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Al-Muqanna

January 09, 2023

Hashim (Arabic/Persian: هاشم), better known as al-Muqanna‘ (Arabic: المقنع "The Veiled", died c. 783.[1]) was leader of an anti Islamic revolt who claimed to be a prophet, and founded a religion which was a mixture of Zoroastrianism and Islam. He was a chemist, and one of his experiments caused an explosion in which a part of his face was burnt. For the rest of his life he used a veil and thus was known as "al-Muqanna‘" ("The Veiled One"). Said Nafisi and Amir-Hossein Aryanpour have written about him in the "Khorrām-Dīnān" armies[clarification needed].

Name and early life

Before he came to be known by the nickname of "al-Muqanna‘", he was called by his birth name, Hashim. Early scholars believed that he was born in Sogdia. However, it is now agreed that he originally came from Balkh, a city close to Sogdia in modern day northern Afghanistan.[2]

Biography

Of Iranian stock,[3] Hāshem was from Balkh,[4] originally a clothes pleater. He became a commander for Abu Muslim of the Greater Khorasan province of Iran or (Persia). After Abu Muslim's murder in 755 AD, Hashem claimed to be the incarnation of God. Hāshem was reputed to wear a veil in order to cover up his beauty, whereas his followers wore white clothes in opposition to Abbasid rulers' black. He is reputed to have engaged in magic and miracles in order to gain followers.

Hāshem was instrumental in the formation of the Khorrām-Dīnān armies which were led by Pāpak Khorram-Din. This was an uprising of Persians aimed at overthrowing the ruling Arabs. When Hāshem's followers started raiding towns and mosques of other Muslims and looting their possessions, the Abbasids sent several commanders to crush the rebellion. Hāshem chose to poison himself rather than surrender to the Abbasids, who had set fire to his house. Hāshem died eventually in a Persian fort near Kesh.[1] After his death, the Khorrām-Dīnān armies existed until the 12th century.

Cultural references

In 1787 Napoleon Bonaparte wrote a two-page short story about Al-Muqanna called "Le Masque prophète".[5]

The first poem in Lalla-Rookh (1817) by Thomas Moore is titled The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan, and the character Mokanna is modeled loosely on al-Muqanna‘. An 1877 opera, The Veiled Prophet by Charles Villiers Stanford, is in turn loosely based on the story of Mokanna as given in Lalla-Rookh.

St. Louis businessmen referenced Moore's poem in 1878 when they created the Veiled Prophet Organization and concocted a legend of Mokanna as its founder.[6] For many years the organization put on an annual fair and parade called the "Veiled Prophet Fair", which was renamed Fair Saint Louis in 1992. The organization also gave a debutante ball each December called the Veiled Prophet Ball.

The Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm (founded 1889), often known as "the Grotto", a social group with membership restricted to Master Masons, and its female auxiliary, the Daughters of Mokanna (founded 1919), also take their names from Thomas Moore's poem.[7][8]

Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges used a fictionalized al-Muqanna‘ as the central character of The Masked Dyer, Hakim of Merv, a 1934 short story, and in another story fifteen years later, The Zahir, as a past avatar of the titular object.

Sax Rohmer used the legend of el Mokanna as the background for his 1934 novel, The Mask of Fu Manchu.

Iranian film director Khosrow Sinai has a film script about al-Muqanna entitled Sepidjāmeh. Filmnāmeh (The Man in White) published in Tehran in 2000.

The rebellion of Al-Muqanna is part of the historical novel "Mille et dix mille pas", by Anne and Laurent Champs-Massart.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b The Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2nd ed. Vol. 7. Page 500.
  2. ^ Crone, Patricia. "MOQANNAʿ". Encyclopædia Iranica. from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2021-04-18. Reputed to have come from Balkh (Balḵ), not Sogdiana, Hāšem participated in the ʿAbbāsid revolution (see ABBASID CALIPHATE) and continued to serve as a soldier and secretary in the army at Marv under Abu Dāwud Ḵāled b. Ebrāhim al-Ḏohli (governor of Khorasan 137-140/755-57), and his successor ʿAbd-al-Jabbār b. ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān al-Azdi (140-41/757-58).
  3. ^ Lewis 2002, p. 111.
  4. ^ Crone, Patricia. "MOQANNAʿ". Encyclopædia Iranica. from the original on 2011-11-17. Retrieved 2021-04-18. Reputed to have come from Balkh (Balḵ), not Sogdiana, Hāšem participated in the ʿAbbāsid revolution (see ABBASID CALIPHATE) and continued to serve as a soldier and secretary in the army at Marv under Abu Dāwud Ḵāled b. Ebrāhim al-Ḏohli (governor of Khorasan 137-140/755-57), and his successor ʿAbd-al-Jabbār b. ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān al-Azdi (140-41/757-58).
  5. ^ Le masque prophète
  6. ^ , Veiled Prophet Organization, 2009, archived from the original on 2010-05-25, retrieved 2009-12-15
  7. ^ The Grotto, MasonicDictionary.com, 2007, retrieved 2009-12-15
  8. ^ , Lalla Rookh Grotto, archived from the original on 2009-10-31, retrieved 2009-12-15
  9. ^ "Mille et dix mille pas", Anne & Laurent Champs-Massart, Vibration Editions, 2019

Sources

  • M. S. Asimov, C. E. Bosworth u.a.: History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Band IV: The Age of Achievement. AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century. Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting. Paris 1998.
  • Patricia Crone: The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran. Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2012. S. 106-143.
  • Frantz Grenet: "Contribution à l'étude de la révolte de Muqanna' (c. 775-780): traces matérielles, traces hérésiographiques" in Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi (ed.): Islam: identité et altérité ; hommage à Guy Monnot. Turnhout: Brepols 2013. S. 247-261.
  • Boris Kochnev: "Les monnaies de Muqanna" in Studia Iranica 30 (2001) 143-50.
  • Wilferd Madelung, Paul Ernest Walker: An Ismaili heresiography. The "Bāb al-shayṭān" from Abū Tammām’s Kitāb al-shajara. Brill, 1998.
  • Svatopluk Soucek: A history of inner Asia. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Lewis, Bernard (2002). Arabs in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191647161.

External links

  • Encyclopaedia Iranica, MOQANNAʿ, (lit. “the veiled one,” d. 163/780 or later), leader of a rebellious movement in Sogdiana.
  • Veiled Prophet of Khorasan - a historical study from many sources, includes original texts

January 09, 2023
muqanna, hashim, arabic, persian, هاشم, better, known, muqanna, arabic, المقنع, veiled, died, leader, anti, islamic, revolt, claimed, prophet, founded, religion, which, mixture, zoroastrianism, islam, chemist, experiments, caused, explosion, which, part, face,. Hashim Arabic Persian هاشم better known as al Muqanna Arabic المقنع The Veiled died c 783 1 was leader of an anti Islamic revolt who claimed to be a prophet and founded a religion which was a mixture of Zoroastrianism and Islam He was a chemist and one of his experiments caused an explosion in which a part of his face was burnt For the rest of his life he used a veil and thus was known as al Muqanna The Veiled One Said Nafisi and Amir Hossein Aryanpour have written about him in the Khorram Dinan armies clarification needed Contents 1 Name and early life 2 Biography 3 Cultural references 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External linksName and early life EditBefore he came to be known by the nickname of al Muqanna he was called by his birth name Hashim Early scholars believed that he was born in Sogdia However it is now agreed that he originally came from Balkh a city close to Sogdia in modern day northern Afghanistan 2 Biography EditOf Iranian stock 3 Hashem was from Balkh 4 originally a clothes pleater He became a commander for Abu Muslim of the Greater Khorasan province of Iran or Persia After Abu Muslim s murder in 755 AD Hashem claimed to be the incarnation of God Hashem was reputed to wear a veil in order to cover up his beauty whereas his followers wore white clothes in opposition to Abbasid rulers black He is reputed to have engaged in magic and miracles in order to gain followers Hashem was instrumental in the formation of the Khorram Dinan armies which were led by Papak Khorram Din This was an uprising of Persians aimed at overthrowing the ruling Arabs When Hashem s followers started raiding towns and mosques of other Muslims and looting their possessions the Abbasids sent several commanders to crush the rebellion Hashem chose to poison himself rather than surrender to the Abbasids who had set fire to his house Hashem died eventually in a Persian fort near Kesh 1 After his death the Khorram Dinan armies existed until the 12th century Cultural references EditIn 1787 Napoleon Bonaparte wrote a two page short story about Al Muqanna called Le Masque prophete 5 The first poem in Lalla Rookh 1817 by Thomas Moore is titled The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan and the character Mokanna is modeled loosely on al Muqanna An 1877 opera The Veiled Prophet by Charles Villiers Stanford is in turn loosely based on the story of Mokanna as given in Lalla Rookh St Louis businessmen referenced Moore s poem in 1878 when they created the Veiled Prophet Organization and concocted a legend of Mokanna as its founder 6 For many years the organization put on an annual fair and parade called the Veiled Prophet Fair which was renamed Fair Saint Louis in 1992 The organization also gave a debutante ball each December called the Veiled Prophet Ball The Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm founded 1889 often known as the Grotto a social group with membership restricted to Master Masons and its female auxiliary the Daughters of Mokanna founded 1919 also take their names from Thomas Moore s poem 7 8 Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges used a fictionalized al Muqanna as the central character of The Masked Dyer Hakim of Merv a 1934 short story and in another story fifteen years later The Zahir as a past avatar of the titular object Sax Rohmer used the legend of el Mokanna as the background for his 1934 novel The Mask of Fu Manchu Iranian film director Khosrow Sinai has a film script about al Muqanna entitled Sepidjameh Filmnameh The Man in White published in Tehran in 2000 The rebellion of Al Muqanna is part of the historical novel Mille et dix mille pas by Anne and Laurent Champs Massart 9 See also EditBihafarid Ustadh Sis Mazdak Khurramites Sunpadh Ishaq al Turk Babak Khorramdin Afshin Maziar Al Mubarqa M O V P E R Veiled Prophet BallReferences Edit a b The Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd ed Vol 7 Page 500 Crone Patricia MOQANNAʿ Encyclopaedia Iranica Archived from the original on 2011 11 17 Retrieved 2021 04 18 Reputed to have come from Balkh Balḵ not Sogdiana Hasem participated in the ʿAbbasid revolution see ABBASID CALIPHATE and continued to serve as a soldier and secretary in the army at Marv under Abu Dawud Ḵaled b Ebrahim al Ḏohli governor of Khorasan 137 140 755 57 and his successor ʿAbd al Jabbar b ʿAbd al Raḥman al Azdi 140 41 757 58 Lewis 2002 p 111 Crone Patricia MOQANNAʿ Encyclopaedia Iranica Archived from the original on 2011 11 17 Retrieved 2021 04 18 Reputed to have come from Balkh Balḵ not Sogdiana Hasem participated in the ʿAbbasid revolution see ABBASID CALIPHATE and continued to serve as a soldier and secretary in the army at Marv under Abu Dawud Ḵaled b Ebrahim al Ḏohli governor of Khorasan 137 140 755 57 and his successor ʿAbd al Jabbar b ʿAbd al Raḥman al Azdi 140 41 757 58 Le masque prophete History Veiled Prophet Organization 2009 archived from the original on 2010 05 25 retrieved 2009 12 15 The Grotto MasonicDictionary com 2007 retrieved 2009 12 15 Lalla Rookh Caldron Daughters of Mokanna Lalla Rookh Grotto archived from the original on 2009 10 31 retrieved 2009 12 15 Mille et dix mille pas Anne amp Laurent Champs Massart Vibration Editions 2019Sources EditM S Asimov C E Bosworth u a History of Civilizations of Central Asia Band IV The Age of Achievement AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century Part One The Historical Social and Economic Setting Paris 1998 Patricia Crone The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2012 S 106 143 Frantz Grenet Contribution a l etude de la revolte de Muqanna c 775 780 traces materielles traces heresiographiques in Mohammad Ali Amir Moezzi ed Islam identite et alterite hommage a Guy Monnot Turnhout Brepols 2013 S 247 261 Boris Kochnev Les monnaies de Muqanna in Studia Iranica 30 2001 143 50 Wilferd Madelung Paul Ernest Walker An Ismaili heresiography The Bab al shayṭan from Abu Tammam s Kitab al shajara Brill 1998 Svatopluk Soucek A history of inner Asia Cambridge University Press 2000 Lewis Bernard 2002 Arabs in History Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 9780191647161 External links EditEncyclopaedia Iranica MOQANNAʿ lit the veiled one d 163 780 or later leader of a rebellious movement in Sogdiana Veiled Prophet of Khorasan a historical study from many sources includes original texts Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Al Muqanna amp oldid 1127884920, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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