The muscularisation of Hinduism in Uttar Pradesh began to occur in the early 20th century, when communal conflicts expanded and urban Hindus became more visible in performing armed displays as part of processions during their religious festivals.[6]
Gita Press, which has links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), is one of the oldest publishers that has supported Muscular Hinduism since the early 20th century.[7]
Muscular Hinduism has been partly inspired by fears of violence by Muslims towards Hindus, particularly towards Hindu women.[8] Muscular Hinduism was also inspired to a significant extent by Western influences such as Muscular Christianity and general British ideas of religion, sport, and masculinity,[9][10][11][12] which were propounded in South Asia during British rule, with some influences in this direction also having come from the YMCA.[13] Opposition to colonialism in general,[14][15] and British stereotyping of Indian men as effeminate was also used as a rationale for Muscular Hinduism;[16][17][18]Mahatma Gandhi propounded Muscular Hinduism as a counter to muscularity as propounded by the British during his early life as a way of addressing his feelings of physical inferiority.[19]
Kushti, an indigenous wrestling practice promoted by practitioners of Indian physical culture.
Muscular Hinduism promoted various sports alongside traditional Indian physical culture at a time when some practitioners of indigenous physical culture were opposed to the recently imported British physical culture and were actively standardising Indian sports for usage in formal competition,[20][8][21] with yoga in particular having been somewhat remolded into a tool of physical and martial strengthening.[22][23][21] These physical culture practices were pursued in gymkhanas and akhadas.[24][20]
Muscular Hinduism is supported by the RSS as part of a broader project to politically remake India and further nation-building;[26] this effort takes place in part in opposition to Hindus of a less nationalistic character.[27] The RSS provides paramilitary training for its members.[28] Major Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) politicians such as Narendra Modi and Yogi Adityanath have been associated with the promotion and execution of Muscular Hinduism at the governmental level.[29][25]
The muscularity of the narratives present in the Mahabharata, which culminates in a brutal war fought for righteousness, have been propounded to a greater extent in the modern era.[30]
^Ghosh, Gautam (Summer 2015). "An 'infiltration' of time? Hindu Chauvinism and Bangladeshi migration in/to Kolkata, India". Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology. 6 (1): 263–288. ProQuest 1712852312.
^Khilnani, Sunil (19 February 2016). "Forgotten heroes – the true story of India". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^Madaio, James (June 2017). "Rethinking Neo-Vedānta: Swami Vivekananda and the Selective Historiography of Advaita Vedānta1". Religions. 8 (6): 101. doi:10.3390/rel8060101. ISSN 2077-1444.
^Sherma, Rita D. (15 January 2021). Swami Vivekananda: His Life, Legacy, and Liberative Ethics. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN978-1-4985-8605-4.
^Phanjoubam, Pradip (9 February 2024). "Drawing lines on terrain of the mind". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^Gooptu, Nandini (October 1997). "The Urban Poor and Militant Hinduism in Early Twentieth-Century Uttar Pradesh". Modern Asian Studies. 31 (4): 879–918. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00017194. ISSN 1469-8099. S2CID 146484298.
^"Caste and the battle for secularism". The Hindu. 8 September 2015. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^ ab"15 Hindu Victimhood and India's Muslim Minority". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^Fletcher, Ian Christopher (2003). "Review of Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire". Victorian Studies. 45 (3): 532–534. ISSN 0042-5222. JSTOR 3830190.
^Pringnitz, Keelin (4 April 2023). Shame, Modesty, Identity: Lived Religion In Athletic Spaces (Thesis thesis). Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa.
^Arora, Namit (15 January 2013). "No saints or miracles". Himal Southasian. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^"The emergence of modern Hinduism: religion on the margins of colonialism". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^Alter, Joseph S. (2004). "Indian Clubs and Colonialism: Hindu Masculinity and Muscular Christianity". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 46 (3): 497–534. doi:10.1017/S0010417504000258. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 3879472. S2CID 143633263.
^Press, Stanford University. "Start reading Faithful Fighters | Kate Imy". www.sup.org. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^Roy, Parama (1 May 2014). "A dietetics of virile emergency". Women's Studies International Forum. 44: 255–265. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.11.007. ISSN 0277-5395.
^Roy, Abhik; Hammers, Michele L. (June 2014). "The Recuperation of Hindu Manhood: Echoes of the Past in Present Day Hindu Nationalism". Comparative Literature: East & West. 21 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1080/25723618.2014.12015472. ISSN 2572-3618.
^van der Veer, Peter (2001). Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain. Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv128fp9s. ISBN978-0-691-07478-8. JSTOR j.ctv128fp9s. S2CID 242274388.
^Berti, D.; Jaoul, Nicolas; Kanungo, P. (2010). "Cultural entrenchment of Hindutva : local mediations and forms of convergence". S2CID 128700316.
^The Diet of Nonviolence: Fasting and the Meaning of Masculinity in Gandhian Philosophy Chris Ruud
^ abStrozier, Charles B.; Terman, David M.; Jones, James W.; Boyd, Katherine A. (19 April 2010). The Fundamentalist Mindset: Psychological Perspectives on Religion, Violence, and History. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-970202-2.
^ abMacaloon, John J. (13 September 2013). Muscular Christianity and the Colonial and Post-Colonial World. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-99792-4.
^Alter, Joseph S. (August 2006). "Yoga at the Fin de Siècle : Muscular Christianity with a 'Hindu' Twist". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 23 (5): 759–776. doi:10.1080/09523360600673146. ISSN 0952-3367. S2CID 144740850.
^Singleton, Mark (1 February 2010), "Yoga as Physical Culture I: Strength and Vigor", Yoga Body, Oxford University Press, pp. 113–142, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395358.003.0007, ISBN978-0-19-539535-8, retrieved 17 February 2024
^Delap, Lucy; Morgan, Sue, eds. (2013). "Men, Masculinities and Religious Change in Twentieth-Century Britain". SpringerLink. doi:10.1057/9781137281753. ISBN978-1-349-44828-9.
^ abRafiq, Arif (14 August 2019). "Hindu Nationalist Extremist Emerges as India's Most Favorite State Leader". Globely News. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^Banerjee, Sikata (1 February 2012). Make Me a Man!: Masculinity, Hinduism, and Nationalism in India. State University of New York Press. ISBN978-0-7914-8369-5.
^Reader, The MIT Press (28 February 2022). "The Rise of Hindu Nationalism". The MIT Press Reader. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^Subramanian, Samanth (10 October 2022). "When the Hindu Right Came for Bollywood". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^Rageth, Nina; Landau, David (28 September 2023), Copeman, Jacob; Longkumer, Arkotong; Duggal, Koonal (eds.), "Governing with a Lockdown Beard: The COVID-19 Crisis as a Laboratory for Narendra Modi's Hindutva", Rageth, Nina; Landau, David (2023). Governing with a Lockdown Beard: The COVID-19 Crisis as a Laboratory for Narendra Modi’s Hindutva. In: Copeman, Jacob; Longkumer, Arkotong; Duggal, Koonal. Gurus and Media. Sound, Image, Machine, Text and the Digital. London: UCL Press, 125-148., London: UCL Press, pp. 125–148, ISBN978-1-80008-556-5, retrieved 17 February 2024
^Kanjilal, Sucheta. "Muscular Mahabharatas: masculinity and transnational Hindu identity." Nidan: International Journal for Indian Studies 3.2 (2018): 18-39.
Further readingedit
Hindu muscular nationalism: Politicized Hinduism and manhood in India
January 01, 1970
muscular, hinduism, philosophy, that, advocates, hindus, physically, strong, bankim, chandra, chatterjee, swami, vivekananda, considered, have, been, major, early, proponents, early, 20th, century, intertwines, with, hindu, nationalism, communal, violence, ind. Muscular Hinduism is a philosophy that advocates for Hindus to be physically strong Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Swami Vivekananda are considered to have been major early proponents in the early 20th century 1 2 3 4 Muscular Hinduism intertwines with Hindu nationalism and communal violence in India 5 Swami Vivekananda an early proponent of Muscular Hinduism Contents 1 History 1 1 Colonial era 1 2 Post colonial era 2 See also 3 References 4 Further readingHistory editColonial era edit The muscularisation of Hinduism in Uttar Pradesh began to occur in the early 20th century when communal conflicts expanded and urban Hindus became more visible in performing armed displays as part of processions during their religious festivals 6 Gita Press which has links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh RSS is one of the oldest publishers that has supported Muscular Hinduism since the early 20th century 7 Muscular Hinduism has been partly inspired by fears of violence by Muslims towards Hindus particularly towards Hindu women 8 Muscular Hinduism was also inspired to a significant extent by Western influences such as Muscular Christianity and general British ideas of religion sport and masculinity 9 10 11 12 which were propounded in South Asia during British rule with some influences in this direction also having come from the YMCA 13 Opposition to colonialism in general 14 15 and British stereotyping of Indian men as effeminate was also used as a rationale for Muscular Hinduism 16 17 18 Mahatma Gandhi propounded Muscular Hinduism as a counter to muscularity as propounded by the British during his early life as a way of addressing his feelings of physical inferiority 19 nbsp Kushti an indigenous wrestling practice promoted by practitioners of Indian physical culture Muscular Hinduism promoted various sports alongside traditional Indian physical culture at a time when some practitioners of indigenous physical culture were opposed to the recently imported British physical culture and were actively standardising Indian sports for usage in formal competition 20 8 21 with yoga in particular having been somewhat remolded into a tool of physical and martial strengthening 22 23 21 These physical culture practices were pursued in gymkhanas and akhadas 24 20 Post colonial era edit nbsp Yogi Adityanath who has been accused of practicing Muscular Hinduism as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh 25 Muscular Hinduism is supported by the RSS as part of a broader project to politically remake India and further nation building 26 this effort takes place in part in opposition to Hindus of a less nationalistic character 27 The RSS provides paramilitary training for its members 28 Major Bharatiya Janata Party BJP politicians such as Narendra Modi and Yogi Adityanath have been associated with the promotion and execution of Muscular Hinduism at the governmental level 29 25 The muscularity of the narratives present in the Mahabharata which culminates in a brutal war fought for righteousness have been propounded to a greater extent in the modern era 30 See also editHinduism SikhismReferences edit Ghosh Gautam Summer 2015 An infiltration of time Hindu Chauvinism and Bangladeshi migration in to Kolkata India Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology 6 1 263 288 ProQuest 1712852312 Khilnani Sunil 19 February 2016 Forgotten heroes the true story of India The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Retrieved 17 February 2024 Madaio James June 2017 Rethinking Neo Vedanta Swami Vivekananda and the Selective Historiography of Advaita Vedanta1 Religions 8 6 101 doi 10 3390 rel8060101 ISSN 2077 1444 Sherma Rita D 15 January 2021 Swami Vivekananda His Life Legacy and Liberative Ethics Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 1 4985 8605 4 Phanjoubam Pradip 9 February 2024 Drawing lines on terrain of the mind The New Indian Express Retrieved 17 February 2024 Gooptu Nandini October 1997 The Urban Poor and Militant Hinduism in Early Twentieth Century Uttar Pradesh Modern Asian Studies 31 4 879 918 doi 10 1017 S0026749X00017194 ISSN 1469 8099 S2CID 146484298 Caste and the battle for secularism The Hindu 8 September 2015 ISSN 0971 751X Retrieved 17 February 2024 a b 15 Hindu Victimhood and India s Muslim Minority academic oup com Retrieved 17 February 2024 Fletcher Ian Christopher 2003 Review of Ornamentalism How the British Saw Their Empire Victorian Studies 45 3 532 534 ISSN 0042 5222 JSTOR 3830190 Pringnitz Keelin 4 April 2023 Shame Modesty Identity Lived Religion In Athletic Spaces Thesis thesis Universite d Ottawa University of Ottawa Arora Namit 15 January 2013 No saints or miracles Himal Southasian Retrieved 17 February 2024 The emergence of modern Hinduism religion on the margins of colonialism Library of Congress Washington D C 20540 USA Retrieved 17 February 2024 Alter Joseph S 2004 Indian Clubs and Colonialism Hindu Masculinity and Muscular Christianity Comparative Studies in Society and History 46 3 497 534 doi 10 1017 S0010417504000258 ISSN 0010 4175 JSTOR 3879472 S2CID 143633263 Press Stanford University Start reading Faithful Fighters Kate Imy www sup org Retrieved 17 February 2024 Roy Parama 1 May 2014 A dietetics of virile emergency Women s Studies International Forum 44 255 265 doi 10 1016 j wsif 2013 11 007 ISSN 0277 5395 Roy Abhik Hammers Michele L June 2014 The Recuperation of Hindu Manhood Echoes of the Past in Present Day Hindu Nationalism Comparative Literature East amp West 21 1 19 38 doi 10 1080 25723618 2014 12015472 ISSN 2572 3618 van der Veer Peter 2001 Imperial Encounters Religion and Modernity in India and Britain Princeton University Press doi 10 2307 j ctv128fp9s ISBN 978 0 691 07478 8 JSTOR j ctv128fp9s S2CID 242274388 Berti D Jaoul Nicolas Kanungo P 2010 Cultural entrenchment of Hindutva local mediations and forms of convergence S2CID 128700316 The Diet of Nonviolence Fasting and the Meaning of Masculinity in Gandhian Philosophy Chris Ruud a b Strozier Charles B Terman David M Jones James W Boyd Katherine A 19 April 2010 The Fundamentalist Mindset Psychological Perspectives on Religion Violence and History Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 970202 2 a b Macaloon John J 13 September 2013 Muscular Christianity and the Colonial and Post Colonial World Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 99792 4 Alter Joseph S August 2006 Yoga at the Fin de Siecle Muscular Christianity with a Hindu Twist The International Journal of the History of Sport 23 5 759 776 doi 10 1080 09523360600673146 ISSN 0952 3367 S2CID 144740850 Singleton Mark 1 February 2010 Yoga as Physical Culture I Strength and Vigor Yoga Body Oxford University Press pp 113 142 doi 10 1093 acprof oso 9780195395358 003 0007 ISBN 978 0 19 539535 8 retrieved 17 February 2024 Delap Lucy Morgan Sue eds 2013 Men Masculinities and Religious Change in Twentieth Century Britain SpringerLink doi 10 1057 9781137281753 ISBN 978 1 349 44828 9 a b Rafiq Arif 14 August 2019 Hindu Nationalist Extremist Emerges as India s Most Favorite State Leader Globely News Retrieved 17 February 2024 Banerjee Sikata 1 February 2012 Make Me a Man Masculinity Hinduism and Nationalism in India State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0 7914 8369 5 Reader The MIT Press 28 February 2022 The Rise of Hindu Nationalism The MIT Press Reader Retrieved 17 February 2024 Subramanian Samanth 10 October 2022 When the Hindu Right Came for Bollywood The New Yorker ISSN 0028 792X Retrieved 17 February 2024 Rageth Nina Landau David 28 September 2023 Copeman Jacob Longkumer Arkotong Duggal Koonal eds Governing with a Lockdown Beard The COVID 19 Crisis as a Laboratory for Narendra Modi s Hindutva Rageth Nina Landau David 2023 Governing with a Lockdown Beard The COVID 19 Crisis as a Laboratory for Narendra Modi s Hindutva In Copeman Jacob Longkumer Arkotong Duggal Koonal Gurus and Media Sound Image Machine Text and the Digital London UCL Press 125 148 London UCL Press pp 125 148 ISBN 978 1 80008 556 5 retrieved 17 February 2024 Kanjilal Sucheta Muscular Mahabharatas masculinity and transnational Hindu identity Nidan International Journal for Indian Studies 3 2 2018 18 39 Further reading editHindu muscular nationalism Politicized Hinduism and manhood in India Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muscular Hinduism amp oldid 1218021170, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
