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Munsell color system

In colorimetry, the Munsell color system is a color space that specifies colors based on three properties of color: hue (basic color), chroma (color intensity), and value (lightness). It was created by Professor Albert H. Munsell in the first decade of the 20th century and adopted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as the official color system for soil research in the 1930s.

The Munsell color system, showing: a circle of hues at value 5 chroma 6; the neutral values from 0 to 10; and the chromas of purple-blue (5PB) at value 5.

Several earlier color order systems had placed colors into a three-dimensional color solid of one form or another, but Munsell was the first to separate hue, value, and chroma into perceptually uniform and independent dimensions, and he was the first to illustrate the colors systematically in three-dimensional space.[1] Munsell's system, particularly the later renotations, is based on rigorous measurements of human subjects' visual responses to color, putting it on a firm experimental scientific basis. Because of this basis in human visual perception, Munsell's system has outlasted its contemporary color models, and though it has been superseded for some uses by models such as CIELAB (L*a*b*) and CIECAM02, it is still in wide use today.[2]

Explanation

 
Munsell’s color sphere, 1900. Later, Munsell discovered that if hue, value, and chroma were to be kept perceptually uniform, achievable surface colors could not be forced into a regular geometric shape.
 
Three-dimensional representation of the 1943 Munsell renotations (with portion cut away). Notice the irregularity of the shape when compared with Munsell's earlier color sphere.

The system consists of three independent properties of color which can be represented cylindrically in three dimensions as an irregular color solid:

  • hue, measured by degrees around horizontal circles
  • chroma, measured radially outward from the neutral (gray) vertical axis
  • value, measured vertically on the core cylinder from 0 (black) to 10 (white)

Munsell determined the spacing of colors along these dimensions by taking measurements of human visual responses. In each dimension, Munsell colors are as close to perceptually uniform as he could make them, which makes the resulting shape quite irregular. As Munsell explains:

Desire to fit a chosen contour, such as the pyramid, cone, cylinder or cube, coupled with a lack of proper tests, has led to many distorted statements of color relations, and it becomes evident, when physical measurement of pigment values and chromas is studied, that no regular contour will serve.

— Albert H. Munsell, “A Pigment Color System and Notation”[3]

Hue

Each horizontal circle Munsell divided into five principal hues: Red, Yellow, Green, Blue, and Purple, along with 5 intermediate hues (e.g., YR) halfway between adjacent principal hues.[4] Each of these 10 steps, with the named hue given number 5, is then broken into 10 sub-steps, so that 100 hues are given integer values. In practice, color charts conventionally specify 40 hues, in increments of 2.5, progressing as for example 10R to 2.5YR.

Two colors of equal value and chroma, on opposite sides of a hue circle, are complementary colors, and mix additively to the neutral gray of the same value. The diagram below shows 40 evenly spaced Munsell hues, with complements vertically aligned.

Munsell hues; value 6 / chroma 6
5R
|
5YR
|
5Y
|
5GY
|
5G
|
5BG
|
201 130 134
201 130 127
201 131 118
200 133 109
197 135 100
193 137 94
187 140 86
181 143 79
173 146 75
167 149 72
160 151 73
151 154 78
141 156 85
127 159 98
115 160 110
101 162 124
92 163 134
87 163 141
82 163 148
78 163 154
73 163 162
5BG
|
5B
|
5PB
|
5P
|
5RP
|
5R
|
73 163 162
70 162 170
70 161 177
73 160 184
82 158 189
93 156 193
104 154 195
117 151 197
128 149 198
141 145 198
152 142 196
160 140 193
168 138 189
177 135 182
183 134 176
188 132 169
193 131 160
196 130 153
198 130 146
200 130 140
201 130 134

Value

Value, or lightness, varies vertically along the color solid, from black (value 0) at the bottom, to white (value 10) at the top.[5] Neutral grays lie along the vertical axis between black and white.

Several color solids before Munsell's plotted luminosity from black on the bottom to white on the top, with a gray gradient between them, but these systems neglected to keep perceptual lightness constant across horizontal slices. Instead, they plotted fully saturated yellow (light), and fully saturated blue and purple (dark) along the equator.

Chroma

Chroma, measured radially from the center of each slice, represents the “purity” of a color (related to saturation), with lower chroma being less pure (more washed out, as in pastels).[6] Note that there is no intrinsic upper limit to chroma. Different areas of the color space have different maximal chroma coordinates. For instance light yellow colors have considerably more potential chroma than light purples, due to the nature of the eye and the physics of color stimuli. This led to a wide range of possible chroma levels—up to the high 30s for some hue–value combinations (though it is difficult or impossible to make physical objects in colors of such high chromas, and they cannot be reproduced on current computer displays). Vivid solid colors are in the range of approximately 8.

Specifying a color

A color is fully specified by listing the three numbers for hue, value, and chroma in that order. For instance, a purple of medium lightness and fairly saturated would be 5P 5/10 with 5P meaning the color in the middle of the purple hue band, 5/ meaning medium value (lightness), and a chroma of 10 (see swatch). An achromatic color is specified by the syntax N V/. For example, a medium grey is specified by "N 5/".

In computer processing, the Munsell colors are converted to a set of "HVC" numbers. The V and C are the same as the normal chroma and value. The H (hue) number is converted by mapping the hue rings into numbers between 0 and 100, where both 0 and 100 correspond to 10RP.[7]

As the Munsell books, including the 1943 renotation, only contains colors for some points in the Munsell space, it is non-trivial to specify an arbitrary color in Munsell space. Interpolation must be used to assign meanings to non-book colors such as "2.8Y 6.95/2.3", followed by an inversion of the fitted Munsell-to-xyY transform. The ASTM has defined a method in 2008, but Centore 2012 is known to work better.[8]

History and influence

 
Runge's Farbenkugel (Color Sphere), 1810[a]
 
Professor Albert H. Munsell
 
Several editions of the Munsell Book of Color. The atlas is arranged into removable pages of color swatches of varying value and chroma for each of 40 particular hues.

The idea of using a three-dimensional color solid to represent all colors was developed during the 18th and 19th centuries. Several different shapes for such a solid were proposed, including: a double triangular pyramid by Tobias Mayer in 1758, a single triangular pyramid by Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1772, a sphere by Philipp Otto Runge in 1810, a hemisphere by Michel Eugène Chevreul in 1839, a cone by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1860, a tilted cube by William Benson in 1868, and a slanted double cone by August Kirschmann in 1895.[9] These systems became progressively more sophisticated, with Kirschmann’s even recognizing the difference in value between bright colors of different hues. But all of them remained either purely theoretical or encountered practical problems in accommodating all colors. Furthermore, none was based on any rigorous scientific measurement of human vision; before Munsell, the relationship between hue, value, and chroma was not understood.[9]

 
Twenty hues of the Munsell color system at maximum chroma to stay in the sRGB gamut.

Albert Munsell, an artist and professor of art at the Massachusetts Normal Art School (now Massachusetts College of Art and Design, or MassArt), wanted to create a "rational way to describe color" that would use decimal notation instead of color names (which he felt were "foolish" and "misleading"),[10] which he could use to teach his students about color. He first started work on the system in 1898 and published it in full form in A Color Notation in 1905.

The original embodiment of the system (the 1905 Atlas) had some deficiencies as a physical representation of the theoretical system. These were improved significantly in the 1929 Munsell Book of Color and through an extensive series of experiments carried out by the Optical Society of America in the 1940s resulting in the notations (sample definitions) for the modern Munsell Book of Color. Though several replacements for the Munsell system have been invented, building on Munsell's foundational ideas—including the Optical Society of America's Uniform Color Scales, and the International Commission on Illumination’s CIELAB (L*a*b*) and CIECAM02 color models—the Munsell system is still widely used, by, among others, ANSI to define skin color and hair color for forensic pathology, the USGS for matching soil color, in prosthodontics during the selection of tooth color for dental restorations, and breweries for matching beer color.[11][12][b]

The original Munsell color chart remains useful for comparing computer models of human color vision.[13]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ There are mathematical issues with this depiction: If one calls the concentric rings "chroma" and the horizontal stripes "lightness", then it is not possible to have a color whose "chroma" is 2 (counting from the center outward) and "lightness" is 9 (counting from the bottom to the top). This means that each color cannot be uniquely identified by a single set of "hue", "lightness" and "chroma" values. Albert Munsell's color sphere was designed in such a way as to avoid this pitfall, however.
  2. ^ Beer color is measured in Degrees Lovibond, a metric based on the Munsell system

References

  1. ^ Kuehni (2002), p. 21
  2. ^ Landa (2005), pp. 437–438 2017-04-30 at the Wayback Machine,
  3. ^ Munsell (1912), p. 239
  4. ^ Cleland (1921), Ch. 1
  5. ^ Cleland (1921), Ch. 2
  6. ^ Cleland (1921), Ch. 3
  7. ^ ASTM, Standard D 1535-08, "Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System," approved January 1, 2008.
  8. ^ Centore, Paul (December 2012). "An open-source inversion algorithm for the Munsell renotation". Color Research & Application. 37 (6): 455–464. doi:10.1002/col.20715.
  9. ^ a b Kuenhi (2002), pp. 20–21
  10. ^ (Munsell 1905), ch.1, pg. 7
  11. ^ MacEvoy (2005)
  12. ^ Landa (2005), pp. 442–443.
  13. ^ "A perceptual color space for image processing".

Bibliography

  • Cleland, Thomas M. (1921). A practical description of the Munsell color system, with suggestions for its use. Boston: Munsell Color Company. One of the first books about the Munsell color system, explaining the intuition behind its three dimensions, and suggesting possible uses of the system in picking color combinations. An edited version can be found at http://www.applepainter.com/.
  • Kuehni, Rolf G. (February 2002). "The early development of the Munsell system". Color Research and Application. 27 (1): 20–27. doi:10.1002/col.10002. A description of color systems leading up to Munsell's, and a biographical explanation of Munsell's changing ideas about color and development of his color solid, leading up to the publication of A Color Notation in 1905.
  • Landa, Edward R.; Fairchild, Mark D. (September–October 2005). "Charting Color from the Eye of the Beholder" (PDF). American Scientist. 93 (5): 436–443. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.77.9634. doi:10.1511/2005.5.436. An introductory explanation of the development and influence of the Munsell system.
  • MacEvoy, Bruce (2005-08-01). "Modern Color Models – Munsell Color System". Color Vision. Retrieved 2007-04-16. A concise introduction to the Munsell color system, on a web page which also discusses several other color systems, putting the Munsell system in its historical context.
  • Munsell, Albert H. (1905). A Color Notation. Boston: G. H. Ellis Co. Munsell's original description of his system. A Color Notation was published before he had established the irregular shape of a perceptual color solid, so it describes colors positioned in a sphere.
  • Munsell, Albert H. (January 1912). "A Pigment Color System and Notation". The American Journal of Psychology. 23 (2): 236–244. doi:10.2307/1412843. JSTOR 1412843. Munsell's description of his color system, from a lecture to the American Psychological Association.
  • Nickerson, Dorothy (1976). "History of the Munsell color system, company, and foundation". Color Research and Application. 1 (1): 7–10.[dead link]

External links

General information:

  • Munsell.com, the homepage of Munsell Color, a subdivision of X-Rite, current owners of the Munsell Color Company.
    • page at the X-Rite website.
  • ApplePainter.com, a site explaining the Munsell color chart, including an edited version of Cleland's book, A practical description of the Munsell color system.
  • An at Adobe.com. Retrieved 13 August 2003
  • A at the site of the Japanese company Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals, including a nice diagram of the Munsell color solid.

Data and conversion:

  • Munsell Color Science Laboratory at the Rochester Institute of Technology, an academic laboratory dedicated to color science, endowed by the Munsell Foundation.
    • Munsell renotation data in plain text format (from the 1940s Optical Society of America renotations). CIE xyY original and sRGB and CIELAB conversions provided.
  • The Munsell and Kubelka-Munk Toolbox by Paul Centore, with a radial interpolation algorithm described in Centore 2012.
  • munsellinterpol, R language package for interpolating between Munsell renotation samples; spline interpolation.
  • Munsell Color Palette, an online Munsell color palette and Munsell-to-sRGB converter; crude linear interpolation in sRGB space.
  • A flash-based color-picker from web-design firm Triplecode (based on a version originally created at the MIT Media Lab).
  • LOGitEASY Munsell Color Calculator, which converts Munsell colors to a specialized soil-color notation (registration required)

Other tools:

  • from Loo & Cox, a web application for generating color palettes from images. Munsell color analysis of digital image.

munsell, color, system, colorimetry, color, space, that, specifies, colors, based, three, properties, color, basic, color, chroma, color, intensity, value, lightness, created, professor, albert, munsell, first, decade, 20th, century, adopted, united, states, d. In colorimetry the Munsell color system is a color space that specifies colors based on three properties of color hue basic color chroma color intensity and value lightness It was created by Professor Albert H Munsell in the first decade of the 20th century and adopted by the United States Department of Agriculture USDA as the official color system for soil research in the 1930s The Munsell color system showing a circle of hues at value 5 chroma 6 the neutral values from 0 to 10 and the chromas of purple blue 5PB at value 5 Several earlier color order systems had placed colors into a three dimensional color solid of one form or another but Munsell was the first to separate hue value and chroma into perceptually uniform and independent dimensions and he was the first to illustrate the colors systematically in three dimensional space 1 Munsell s system particularly the later renotations is based on rigorous measurements of human subjects visual responses to color putting it on a firm experimental scientific basis Because of this basis in human visual perception Munsell s system has outlasted its contemporary color models and though it has been superseded for some uses by models such as CIELAB L a b and CIECAM02 it is still in wide use today 2 Contents 1 Explanation 1 1 Hue 1 2 Value 1 3 Chroma 1 4 Specifying a color 2 History and influence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksExplanation Edit Munsell s color sphere 1900 Later Munsell discovered that if hue value and chroma were to be kept perceptually uniform achievable surface colors could not be forced into a regular geometric shape Three dimensional representation of the 1943 Munsell renotations with portion cut away Notice the irregularity of the shape when compared with Munsell s earlier color sphere The system consists of three independent properties of color which can be represented cylindrically in three dimensions as an irregular color solid hue measured by degrees around horizontal circles chroma measured radially outward from the neutral gray vertical axis value measured vertically on the core cylinder from 0 black to 10 white Munsell determined the spacing of colors along these dimensions by taking measurements of human visual responses In each dimension Munsell colors are as close to perceptually uniform as he could make them which makes the resulting shape quite irregular As Munsell explains Desire to fit a chosen contour such as the pyramid cone cylinder or cube coupled with a lack of proper tests has led to many distorted statements of color relations and it becomes evident when physical measurement of pigment values and chromas is studied that no regular contour will serve Albert H Munsell A Pigment Color System and Notation 3 Hue Edit Each horizontal circle Munsell divided into five principal hues Red Yellow Green Blue and Purple along with 5 intermediate hues e g YR halfway between adjacent principal hues 4 Each of these 10 steps with the named hue given number 5 is then broken into 10 sub steps so that 100 hues are given integer values In practice color charts conventionally specify 40 hues in increments of 2 5 progressing as for example 10R to 2 5YR Two colors of equal value and chroma on opposite sides of a hue circle are complementary colors and mix additively to the neutral gray of the same value The diagram below shows 40 evenly spaced Munsell hues with complements vertically aligned Munsell hues value 6 chroma 6 5R 5YR 5Y 5GY 5G 5BG 201 130 134 201 130 127 201 131 118 200 133 109 197 135 100 193 137 94 187 140 86 181 143 79 173 146 75 167 149 72 160 151 73 151 154 78 141 156 85 127 159 98 115 160 110 101 162 124 92 163 134 87 163 141 82 163 148 78 163 154 73 163 162 5BG 5B 5PB 5P 5RP 5R 73 163 162 70 162 170 70 161 177 73 160 184 82 158 189 93 156 193 104 154 195 117 151 197 128 149 198 141 145 198 152 142 196 160 140 193 168 138 189 177 135 182 183 134 176 188 132 169 193 131 160 196 130 153 198 130 146 200 130 140 201 130 134 Value Edit Value or lightness varies vertically along the color solid from black value 0 at the bottom to white value 10 at the top 5 Neutral grays lie along the vertical axis between black and white Several color solids before Munsell s plotted luminosity from black on the bottom to white on the top with a gray gradient between them but these systems neglected to keep perceptual lightness constant across horizontal slices Instead they plotted fully saturated yellow light and fully saturated blue and purple dark along the equator Chroma Edit Chroma measured radially from the center of each slice represents the purity of a color related to saturation with lower chroma being less pure more washed out as in pastels 6 Note that there is no intrinsic upper limit to chroma Different areas of the color space have different maximal chroma coordinates For instance light yellow colors have considerably more potential chroma than light purples due to the nature of the eye and the physics of color stimuli This led to a wide range of possible chroma levels up to the high 30s for some hue value combinations though it is difficult or impossible to make physical objects in colors of such high chromas and they cannot be reproduced on current computer displays Vivid solid colors are in the range of approximately 8 Munsell value vertical and chroma horizontal hue 5Y and 5PB 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 1210 255 255 2559 228 228 250 232 232 232 243 227 207 250 227 1788 190 201 239 200 200 222 203 203 203 215 200 181 221 200 154 227 200 126 233 199 97 237 199 637 142 176 241 154 175 225 164 175 210 173 174 195 179 179 179 188 173 155 194 173 128 200 173 101 205 172 72 210 172 296 79 150 244 101 150 227 116 149 213 128 149 198 138 148 182 146 148 168 150 150 150 161 147 129 167 147 103 173 146 75 178 146 425 46 124 214 72 123 199 89 123 185 101 123 171 111 122 156 120 122 142 124 124 124 134 121 103 141 121 77 146 120 48 150 119 94 38 97 172 59 97 158 74 97 144 85 96 130 93 96 116 97 97 97 108 96 77 114 95 52 119 94 253 26 72 133 45 72 120 58 72 106 67 72 92 70 70 70 81 71 55 87 70 332 20 49 93 35 49 79 44 49 66 48 48 48 57 48 34 63 47 61 5PB 13 28 56 23 28 45 28 28 28 37 27 9 5Y0 0 0 0 Note that the Munsell Book of Color contains more color samples than this chart for both 5PB and 5Y particularly bright yellows up to 5Y 8 5 14 However they are not reproducible in the sRGB color space which has a limited color gamut designed to match that of televisions and computer displays There are no samples for values 0 pure black and 10 pure white which are theoretical limits not reachable in pigment and no printed samples of value 1 Specifying a color Edit A color is fully specified by listing the three numbers for hue value and chroma in that order For instance a purple of medium lightness and fairly saturated would be 5P 5 10 with 5P meaning the color in the middle of the purple hue band 5 meaning medium value lightness and a chroma of 10 see swatch An achromatic color is specified by the syntax N V For example a medium grey is specified by N 5 In computer processing the Munsell colors are converted to a set of HVC numbers The V and C are the same as the normal chroma and value The H hue number is converted by mapping the hue rings into numbers between 0 and 100 where both 0 and 100 correspond to 10RP 7 As the Munsell books including the 1943 renotation only contains colors for some points in the Munsell space it is non trivial to specify an arbitrary color in Munsell space Interpolation must be used to assign meanings to non book colors such as 2 8Y 6 95 2 3 followed by an inversion of the fitted Munsell to xyY transform The ASTM has defined a method in 2008 but Centore 2012 is known to work better 8 History and influence Edit Runge s Farbenkugel Color Sphere 1810 a Professor Albert H Munsell Several editions of the Munsell Book of Color The atlas is arranged into removable pages of color swatches of varying value and chroma for each of 40 particular hues The idea of using a three dimensional color solid to represent all colors was developed during the 18th and 19th centuries Several different shapes for such a solid were proposed including a double triangular pyramid by Tobias Mayer in 1758 a single triangular pyramid by Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1772 a sphere by Philipp Otto Runge in 1810 a hemisphere by Michel Eugene Chevreul in 1839 a cone by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1860 a tilted cube by William Benson in 1868 and a slanted double cone by August Kirschmann in 1895 9 These systems became progressively more sophisticated with Kirschmann s even recognizing the difference in value between bright colors of different hues But all of them remained either purely theoretical or encountered practical problems in accommodating all colors Furthermore none was based on any rigorous scientific measurement of human vision before Munsell the relationship between hue value and chroma was not understood 9 Twenty hues of the Munsell color system at maximum chroma to stay in the sRGB gamut Albert Munsell an artist and professor of art at the Massachusetts Normal Art School now Massachusetts College of Art and Design or MassArt wanted to create a rational way to describe color that would use decimal notation instead of color names which he felt were foolish and misleading 10 which he could use to teach his students about color He first started work on the system in 1898 and published it in full form in A Color Notation in 1905 The original embodiment of the system the 1905 Atlas had some deficiencies as a physical representation of the theoretical system These were improved significantly in the 1929 Munsell Book of Color and through an extensive series of experiments carried out by the Optical Society of America in the 1940s resulting in the notations sample definitions for the modern Munsell Book of Color Though several replacements for the Munsell system have been invented building on Munsell s foundational ideas including the Optical Society of America s Uniform Color Scales and the International Commission on Illumination s CIELAB L a b and CIECAM02 color models the Munsell system is still widely used by among others ANSI to define skin color and hair color for forensic pathology the USGS for matching soil color in prosthodontics during the selection of tooth color for dental restorations and breweries for matching beer color 11 12 b The original Munsell color chart remains useful for comparing computer models of human color vision 13 See also EditNatural Color SystemNotes Edit There are mathematical issues with this depiction If one calls the concentric rings chroma and the horizontal stripes lightness then it is not possible to have a color whose chroma is 2 counting from the center outward and lightness is 9 counting from the bottom to the top This means that each color cannot be uniquely identified by a single set of hue lightness and chroma values Albert Munsell s color sphere was designed in such a way as to avoid this pitfall however Beer color is measured in Degrees Lovibond a metric based on the Munsell systemReferences Edit Kuehni 2002 p 21 Landa 2005 pp 437 438 Archived 2017 04 30 at the Wayback Machine Munsell 1912 p 239 Cleland 1921 Ch 1 Cleland 1921 Ch 2 Cleland 1921 Ch 3 ASTM Standard D 1535 08 Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System approved January 1 2008 Centore Paul December 2012 An open source inversion algorithm for the Munsell renotation Color Research amp Application 37 6 455 464 doi 10 1002 col 20715 a b Kuenhi 2002 pp 20 21 Munsell 1905 ch 1 pg 7 MacEvoy 2005 Landa 2005 pp 442 443 A perceptual color space for image processing Bibliography EditCleland Thomas M 1921 A practical description of the Munsell color system with suggestions for its use Boston Munsell Color Company One of the first books about the Munsell color system explaining the intuition behind its three dimensions and suggesting possible uses of the system in picking color combinations An edited version can be found at http www applepainter com Kuehni Rolf G February 2002 The early development of the Munsell system Color Research and Application 27 1 20 27 doi 10 1002 col 10002 A description of color systems leading up to Munsell s and a biographical explanation of Munsell s changing ideas about color and development of his color solid leading up to the publication of A Color Notation in 1905 Landa Edward R Fairchild Mark D September October 2005 Charting Color from the Eye of the Beholder PDF American Scientist 93 5 436 443 CiteSeerX 10 1 1 77 9634 doi 10 1511 2005 5 436 An introductory explanation of the development and influence of the Munsell system MacEvoy Bruce 2005 08 01 Modern Color Models Munsell Color System Color Vision Retrieved 2007 04 16 A concise introduction to the Munsell color system on a web page which also discusses several other color systems putting the Munsell system in its historical context Munsell Albert H 1905 A Color Notation Boston G H Ellis Co Munsell s original description of his system A Color Notation was published before he had established the irregular shape of a perceptual color solid so it describes colors positioned in a sphere Munsell Albert H January 1912 A Pigment Color System and Notation The American Journal of Psychology 23 2 236 244 doi 10 2307 1412843 JSTOR 1412843 Munsell s description of his color system from a lecture to the American Psychological Association Nickerson Dorothy 1976 History of the Munsell color system company and foundation Color Research and Application 1 1 7 10 dead link External links EditGeneral information Munsell com the homepage of Munsell Color a subdivision of X Rite current owners of the Munsell Color Company Munsell page at the X Rite website ApplePainter com a site explaining the Munsell color chart including an edited version of Cleland s book A practical description of the Munsell color system An explanation of the Munsell system at Adobe com Retrieved 13 August 2003 A brief explanation at the site of the Japanese company Dainichiseika Color amp Chemicals including a nice diagram of the Munsell color solid Data and conversion Munsell Color Science Laboratory at the Rochester Institute of Technology an academic laboratory dedicated to color science endowed by the Munsell Foundation Munsell renotation data in plain text format from the 1940s Optical Society of America renotations CIE xyY original and sRGB and CIELAB conversions provided The Munsell and Kubelka Munk Toolbox by Paul Centore with a radial interpolation algorithm described in Centore 2012 munsellinterpol R language package for interpolating between Munsell renotation samples spline interpolation Munsell Color Palette an online Munsell color palette and Munsell to sRGB converter crude linear interpolation in sRGB space A flash based Munsell Palette color picker from web design firm Triplecode based on a version originally created at the MIT Media Lab LOGitEASY Munsell Color Calculator which converts Munsell colors to a specialized soil color notation registration required Other tools ToyPalette from Loo amp Cox a web application for generating color palettes from images Munsell color analysis of digital image Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Munsell color system amp oldid 1122563341, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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