs as deduced from nuclear LSU rDNA sequences". Mycological Research. 104 (1): 53–60. doi:10.1017/s0953756299001161.
  16. ^ Denchev, C.M.; Denchev, T.T. (2014). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum. 145: 1. ISSN 2049-2375.
  17. ^ a b Larone, Davise Honig (2011). Medically Important Fungi (5th ed.). Washington (D.C.): ASM press. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-55581-660-5.
  18. ^ Species Fungorum. "Malassezia". Catalog of Life. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  19. ^ Honnavar, P.; Prasad, G.S.; Ghosh, A.; Dogra, S.; Handa, S.; Rudramurthy, S.M. (2016). "Malassezia arunalokei sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from seborrhoeic dermatitis patients and healthy individuals from India". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 54 (7): 1826–1834. doi:10.1128/JCM.00683-16. PMC 4922115. PMID 27147721.
  20. ^ Cabañes, F.J.; Coutinho, S.D.A.; Puig, L.; Bragulat, M.R.; Castellá, G. (2016). "New lipid-dependent Malassezia species from parrots". Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. 33 (2): 92–99. doi:10.1016/j.riam.2016.03.003. PMID 27184440.
  21. ^ a b Cabañes, FJ, Theelen, B, Castella, G, Boukhout, T (2007). "Two new lipid-dependent Malassezia species from domestic animals". FEMS Yeast Research. 7 (6): 1064–1076. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00217.x. ISSN 1567-1356. PMID 17367513.
  22. ^ Cabañes FJ, Vega S, Castellá G (2011). "Malassezia cuniculi sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin". Medical Mycology. 49 (1): 40–48. doi:10.3109/13693786.2010.493562. PMID 20560865.
  23. ^ Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, et al. (April 2002). "New Yeast Species, Malassezia dermatis, Isolated from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis". J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (4): 1363–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.4.1363-1367.2002. PMC 140359. PMID 11923357.
  24. ^ White, S.D.; Vandenabeele, S.I.J.; Drazenovich, N.L.; Foley, J.E. (2006). "Malassezia species isolated from the intermammary and preputial fossa areas of horses". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 20 (2): 395–398. doi:10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[395:MSIFTI]2.0.CO;2. PMID 16594600.
  25. ^ a b DeAngelis YM, Saunders CW, Johnstone KR, et al. (September 2007). "Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene, LIP1". J. Invest. Dermatol. 127 (9): 2138–46. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700844. PMID 17460728.
  26. ^ Sugita, Takashi; Masako Takashima; Minako Kodama; Ryoji Tsuboi; Akemi Nishikawa (October 2003). "Description of a New Yeast Species, Malassezia japonica, and Its Detection in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Subjects". J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (10): 4695–4699. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.10.4695-4699.2003. PMC 254348. PMID 14532205.
  27. ^ Hirai A, Kano R, Makimura K, et al. (March 2004). "Malassezia nana sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54 (Pt 2): 623–7. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02776-0. PMID 15023986.
  28. ^ Guého, E.; Midgley, G.; Guillot, J. (1996). "The genus Malassezia with description of four new species". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 69 (4): 337–355. doi:10.1007/BF00399623. PMID 8836432. S2CID 31791799.
  29. ^ Maecke, Margarita (1941). "Descripción de una nueva especie de Malassezia: Malassezia ochoterenai, agente causal de Pytiriasis (Tinea) vesicolor y posición sistemática del género Malassezia". Anales del Instituto de Biología (in Spanish). 12: 511–546.
  30. ^ Coutinho SD, Paula CR (June 1998). "Biotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis strains using the killer system". Rev Iberoam Micol. 15 (2): 85–7. PMID 17655416.
  31. ^ Lorch JM, Palmer JM, Vanderwolf KJ, et al. (2018). "Malassezia vespertilionis sp. nov. :a new cold-tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats". Persoonia. 41: 56–70. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.04. PMC 6344816. PMID 30728599.
  32. ^ Sugita T, Tajima M, Amaya M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A (2004). "Genotype analysis of Malassezia restricta as the major cutaneous flora in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects". Microbiol. Immunol. 48 (10): 755–9. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03601.x. PMID 15502408.
  33. ^ Uzal FA, Paulson D, Eigenheer AL, Walker RL (October 2007). "Malassezia slooffiae-associated dermatitis in a goat". Veterinary Dermatology. 18 (5): 348–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00606.x. PMID 17845623.
  34. ^ Niamba P, Weill FX, Sarlangue J, Labrèze C, Couprie B, Taïeh A (August 1998). "Is common neonatal cephalic pustulosis (neonatal acne) triggered by Malassezia sympodialis?". Arch Dermatol. 134 (8): 995–8. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.8.995. PMID 9722730.
  35. ^ Lorch, J.M.; Palmer, J.M.; Vanderwolf, K.J.; Schmidt, K.Z.; Verant, M.L.; Weller, T.J.; Blehert, D.S. (2018). "Malassezia vespertilionis sp. nov.: a new cold-tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 41 (1): 56–70. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.04. PMC 6344816. PMID 30728599.
  36. ^ Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M, et al. (2004). "A new yeast, Malassezia yamatoensis, isolated from a patient with seborrheic dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects". Microbiol. Immunol. 48 (8): 579–83. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03554.x. PMID 15322337. S2CID 34281815.
  37. ^ a b "Genetic code of dandruff cracked". BBC News. BBC. 2007-11-06. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  38. ^ Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P, et al. (November 2007). "Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (47): 18730–5. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10418730X. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706756104. PMC 2141845. PMID 18000048.
  39. ^ Spectrum Science Public Relations (21 November 2007). "Scientists Complete Genome Sequence Of Fungus Responsible For Dandruff, Skin Disorders". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  40. ^ Guillot J, Hadina S, Guého E (June 2008). "The genus Malassezia: old facts and new concepts". Parassitologia. 50 (1–2): 77–9. PMID 18693563.
  41. ^ Wu X, Xia Y, He F, Zhu C, Ren W (March 2021). "Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases: from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities". Microbiome. 9 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01024-x. PMC 7958491. PMID 33715629.
  42. ^ Aykut B, Pushalkar S, Chen R, Li Q, Abengozar R, Kim JI, et al. (2019). "The fungal mycobiome promotes pancreatic oncogenesis via activation of MBL". Nature. 574 (7777): 264–267. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1608-2. PMC 6858566. PMID 31578522.
  43. ^ Loker, Eric S.; Hofkin, Bruce V. (2023). Parasitology: A Conceptual Approach (Second ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 54. doi:10.1201/9780429277405. ISBN 9780429277405. LCCN 2021045732. S2CID 250473493.
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Further reading edit

  • Shams Ghahfarokhi, M.; Razzaghi Abyaneh, M. (4 October 2015). "Rapid Identification of Malassezia furfur from other Malassezia Species: A Major Causative Agent of Pityriasis Versicolor". Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences. 29 (1): 36–39. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.611.20.

February 15, 2024
malassezia, formerly, known, pityrosporum, genus, fungi, sole, genus, family, ceae, which, only, family, order, itself, single, member, class, malasseziomycetes, species, naturally, found, skin, surfaces, many, animals, including, humans, occasional, opportuni. Malassezia formerly known as Pityrosporum is a genus of fungi It is the sole genus in family Malasseziaceae which is the only family in order Malasseziales itself the single member of class Malasseziomycetes 3 Malassezia species are naturally found on the skin surfaces of many animals including humans In occasional opportunistic infections some species can cause hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation on the trunk and other locations in humans Allergy tests for these fungi are available It is believed French revolutionary Jean Paul Marat suffered from a fungal infection from Malassezia restricta which lead to his frequent bathing in a medicinal substance 4 MalasseziaMalassezia furfur in skin scale from a patient with tinea versicolorScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision BasidiomycotaSubdivision UstilaginomycotinaClass MalasseziomycetesDenchev amp T Denchev 2014 Order MalassezialesR T Moore 1980 Family MalasseziaceaeDenchev amp R T Moore 2009 Genus MalasseziaBaill 1889 1 Type speciesMalassezia furfur C P Robin Baill 1889 Synonyms 2 Pityrosporum Sabour 1904 Contents 1 Systematics 2 Description 3 Species 4 Role in human diseases 4 1 Dermatitis and dandruff 5 Research 6 References 7 Further readingSystematics edit nbsp A 25 year old man with pityrosporum folliculitis and electron micrograph of his skin showing Malassezia spores 5 Due to progressive changes in their nomenclature some confusion exists about the naming and classification of Malassezia yeast species Work on these yeasts has been complicated because they require specific growth media and grow very slowly in laboratory culture 6 Malassezia was originally identified by the French scientist Louis Charles Malassez in the late nineteenth century 7 he associated it with the condition seborrhoeic dermatitis 8 Raymond Sabouraud identified a dandruff causing organism in 1904 and called it Pityrosporum Malassezii 9 honoring Malassez but at the species level as opposed to the genus level When it was determined that the organisms were the same the term Malassezia was judged to possess priority 10 In the mid twentieth century it was reclassified into two species Pityrosporum Malassezia ovale which is lipid dependent and found only on humans P ovale was later divided into two species P ovale and P orbiculare but current sources consider these terms to refer to a single species of fungus with M furfur the preferred name 11 Pityrosporum Malassezia pachydermatis which is lipophilic but not lipid dependent It is found on the skin of most animals In the mid 1990s scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris France discovered additional species 12 Malassezia is the sole genus in the family Malasseziaceae which was validated by Cvetomir Denchev and Royall T Moore in 2009 13 The order Malasseziales had been previously proposed by Moore in 1980 14 and later emended by Begerow and colleagues in 2000 At this time the order was classified as a member of unknown class placement in the subdivision Ustilaginomycotina 15 In 2014 Cvetomir and Teodor Denchev circumscribed the class Malasseziomycetes to contain the group 16 Description editMalassezia demonstrates a rapid growth rate typically maturing within 5 days when incubated at temperatures ranging from 30 35 C 86 95 F Growth is less optimal at 25 C 77 F and certain species struggle at 37 C 99 F These organisms can proliferate on media infused with cycloheximide An essential factor for the growth of Malassezia is the presence of long chain fatty acids with M pachydermatis being an exception The most conventional cultivation method involves overlaying solid media with a layer of olive oil However for nurturing some clinically relevant species such as the challenging to cultivate M restricta more intricate culture media may be required For the most efficient recovery of Malassezia it has been recommended to collect blood through a lipid infusion catheter and subsequently use lysis centrifugation a recommendation backed by multiple comparative studies 17 The yeast like cells of Malassezia measuring between 1 5 4 5 mm by 3 7 mm are characterised as phialides featuring tiny collarettes a small collar like flange or lip at the mouth of a phialide from which spores or conidia are produced and released These collarettes are challenging to identify using standard light microscopes A defining characteristic of cells from this genus is their morphology one end is round while the other has a distinctly blunt termination This latter end is where singular broad based bud like structures emerge although in certain species these structures might be narrower To effectively visualise the organism s shape a staining technique involving safranin is recommended followed by observation under oil immersion Furthermore Calcofluor white staining provides an enhanced clarity of the cell wall and its unique contour While Malassezia typically lacks hyphal elements rudimentary forms can sporadically be present 17 Species editSpecies Fungorum accepts 22 species of Malassezia 18 The following list gives the name of the fungus the taxonomic authority those who first described the fungus or who transferred it into Malassezia from another genus standardized author abbreviations are used and the name of the organism from which the fungus was isolated if not human Malassezia arunalokei Honnavar Rudramurthy G S Prasad amp Chakrabarti 19 Malassezia brasiliensis F J Cabanes S D A Coutinho M R Bragulat amp G Castella 20 from lesions on the beak of turquoise fronted amazon parrot Malassezia caprae J Cabanes amp Boekhout 21 from skin of goat Malassezia cuniculi J Cabanes amp G Castella 22 from healthy skin of external ear canal of rabbit Malassezia dermatis Sugita M Takash A Nishikawa amp Shinoda 23 Malassezia equi Nell S A James C J Bond B Hunt amp Herrtage 24 from skin of horse Malassezia equina J Cabanes amp Boekhout 21 from skin of horse Malassezia furfur C P Robin Baill Malassezia globosa Midgley E Gueho amp J Guillot 25 Malassezia japonica Sugita M Takash M Kodama Tsuboi amp A Nishikawa 26 Malassezia muris Gluge amp d Ukedem ex Gueg Escomel skin of mouse Malassezia nana A Hirai R Kano Makimura H Yamag amp A Haseg 27 from discharge from ear of cat Malassezia obtusa Midgley J Guillot amp E Gueho 28 Malassezia ochoterenai Maecke 29 Malassezia pachydermatis Weidman C W Dodge 30 from skin of Indian rhinoceros Malassezia psittaci F J Cabanes S D A Coutinho M R Bragulat amp G Castella 31 from lesions on the beak of blue headed parrot Malassezia restricta E Gueho J Guillot amp Midgley 32 Malassezia slooffiae J Guillot Midgley amp E Gueho 33 from skin of pig Malassezia sympodialis R B Simmons amp E Gueho 34 Malassezia tropica Castell Schmitter Malassezia vespertilionis J M Lorch amp Vanderwolf 35 from vesper bats in subfamily Myotinae Malassezia yamatoensis Sugita M Takash Tajima Tsuboi amp A Nishikawa 36 Role in human diseases editDermatitis and dandruff edit Identification of Malassezia on skin has been aided by the application of molecular or DNA based techniques These investigations show that the Malassezia species causing most skin disease in humans including the most common cause of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis is M globosa though M restricta is also involved 25 The skin rash of tinea versicolor pityriasis versicolor is also due to infection by this fungus As the fungus requires fat to grow 12 it is most common in areas with many sebaceous glands on the scalp 37 face and upper part of the body When the fungus grows too rapidly the natural renewal of cells is disturbed and dandruff appears with itching a similar process may also occur with other fungi or bacteria A project in 2007 sequenced the genome of dandruff causing Malassezia globosa and found it to have 4 285 genes 38 39 M globosa uses eight different types of lipase along with three phospholipases to break down the oils on the scalp Any of these 11 proteins would be a suitable target for dandruff medications The number of specimens of M globosa on a human head can be up to ten million 37 M globosa has been predicted to have the ability to reproduce sexually 40 but this has not been observed Research editMalassezia is among the many mycobiota undergoing laboratory research to investigate whether it is associated with types of disease 41 Translocation of Malassezia spp from the intestines into pancreatic neoplasms has been associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and the fungi may promote tumor progression through activation of host complement 42 43 The yeast M restricta normally found in the skin is linked to disorders like Crohn s disease and inflammatory bowel disease when found in the gut especially for those with the N12 CARD9 allele which provokes a stronger inflammatory response to the yeast 44 References edit Baillon Henri Ernest 1889 Traite de botanique medicale cryptogamique Treatise on cryptogamic medical botany in French Paris Octave Doin 234 doi 10 5962 bhl title 5409 OCLC 2139870 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Synonymy Malassezia Baill Traite Bot Med Crypt 234 1889 Species Fungorum Retrieved 2 April 2021 Wijayawardene Nalin Hyde Kevin Al Ani Laith Khalil Tawfeeq Somayeh Dolatabadi Stadler Marc Haelewaters Danny et al 2020 Outline of Fungi and fungus like taxa Mycosphere 11 1060 1456 doi 10 5943 mycosphere 11 1 8 hdl 10481 61998 Mystery of Jean Paul Marat s bathing habit The Good Life France thegoodlifefrance com 2021 06 14 Retrieved 2024 01 19 Ran Yuping 2016 Observation of Fungi Bacteria and Parasites in Clinical Skin Samples Using Scanning Electron Microscopy In Janecek Milos Kral Robert eds Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences InTech doi 10 5772 61850 ISBN 978 953 51 2252 4 S2CID 53472683 Theelen Bart Cafarchia Claudia Gaitanis Georgios Bassukas Ioannis Dimitrios Boekhout Teun Dawson Thomas L 2018 Malassezia ecology pathophysiology and treatment Medical Mycology 56 suppl 1 S10 S25 doi 10 1093 mmy myx134 hdl 11586 215288 PMID 29538738 Malassez L 1874 Note sur le champignon du pityriasis simple Note on the fungus of simple pityriasis Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry in French 2 451 464 Dawson Thomas L 2019 Malassezia The Forbidden Kingdom Opens Cell Host Microbe 25 3 345 347 doi 10 1016 j chom 2019 02 010 PMID 30870616 Sabouraud R 1904 Maladies du cuir chevelu II Les maladies desquamatives Scalp conditions II Desquamative disorders in French Paris Masson et Cie p 646 Inamadar AC Palit A 2003 The genus Malassezia and human disease Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 69 4 265 70 PMID 17642908 Freedberg et al eds 2003 Fitzpatrick s Dermatology in General Medicine 6th ed McGraw Hill p 1187 ISBN 0 07 138067 1 a b Gueho E Midgley G Guillot J May 1996 The genus Malassezia with description of four new species Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 69 4 337 355 doi 10 1007 BF00399623 PMID 8836432 S2CID 31791799 Denchev C M Moore R T 2009 Validation of Malasseziaceae and Ceraceosoraceae Exobasidiomycetes Mycotaxon 110 379 382 doi 10 5248 110 379 Moore R T 1980 Taxonomic proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast like fungi including the smuts Botanica Marina 23 6 361 373 Begerow Dominik Bauer Robert Boekhout Teun 2000 Phylogenetic placements of ustilaginomycetous anamorphs as deduced from nuclear LSU rDNA sequences Mycological Research 104 1 53 60 doi 10 1017 s0953756299001161 Denchev C M Denchev T T 2014 Nomenclatural novelties PDF Index Fungorum 145 1 ISSN 2049 2375 a b Larone Davise Honig 2011 Medically Important Fungi 5th ed Washington D C ASM press p 146 ISBN 978 1 55581 660 5 Species Fungorum Malassezia Catalog of Life Retrieved 23 September 2022 Honnavar P Prasad G S Ghosh A Dogra S Handa S Rudramurthy S M 2016 Malassezia arunalokei sp nov a novel yeast species isolated from seborrhoeic dermatitis patients and healthy individuals from India Journal of Clinical Microbiology 54 7 1826 1834 doi 10 1128 JCM 00683 16 PMC 4922115 PMID 27147721 Cabanes F J Coutinho S D A Puig L Bragulat M R Castella G 2016 New lipid dependent Malassezia species from parrots Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia 33 2 92 99 doi 10 1016 j riam 2016 03 003 PMID 27184440 a b Cabanes FJ Theelen B Castella G Boukhout T 2007 Two new lipid dependent Malassezia species from domestic animals FEMS Yeast Research 7 6 1064 1076 doi 10 1111 j 1567 1364 2007 00217 x ISSN 1567 1356 PMID 17367513 Cabanes FJ Vega S Castella G 2011 Malassezia cuniculi sp nov a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin Medical Mycology 49 1 40 48 doi 10 3109 13693786 2010 493562 PMID 20560865 Sugita T Takashima M Shinoda T et al April 2002 New Yeast Species Malassezia dermatis Isolated from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis J Clin Microbiol 40 4 1363 7 doi 10 1128 JCM 40 4 1363 1367 2002 PMC 140359 PMID 11923357 White S D Vandenabeele S I J Drazenovich N L Foley J E 2006 Malassezia species isolated from the intermammary and preputial fossa areas of horses Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20 2 395 398 doi 10 1892 0891 6640 2006 20 395 MSIFTI 2 0 CO 2 PMID 16594600 a b DeAngelis YM Saunders CW Johnstone KR et al September 2007 Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene LIP1 J Invest Dermatol 127 9 2138 46 doi 10 1038 sj jid 5700844 PMID 17460728 Sugita Takashi Masako Takashima Minako Kodama Ryoji Tsuboi Akemi Nishikawa October 2003 Description of a New Yeast Species Malassezia japonica and Its Detection in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Subjects J Clin Microbiol 41 10 4695 4699 doi 10 1128 JCM 41 10 4695 4699 2003 PMC 254348 PMID 14532205 Hirai A Kano R Makimura K et al March 2004 Malassezia nana sp nov a novel lipid dependent yeast species isolated from animals Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54 Pt 2 623 7 doi 10 1099 ijs 0 02776 0 PMID 15023986 Gueho E Midgley G Guillot J 1996 The genus Malassezia with description of four new species Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 69 4 337 355 doi 10 1007 BF00399623 PMID 8836432 S2CID 31791799 Maecke Margarita 1941 Descripcion de una nueva especie de Malassezia Malassezia ochoterenai agente causal de Pytiriasis Tinea vesicolor y posicion sistematica del genero Malassezia Anales del Instituto de Biologia in Spanish 12 511 546 Coutinho SD Paula CR June 1998 Biotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis strains using the killer system Rev Iberoam Micol 15 2 85 7 PMID 17655416 Lorch JM Palmer JM Vanderwolf KJ et al 2018 Malassezia vespertilionis sp nov a new cold tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats Persoonia 41 56 70 doi 10 3767 persoonia 2018 41 04 PMC 6344816 PMID 30728599 Sugita T Tajima M Amaya M Tsuboi R Nishikawa A 2004 Genotype analysis of Malassezia restricta as the major cutaneous flora in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects Microbiol Immunol 48 10 755 9 doi 10 1111 j 1348 0421 2004 tb03601 x PMID 15502408 Uzal FA Paulson D Eigenheer AL Walker RL October 2007 Malassezia slooffiae associated dermatitis in a goat Veterinary Dermatology 18 5 348 52 doi 10 1111 j 1365 3164 2007 00606 x PMID 17845623 Niamba P Weill FX Sarlangue J Labreze C Couprie B Taieh A August 1998 Is common neonatal cephalic pustulosis neonatal acne triggered by Malassezia sympodialis Arch Dermatol 134 8 995 8 doi 10 1001 archderm 134 8 995 PMID 9722730 Lorch J M Palmer J M Vanderwolf K J Schmidt K Z Verant M L Weller T J Blehert D S 2018 Malassezia vespertilionis sp nov a new cold tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats Persoonia Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 41 1 56 70 doi 10 3767 persoonia 2018 41 04 PMC 6344816 PMID 30728599 Sugita T Tajima M Takashima M et al 2004 A new yeast Malassezia yamatoensis isolated from a patient with seborrheic dermatitis and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects Microbiol Immunol 48 8 579 83 doi 10 1111 j 1348 0421 2004 tb03554 x PMID 15322337 S2CID 34281815 a b Genetic code of dandruff cracked BBC News BBC 2007 11 06 Retrieved 2008 12 10 Xu J Saunders CW Hu P et al November 2007 Dandruff associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 47 18730 5 Bibcode 2007PNAS 10418730X doi 10 1073 pnas 0706756104 PMC 2141845 PMID 18000048 Spectrum Science Public Relations 21 November 2007 Scientists Complete Genome Sequence Of Fungus Responsible For Dandruff Skin Disorders ScienceDaily Retrieved 5 February 2023 Guillot J Hadina S Gueho E June 2008 The genus Malassezia old facts and new concepts Parassitologia 50 1 2 77 9 PMID 18693563 Wu X Xia Y He F Zhu C Ren W March 2021 Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities Microbiome 9 1 60 doi 10 1186 s40168 021 01024 x PMC 7958491 PMID 33715629 Aykut B Pushalkar S Chen R Li Q Abengozar R Kim JI et al 2019 The fungal mycobiome promotes pancreatic oncogenesis via activation of MBL Nature 574 7777 264 267 doi 10 1038 s41586 019 1608 2 PMC 6858566 PMID 31578522 Loker Eric S Hofkin Bruce V 2023 Parasitology A Conceptual Approach Second ed Boca Raton CRC Press p 54 doi 10 1201 9780429277405 ISBN 9780429277405 LCCN 2021045732 S2CID 250473493 Jose J Limon Jie Tang Dalin Li Andrea J Wolf Kathrin S Michelsen Vince Funari Matthew Gargus Christopher Nguyen Purnima Sharma Viviana I Maymi Iliyan D Iliev Joseph H Skalski Jordan Brown Carol Landers James Borneman Jonathan Braun Stephan R Targan Dermot P B McGovern David M Underhill Malassezia Is Associated with Crohn s Disease and Exacerbates Colitis in Mouse Models Cell Host amp Microbe Volume 25 Issue 3 2019 Pages 377 388 e6 ISSN 1931 3128 https doi org 10 1016 j chom 2019 01 007 https www sciencedirect com science article pii S1931312819300459 Further reading editShams Ghahfarokhi M Razzaghi Abyaneh M 4 October 2015 Rapid Identification of Malassezia furfur from other Malassezia Species A Major Causative Agent of Pityriasis Versicolor Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 29 1 36 39 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 611 20 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Malassezia amp oldid 1197264097, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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