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Mount Jackson (Antarctica)

January 01, 1970

Mount Jackson (Mount Andrew Jackson and Mount Ernest Gruening) is a mountain that dominates the upland of the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is located in Palmer Land, within the Antarctic claims of Argentina, Chile and the United Kingdom. With an elevation of 3,184 metres (10,446 ft), Mount Jackson was once thought to be the highest mountain in the Antarctic Peninsula and the British Antarctic Territory, before the true height of Mount Hope (Eternity Range) was measured.[3] Discovered by members of the United States Antarctic Service, 1939–41, it was named for Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States. The first ascent of Mount Jackson was made by a team led by John Crabbe Cunningham of the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) in 1964. Mount Jackson's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists.

Mount Jackson
South-east of Mount Jackson ridge
Highest point
Elevation3,184 m (10,446 ft)[1][2][3]
Prominence1,384 m (4,541 ft)[4]
Coordinates71°23′S 63°22′W / 71.383°S 63.367°W / -71.383; -63.367[2][5]
Geography
Mount Jackson
Climbing
First ascent23 November 1964 by J C Cunningham (1927–80) of BAS team.[6]

Topography edit

Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains demarcate the central Black Coast, which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Dyer Plateau of central Palmer Land. The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1,200–1,500 metres (3,900–4,900 ft) towards the east. They are interconnected by icefall zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes. Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit, whilst the north flank is occupied by a vast cirque. Supraglacial moraines on the mountain's east side measure between 1–5 kilometres (0.62–3.11 mi) in length and display boulders at their distal ends.

History edit

 
Satellite image of the Antarctic Peninsula

The first topographic mapping of Mount Jackson was carried out in November 1940 by a sledge party of the United States Antarctic Service (USAS). The ground survey was facilitated by aerial photographs and aerial observations. The height was estimated at 4,200 metres (13,800 ft), and the mountain was named Mount Ernest Gruening after the Governor of the Alaska Territory at that time, Ernest Gruening.[7] USAS later renamed it Mount Jackson for the seventh President of the United States.[7] President Jackson signed the bill into law authorizing the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–42. The expedition, led by Lt. Charles Wilkes, included exploration and surveying of the Pacific Ocean and surrounding lands, including Antarctica.[5]

In November 1947, a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ground party based at Stonington Island observed Mount Jackson and estimated its height at 3,050 metres (10,010 ft), considerably lower and more accurate than the first estimate in 1940.[7] After the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey was renamed the British Antarctic Survey in 1962, a series of depots were developed, including one at Mount Jackson.[8] BAS members were successful in making many first ascents of the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula, and John Cunningham, who served at the BAS base at Adelaide Island, was the first to climb Mount Jackson. Traveling by dog sled for 640 kilometres (400 mi),[9] his team reached the summit on 23 November 1964.[7][6][10]

A precise height of the summit was determined by a BAS survey party who ascended the peak during the austral summer of 1996–97.[1]

Geography edit

 
Exposed rock formation on the southern slope of Mount Jackson, showing a mixed mafic/felsic breccia face

The mountain is 3,184 metres (10,446 ft) in height,[1] with a prominence of 1,384 metres (4,541 ft) and a saddle DEM of 1,901 metres (6,237 ft).[3] Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains demarcate the central Black Coast, which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Dyer Plateau of central Palmer Land, with elevation ranging between 2,000–3,000 metres (6,600–9,800 ft),[11] and on the west side of the central Black Coast.[12] The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1,200–1,500 metres (3,900–4,900 ft) towards the east. They are interconnected by icefall zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes.[13] The northern part of the mountain system, which extends over 1,590 kilometres (990 mi), covers most of the Antarctic Peninsula, and Mount Jackson is its highest peak.[1][14][15]

Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks, displaying a steeple summit,[16] whilst the north flank is occupied by a vast cirque. Supraglacial moraines on the mountain's east side measure between 1–5 kilometres (0.62–3.11 mi) in length and display boulders at their distal ends. Mount Jackson and the Rowley Massif are separated by Odom Inlet.[17] Cline Glacier drains eastern Mount Jackson before arriving at Odom Inlet.[18]

Mount Jackson's geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists. They identified various rock types and underlying volcanic activity.[19] The relief of the west facing slopes is gentler when compared to the eastern side, characterized by a steep rocky face. Rock weathering is intense in the area spread with scree and felsenmeer. Fresh rock formations and bedrock disintegration are noted.[13]

Nearby features edit

Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap

Download coordinates as:

 
Northern Palmer Land. Welch Mountains east of center of map

Nnearby features include, from north to south, Mount Van Buren, Swarson Nunatak, Davis Ridge and Musson Nunatak.[20]

Mount Van Buren edit

71°18′S 63°30′W / 71.300°S 63.500°W / -71.300; -63.500. The prominent mountain 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) north-northwest of Mount Jackson, at the east side of the Dyer Plateau. Mapped by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 1974. The name was applied by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) in association with Mount Jackson. Martin Van Buren (1782-1862) was the eighth President of the United States, 1837-41. He was Vice President, 1833-37, during the second term of President Andrew Jackson.[21]

Swarsen Nunatak edit

71°25′S 63°39′W / 71.417°S 63.650°W / -71.417; -63.650. A conspicuous nunatak, largely snow covered, located 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) southwest of Mount Jackson. Mapped by the USGS in 1974. Named by the US-ACAN for Lieutenant Commander Ronald J. Swarsen, United States Navy Reserve, Medical Officer at Byrd Station, 1971, and at the South Pole Station, 1973.[22]

Davis Ridge edit

71°24′S 63°00′W / 71.400°S 63.000°W / -71.400; -63.000. A ridge of irregular shape, apparently an outlier of the Mount Jackson massif. It rises above the ice surface 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) east-southeast of the summit of Mount Jackson. Mapped by the USGS in 1974. Named by the US-ACAN for Brent L. Davis, USARP biologist at Palmer Station, 1971, and in the Antarctic Peninsula area, 1974-75 season.[23]

Musson Nunatak edit

71°31′S 63°27′W / 71.517°S 63.450°W / -71.517; -63.450. A pyramidal nunatak standing 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) south of Mount Jackson, at the east margin of the Dyer Plateau. Mapped by the USGS in 1974. Named by the US-ACAN for John M. Musson, PH2, United States Navy, photographer and member of the cartographic aerial mapping crew in LC-130 aircraft of Squadron VXE-6, 1968-69.[24]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Headland 2009, p. 577.
  2. ^ a b Antarctica Ultra-Prominences Peaklist.
  3. ^ a b c New satellite imagery BAS.
  4. ^ Mount Jackson peakbagger.
  5. ^ a b Alberts 1995, p. 366.
  6. ^ a b Hattersley-Smith 1988, p. 190.
  7. ^ a b c d SCAR Gazetteer Ref. No 7021.
  8. ^ British Antarctic Survey 1969.
  9. ^ Encyclopaedia of mountaineering 1975, p. 74.
  10. ^ Exploring the Frozen World.
  11. ^ Riffenburgh 2007, pp. 66ff.
  12. ^ Bulletin. British Antarctic Survey. 1980. pp. 23, 30. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  13. ^ a b Singleton 1976, pp. 21–22, 30.
  14. ^ Commonwealth Yearbook 2004, p. 341.
  15. ^ Rubin 2008, pp. 35–36.
  16. ^ Sailing Directions, p. 97.
  17. ^ Herzfeld 2004, p. 204ff.
  18. ^ "Cline Glacier: Antarctica". Bethesda, MD, USA: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  19. ^ "Antarctica". Encyclopedia of the Nations. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  20. ^ Palmer Land USGS.
  21. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 775.
  22. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 728.
  23. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 176.
  24. ^ Alberts 1995, p. 514.

Sources edit

  • Alberts, Fred G., ed. (1995), Geographic Names of the Antarctic (PDF) (2 ed.), United States Board on Geographic Names, retrieved 3 December 2023   This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names.
  • "Antarctica Ultra-Prominences", Peaklist.org, retrieved 29 January 2013, Footnote (14) from site: Elevation from American Alpine Journal (1999). GNIS offers elevation of 3050m.
  • British Antarctic Survey (1969). Annual Report. Natural Environment Research Council. p. 5. ISBN 9780856650727. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  • Commonwealth Secretariat (1 April 2004). Commonwealth Yearbook 2004. Stylus Pub Llc. ISBN 978-0-11-703227-9. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  • Encyclopaedia of mountaineering. Robert Hale. 1975. ISBN 978-0-7091-4804-3. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  • Exploring the Frozen World (PDF), Mountain World, Climb Magazine.com, retrieved 15 February 2014, Ascent of the highest mountain in the entire Peninsula, Mount Jackson at 3,184 metres (10,446 ft) well to the south in remote Palmer Land, fell to the Scot, John Cunningham, in 1964
  • Hattersley-Smith, G. (1988), Mountaineers and Skiers in British Antarctic Territory Place-names (PDF), Alpine Journal Org., retrieved 27 December 2012, Of the many young mountaineers that have served at the BAS stations over the years, space allows mention of only two. J. C. Cunningham (1927–80) … on 23 November 1964 he led the first ascent of Mount Jackson, Palmer Land 3,180 metres (10,430 ft); the highest peak in the BAT.
  • Headland, Robert K. (2009). A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration. Bernard Quaritch Limited. ISBN 978-0-9550852-8-4.
  • Herzfeld, Ute C. (2004). Atlas of Antarctica: Topographic Maps from Geostatistical Analysis of Satellite Radar Altimeter Data : with 169 Figures. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-43457-3. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  • "Mount Jackson". Peakbagger. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  • New satellite imagery reveals new highest Antarctic Peninsula Mountain, British Antarctic Survey, 11 December 2017
  • Palmer Land, USGS: United States Geological Survey, retrieved 25 April 2024
  • Riffenburgh, Beau (2007). Encyclopedia of the Antarctic: A-K, Index. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-415-97024-2. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  • Rubin, Jeff (1 November 2008). Antarctica 4. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-549-9.
  • Sailing Directions (planning Guide & Enroute) for Antarctica. The Agency. 2002. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  • . Gazetteer of the British Antarctic Territory. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
  • Singleton, D.G. (1976). (PDF). British Antarctic Survey Bulletin, Antarctica.ac.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.

  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.

External links edit

  Media related to Mount Jackson at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
mount, jackson, antarctica, mount, jackson, mount, andrew, jackson, mount, ernest, gruening, mountain, that, dominates, upland, southern, part, antarctic, peninsula, located, palmer, land, within, antarctic, claims, argentina, chile, united, kingdom, with, ele. Mount Jackson Mount Andrew Jackson and Mount Ernest Gruening is a mountain that dominates the upland of the southern part of the Antarctic Peninsula It is located in Palmer Land within the Antarctic claims of Argentina Chile and the United Kingdom With an elevation of 3 184 metres 10 446 ft Mount Jackson was once thought to be the highest mountain in the Antarctic Peninsula and the British Antarctic Territory before the true height of Mount Hope Eternity Range was measured 3 Discovered by members of the United States Antarctic Service 1939 41 it was named for Andrew Jackson the seventh President of the United States The first ascent of Mount Jackson was made by a team led by John Crabbe Cunningham of the British Antarctic Survey BAS in 1964 Mount Jackson s geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists Mount JacksonSouth east of Mount Jackson ridgeHighest pointElevation3 184 m 10 446 ft 1 2 3 Prominence1 384 m 4 541 ft 4 Coordinates71 23 S 63 22 W 71 383 S 63 367 W 71 383 63 367 2 5 GeographyMount JacksonAntarcticaClimbingFirst ascent23 November 1964 by J C Cunningham 1927 80 of BAS team 6 Contents 1 Topography 2 History 3 Geography 4 Nearby features 4 1 Mount Van Buren 4 2 Swarsen Nunatak 4 3 Davis Ridge 4 4 Musson Nunatak 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksTopography editMount Jackson and the Welch Mountains demarcate the central Black Coast which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Dyer Plateau of central Palmer Land The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1 200 1 500 metres 3 900 4 900 ft towards the east They are interconnected by icefall zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks displaying a steeple summit whilst the north flank is occupied by a vast cirque Supraglacial moraines on the mountain s east side measure between 1 5 kilometres 0 62 3 11 mi in length and display boulders at their distal ends History edit nbsp Satellite image of the Antarctic Peninsula The first topographic mapping of Mount Jackson was carried out in November 1940 by a sledge party of the United States Antarctic Service USAS The ground survey was facilitated by aerial photographs and aerial observations The height was estimated at 4 200 metres 13 800 ft and the mountain was named Mount Ernest Gruening after the Governor of the Alaska Territory at that time Ernest Gruening 7 USAS later renamed it Mount Jackson for the seventh President of the United States 7 President Jackson signed the bill into law authorizing the United States Exploring Expedition of 1838 42 The expedition led by Lt Charles Wilkes included exploration and surveying of the Pacific Ocean and surrounding lands including Antarctica 5 In November 1947 a Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey ground party based at Stonington Island observed Mount Jackson and estimated its height at 3 050 metres 10 010 ft considerably lower and more accurate than the first estimate in 1940 7 After the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey was renamed the British Antarctic Survey in 1962 a series of depots were developed including one at Mount Jackson 8 BAS members were successful in making many first ascents of the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula and John Cunningham who served at the BAS base at Adelaide Island was the first to climb Mount Jackson Traveling by dog sled for 640 kilometres 400 mi 9 his team reached the summit on 23 November 1964 7 6 10 A precise height of the summit was determined by a BAS survey party who ascended the peak during the austral summer of 1996 97 1 Geography edit nbsp Exposed rock formation on the southern slope of Mount Jackson showing a mixed mafic felsic breccia face The mountain is 3 184 metres 10 446 ft in height 1 with a prominence of 1 384 metres 4 541 ft and a saddle DEM of 1 901 metres 6 237 ft 3 Mount Jackson and the Welch Mountains demarcate the central Black Coast which is dissected by many inlets and is bounded on the west by Dyer Plateau of central Palmer Land with elevation ranging between 2 000 3 000 metres 6 600 9 800 ft 11 and on the west side of the central Black Coast 12 The two mountains rise above the ice shelf with reliefs of about 1 200 1 500 metres 3 900 4 900 ft towards the east They are interconnected by icefall zones forming a plateau with steep snow slopes 13 The northern part of the mountain system which extends over 1 590 kilometres 990 mi covers most of the Antarctic Peninsula and Mount Jackson is its highest peak 1 14 15 Mount Jackson rises from its southeast flanks displaying a steeple summit 16 whilst the north flank is occupied by a vast cirque Supraglacial moraines on the mountain s east side measure between 1 5 kilometres 0 62 3 11 mi in length and display boulders at their distal ends Mount Jackson and the Rowley Massif are separated by Odom Inlet 17 Cline Glacier drains eastern Mount Jackson before arriving at Odom Inlet 18 Mount Jackson s geology was studied in 1972 as part of the Palmer Island investigations by a team of geologists They identified various rock types and underlying volcanic activity 19 The relief of the west facing slopes is gentler when compared to the eastern side characterized by a steep rocky face Rock weathering is intense in the area spread with scree and felsenmeer Fresh rock formations and bedrock disintegration are noted 13 Nearby features editMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as KML GPX all coordinates GPX primary coordinates GPX secondary coordinates nbsp Northern Palmer Land Welch Mountains east of center of map Nnearby features include from north to south Mount Van Buren Swarson Nunatak Davis Ridge and Musson Nunatak 20 Mount Van Buren edit 71 18 S 63 30 W 71 300 S 63 500 W 71 300 63 500 The prominent mountain 3 nautical miles 5 6 km 3 5 mi north northwest of Mount Jackson at the east side of the Dyer Plateau Mapped by the United States Geological Survey USGS in 1974 The name was applied by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names US ACAN in association with Mount Jackson Martin Van Buren 1782 1862 was the eighth President of the United States 1837 41 He was Vice President 1833 37 during the second term of President Andrew Jackson 21 Swarsen Nunatak edit 71 25 S 63 39 W 71 417 S 63 650 W 71 417 63 650 A conspicuous nunatak largely snow covered located 5 nautical miles 9 3 km 5 8 mi southwest of Mount Jackson Mapped by the USGS in 1974 Named by the US ACAN for Lieutenant Commander Ronald J Swarsen United States Navy Reserve Medical Officer at Byrd Station 1971 and at the South Pole Station 1973 22 Davis Ridge edit 71 24 S 63 00 W 71 400 S 63 000 W 71 400 63 000 A ridge of irregular shape apparently an outlier of the Mount Jackson massif It rises above the ice surface 6 nautical miles 11 km 6 9 mi east southeast of the summit of Mount Jackson Mapped by the USGS in 1974 Named by the US ACAN for Brent L Davis USARP biologist at Palmer Station 1971 and in the Antarctic Peninsula area 1974 75 season 23 Musson Nunatak edit 71 31 S 63 27 W 71 517 S 63 450 W 71 517 63 450 A pyramidal nunatak standing 10 nautical miles 19 km 12 mi south of Mount Jackson at the east margin of the Dyer Plateau Mapped by the USGS in 1974 Named by the US ACAN for John M Musson PH2 United States Navy photographer and member of the cartographic aerial mapping crew in LC 130 aircraft of Squadron VXE 6 1968 69 24 References edit a b c d Headland 2009 p 577 a b Antarctica Ultra Prominences Peaklist a b c New satellite imagery BAS Mount Jackson peakbagger a b Alberts 1995 p 366 a b Hattersley Smith 1988 p 190 a b c d SCAR Gazetteer Ref No 7021 British Antarctic Survey 1969 Encyclopaedia of mountaineering 1975 p 74 Exploring the Frozen World Riffenburgh 2007 pp 66ff Bulletin British Antarctic Survey 1980 pp 23 30 Retrieved 4 January 2013 a b Singleton 1976 pp 21 22 30 Commonwealth Yearbook 2004 p 341 Rubin 2008 pp 35 36 Sailing Directions p 97 Herzfeld 2004 p 204ff Cline Glacier Antarctica Bethesda MD USA National Geospatial Intelligence Agency Retrieved 5 January 2013 Antarctica Encyclopedia of the Nations Retrieved 15 January 2013 Palmer Land USGS Alberts 1995 p 775 Alberts 1995 p 728 Alberts 1995 p 176 Alberts 1995 p 514 Sources editAlberts Fred G ed 1995 Geographic Names of the Antarctic PDF 2 ed United States Board on Geographic Names retrieved 3 December 2023 nbsp This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Board on Geographic Names Antarctica Ultra Prominences Peaklist org retrieved 29 January 2013 Footnote 14 from site Elevation from American Alpine Journal 1999 GNIS offers elevation of 3050m British Antarctic Survey 1969 Annual Report Natural Environment Research Council p 5 ISBN 9780856650727 Retrieved 4 January 2013 Commonwealth Secretariat 1 April 2004 Commonwealth Yearbook 2004 Stylus Pub Llc ISBN 978 0 11 703227 9 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Encyclopaedia of mountaineering Robert Hale 1975 ISBN 978 0 7091 4804 3 Retrieved 27 December 2012 Exploring the Frozen World PDF Mountain World Climb Magazine com retrieved 15 February 2014 Ascent of the highest mountain in the entire Peninsula Mount Jackson at 3 184 metres 10 446 ft well to the south in remote Palmer Land fell to the Scot John Cunningham in 1964 Hattersley Smith G 1988 Mountaineers and Skiers in British Antarctic Territory Place names PDF Alpine Journal Org retrieved 27 December 2012 Of the many young mountaineers that have served at the BAS stations over the years space allows mention of only two J C Cunningham 1927 80 on 23 November 1964 he led the first ascent of Mount Jackson Palmer Land 3 180 metres 10 430 ft the highest peak in the BAT Headland Robert K 2009 A Chronology of Antarctic Exploration Bernard Quaritch Limited ISBN 978 0 9550852 8 4 Herzfeld Ute C 2004 Atlas of Antarctica Topographic Maps from Geostatistical Analysis of Satellite Radar Altimeter Data with 169 Figures Springer ISBN 978 3 540 43457 3 Retrieved 4 January 2013 Mount Jackson Peakbagger Retrieved 15 March 2023 New satellite imagery reveals new highest Antarctic Peninsula Mountain British Antarctic Survey 11 December 2017 Palmer Land USGS United States Geological Survey retrieved 25 April 2024 Riffenburgh Beau 2007 Encyclopedia of the Antarctic A K Index CRC Press ISBN 978 0 415 97024 2 Retrieved 4 January 2013 Rubin Jeff 1 November 2008 Antarctica 4 Lonely Planet ISBN 978 1 74104 549 9 Sailing Directions planning Guide amp Enroute for Antarctica The Agency 2002 Retrieved 5 January 2013 SCAR Gazetteer Ref No 7021 Jackson Mount Gazetteer of the British Antarctic Territory Archived from the original on 26 December 2015 Retrieved 29 January 2013 Singleton D G 1976 Physiography and Glacial Geomorphology of the Central Black Coast Palmer Land PDF British Antarctic Survey Bulletin Antarctica ac uk Archived from the original PDF on 18 May 2013 Retrieved 15 January 2013 nbsp This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey External links edit nbsp Media related to Mount Jackson at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mount Jackson Antarctica amp oldid 1221360047 Musson Nunatak, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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