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Wikipedia

Munchkin

January 22, 2023

For other uses, see Munchkin (disambiguation).

A Munchkin is a native of the fictional Munchkin Country in the Oz books by American author L. Frank Baum. They first appear in the classic children's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900) where they welcome Dorothy Gale to their city in Oz. The Munchkins are described as being the same height as Dorothy and they wear only shades of blue clothing, as blue is the Munchkins' favorite color. Blue is also the predominating color that officially represents the eastern quadrant in the Land of Oz. The Munchkins have appeared in various media, including the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, as well as in various other films and comedy acts.

The Munchkins
Oz books character
W. W. Denslow's depiction of Munchkins, from first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
First appearanceThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)
Created byL. Frank Baum

Concept

While Baum may have written about it, there are no surviving notes for the composition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The lack of this information has resulted in mere speculation of the term origins he used in the book, which include the word Munchkin.[1] Baum researcher Brian Attebery has hypothesized that there might be a connection to the Münchner Kindl, the emblem of the Bavarian city of Munich (spelled München in German).[1] The symbol was originally a 13th-century statue of a monk, looking down from the town hall in Munich. Over the years, the image was reproduced many times, for instance as a figure on beer steins, and eventually evolved into a child wearing a pointed hood.[2] Baum's family had German origins, suggesting that Baum could have seen one such reproduction in his childhood. It is also possible that Munchkin came from the German word Männchen, which means "mannikin" or "little figure". In 1900, Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in attracting customers.[3] Another possibility is a connection to Baron Munchausen. This fictional character is based on a real baron who told outrageous tall tales based on his military career.[1][4] Like the other Oz terms, the word Munchkin ends in a diminutive which in this case refers to the size of the natives.[1]

Literature

Oz Books by Frank Baum

"she noticed coming down toward her a group of the queerest people she had ever seen. They were not as big as the grown folk she had always been used to; but neither were they very small. In fact, they seemed about as tall as Dorothy, who was a well-grown child for her age, although they were, so far as looks go, many years older."

– L. Frank Baum

The Munchkins are first mentioned (quote shown) in an excerpt from chapter two of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, titled "The Council with the Munchkins". Dorothy initially meets only three of them, along with the Good Witch of the North. The rest of the Munchkins then come out of hiding and are shown to be grateful towards Dorothy for killing their evil ruler the Wicked Witch of the East. Dorothy later eventually finds the yellow brick road, and along the way attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. Sometime in the book a background story is also given about a "Munchkin maiden" (named Nimmie Amee in later books), who was the former love interest of the Tin Woodman.[5]

Baum also included the Munchkin characters in his later works as minor and major individual characters. The Munchkin Jinjur is the main antagonist in Baum's second book The Marvelous Land of Oz, where she seeks to overthrow the Scarecrow and take over the Emerald City. Jinjur makes a brief appearance in the next book, entitled Ozma of Oz, and is later brought back in Baum's twelfth book, The Tin Woodman of Oz. By this time, she is shown to be a more prominent character who is helpful and friendly to Dorothy and her friends. Two other major Munchkin characters also appear in The Tin Woodman of Oz: Tommy Kwikstep and Nimmie Amee. The former appears in the story asking for a wish for running an errand for a witch; the latter is the name given to the mystery "Munchkin maiden" from the first book, who was the former lover of the Tin Woodman. More information is revealed that tells about the Tin Woodman's origin, and their tragic love story.[5] Lastly, the Munchkin Unc Nunkie appears in Baum's seventh book, The Patchwork Girl of Oz, where he is accidentally turned to stone. His Munchkin nephew Ojo successfully goes on a quest in search of an antidote while learning more about himself in the process.

Subsequent Oz books

L. Frank Baum died on 6 May 1919 after which other writers took up writing additional Oz stories. In some cases these books were written under Baum's name, and include among other characters the Munchkins. There is at least one known Munchkin character that was created after Baum's death that appears as a major character. Zif is a Munchkin boy who appears in John R. Neill's first adaptation called The Royal Book of Oz. Zif is a student at the College of Art and Athletic Perfection; he is both respectful and resentful towards his teacher Wogglebog who considers Zif a "nobody or a nothing." The Munchkin characters that Baum had created in his lifetime also appear in these additional works.

Film and musicals

Early works (1902–1933)

While the 1939 film is the most well known adaptation (see section below), it was not the first outside work to show the Munchkins in film or musical format. One of the first musical adaptations of Baum's books took place in 1902; it was also dubbed The Wizard of Oz.[6][7] The Munchkins make their appearance in act one, called "The Storm," in which they are shown dancing around their maypole, not noticing that Dorothy's house has fallen to earth killing the Wicked Witch of the East.[8] The first film adaptation of Baum's works, titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was released in 1910, followed by three sequels. However, it wasn't until 1914 that Munchkin characters first appeared in film works. Ojo the Lucky and Unc Nunkie both appear in a film titled The Patchwork Girl of Oz (based on the book of the same name). This film stars American actress Violet MacMillan as Ojo, and was produced by Baum.[9]

1939 film

 
The Munchkins (specifically the "Lollipop Guild") as depicted in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. L-R: Jackie Gerlich, Jerry Maren, and Harry Doll

The 1939 movie musical The Wizard of Oz was loosely based on Baum's novel. Notable differences of the Munchkins include their country name of Munchkinland, and their clothes of many colors instead of an all-blue attire. In the musical, the Munchkins are mostly portrayed by adult actors with dwarfism, but a few average-sized children were also included as background extras.[10]

In the musical, the Munchkins first appear when Dorothy and Toto arrive in the Land of Oz after her house lands on the Wicked Witch of the East. The Munchkins hide from all the commotion until Glinda the Good Witch arrives reassuring them that everything is okay. Dorothy tells them how she arrived in the Land of Oz (through a musical number) and the Munchkins celebrate. To make it official, the Mayor of Munchkinland and his assistant have to make sure that the Wicked Witch of the East is really dead before the celebration continues. The coroner confirms this to the mayor by saying that the witch is "not only merely dead", but is indeed "most sincerely dead" while showing the Certificate of Death. The Munchkins then celebrate further as Dorothy receives gifts from the "Lullaby League" and the "Lollipop Guild." Near the end of the song, the Wicked Witch of the West arrives, which causes the Munchkins to panic. After the Wicked Witch of the West leaves, Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City as the Munchkins guide her out of Munchkinland.

The Munchkin actors have since not avoided controversy with alleged behavior behind the scenes. In a 1967 interview, Judy Garland referred to all of the Munchkins as "little drunks" who got intoxicated every night to the point where they had to be picked up in "butterfly nets". These accusations were denied as fabrications by fellow Munchkin Margaret Pellegrini, who said only "a couple of kids from Germany even drank beer".[11] On 20 November 2007, the Munchkins were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Seven of the surviving Munchkin actors from the film were present. As a result of the popularity of the 1939 film, the word "munchkin" has entered the English language as a reference to small children, persons with dwarfism, or anything of diminutive stature.

Actors and actresses

The following is a list of actors who portrayed the Munchkins in the 1939 film. Most of the dwarfs hired were acquired for MGM by Leo Singer, the proprietor of Singer's Midgets.[12] A Daily Variety news story from 17 August 1938, stated 124 dwarves had been signed to play Munchkins; modern sources place the number either at 122 or 124. An additional dozen or so child actors were hired to make up for the shortage of dwarves.[10] At least one Munchkin actor, Dale Paullin (stage name Paul Dale), did not make the final cut for the movie.[13] Only two actors (Joseph Koziel and Frank Cucksey) used their actual voices for the dialogue exchanged with Dorothy where she is given the flowers. The rest of the voices such as the "Munchkin chorus" were created by studio voices recorded at a slow speed.[14]

In 1989, author Stephen Cox researched, found, and wrote about the surviving Munchkin actors fifty years after they made the film. He wrote about them in his book, The Munchkins Remember (1989, E.P. Dutton) which was later revised as The Munchkins of Oz (Cumberland House), and his book remained in print for nearly two decades. When he wrote the book, 33 of the actors with dwarfism who appeared in the film were still alive and were interviewed. Several of them outlived all the major cast, as well as the original Tin Man Buddy Ebsen. Jerry Maren, who played the green "Lollipop Guild" member, was the last living adult Munchkin actor. Maren was the only Munchkin alive when the film’s longest loving cast member, Shep Houghton, an extra, died in 2016.

Notes: Some of the information presented in the table below may never be complete as Social Security records remain sparse prior to the mid-twentieth century. Stage names and/or aliases are present in italics and quotation marks.


Actor Born Died Part(s) played Source
Gladys W. Allison Un­known Un­known Played a villager [15]
John Ballas 1903 Un­known Played a villager [16][17]
Franz Balluch ("Mike") Un­known Un­known Played a villager [15]
Josefine Balluch Un­known Un­known Played a villager [18][19]
John T. Bambury Un­known Un­known Played a soldier [16][20]
Charlie Becker 1887 1968 Played "The Mayor of Munchkinland" [20][21]
Freda Betsky 1916[a] Un­known Played a villager [15][22]
Henry Boers 1896 Un­known Played a villager [23]
Theodore Boers 1894 1945 Played a villager [23][24]
Christie Buresh 1907 1979 Played a villager [25]
Eddie Buresh 1909 1982 Played a villager [25]
Lida Buresh 1906 1970 Played a villager [16][25]
Mickey Carroll 1919 2009 Played a fiddler, a town crier, and a soldier [26]
Casper "Colonel" Balsam Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Nona A. Cooper 1875 1953 Played a villager [15][27]
Thomas J. Cottonaro 1914 2001 Played a villager [15][28]
Elizabeth Coulter Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Lewis Croft 1919 2008 Played a soldier [29]
Frank Cucksey 1919 1984 Played the villager that gives Dorothy some flowers[b] [30][31]
Billy Curtis 1909 1988 Played the Braggart[c] [32]
Eugene S. David Jr. Un­known Un­known Played a fiddler [33]
Eulie H. David Un­known Un­known Played a soldier [33]
Ethel W. Denis 1894 1968 Played a villager [16][34][35]
Prince Denis 1892 1984 Played the Sergeant-at-Arms[d] [34][36]
Hazel I. Derthick 1906 1989 Played a villager [37]
Daisy Earles 1907 1980 Played a "munchkin maiden" [38]
Gracie Doll Earles 1899 1970 Played a "munchkin maiden" [38]
Harry Doll Earles 1902 1985 Blue member of The Lollipop Guild [38][39]
Tiny Doll Earles 1914 2004 Played a "munchkin maiden" [38]
Major Doyle ("James D. Doyle") 1869 1940 Played a villager [16][36]
Ruth Robinson Duccini 1918 2014 Played a villager [40]
Carl M. Erickson 1917 1958 Played the 2nd Trumpeter [16][41]
Fern Formica 1925 1995 Played a villager and a "sleepyhead" [42]
Addie Eva Frank Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Thaisa L. Gardner 1909 1968 Played a villager [16]
Jakob "Jackie" Gerlich Disputed[e] 1960 Red member of The Lollipop Guild [43]
William A. Giblin 1916 1985 Played a soldier [44]
Jack S. Glicken 1900 1950 Played a city father [45]
Carolyn E. Granger 1915 1973 Played a villager [16][46]
Joseph Herbst Un­known 1989 Played a soldier [16][47][48]
Jakob Hofbauer 1898[f] Un­known Played a soldier [36]
Clarence C. Howerton ("Major Mite") 1913 1975 Played the 3rd Trumpeter [49][50]
Helen M. Hoy 1898 1945 Played a villager [16][51]
Marguerite A. Hoy Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
James R. Hulse IV 1915 1964 Played a villager [16][36][52]
Robert Kanter ("Little Lord Robert") 1886 Un­known Played a soldier [15][53]
Charles E. Kelley Un­known Un­known Played a soldier [15]
Jessie E. Kelley ("Jessie Becker") Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Frank Kikel Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Bernard Klima ("Harry") 1897 1957 Played a villager [30][54]
Mitzi Koestner Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Emma Koestner Un­known Un­known Played a villager [10][16]
Willi Koestner Un­known Un­known Played a soldier [16][55]
Adam Edwin Kozicki ("Eddie Adams") Un­known Un­known Played a fiddler [16][56]
Joseph J. Koziel Un­known Un­known Played a villager[b] [16][57]
Dolly F. Kramer 1904 1995 Played a villager [16][23]
Emil Kranzler 1910 1993 Played a villager [16][58]
Nita Krebs 1905 1991 Member of The Lullaby League and a villager [30][59]
Jeane LaBarbera ("Little Jean") 1909 1993 Played a villager [60]
Hilda Lange Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
John Leal ("Johnny") 1905 1996 Played a villager [16][61]
Ann Rice Leslie 1900 1973 Played a villager [16][62]
Charles Ludwig 1889 1941 Played a villager [16][63][64]
Dominick Magro 1909 1959 Played a villager [65][66]
Carlos Manzo 1914 1955 Played a villager [16][67]
Howard Marco 1884[g] Un­known Played a villager [16][68]
Jerry Maren 1920 2018 Green member of The Lollipop Guild [69][70]
Bela Matina ("Mike Rogers") 1902 1954 Played a villager [15][71][72]
Lajos Matina ("Leo") 1901 Un­known Played a villager [15][73]
Matyus Matina ("Ike Rogers") 1902 1965 Played a villager [15][73][71][74]
Walter M. B. Miller 1906 1987 Played a soldier and a flying monkey [16][36]
George Ministeri 1913 1986 Played the coachman and a villager [16][36]
Harry Monty 1904 1999 Played a villager and a flying monkey [75]
Yvonne Bistany Moray 1917 Un­known[h] Member of The Lullaby League and a villager [15][36]
Johnny Maroldo ("Johnny Winters") 1905 1985 Played the Commander of the Navy [36]
Marie Bernadet Maroldo ("Marie Winters") 1901 1979 Played a villager [36]
Olga C. Nardone 1921 2010 Member of The Lullaby League, a sleepyhead, and a villager [77]
Nels P. Nelson 1918 1994 Played a villager [16][78][79][i]
Margaret C. Nickloy ("Princess Marguerite") 1902 1961 Played a villager [10][80]
Franklin H. O'Baugh 1922 1963 Played a soldier [81][82]
William H. O'Docharty 1920 1988 Played the coach footman and a villager [16][36]
Hildred C. Olson Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Frank Packard Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Nicholas Page ("Nicky") 1904 1978 Played a soldier and a city father [10][36]
Leona Megest Parks ("Duchess") 1897 Un­known Played a villager [23]
Margaret Williams Pellegrini 1923 2013 Played a "sleepyhead" and the "flower pot munchkin" [42][83]
Johnny Pizo Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Leon Polinsky ("Prince Leon") Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16][84]
Lillian Porter 1917 1997 Played a villager [36][85]
Meinhardt Raabe 1915 2010 Played the coroner[j] [86]
Margaret Raia 1928 2003 Played a villager [87]
Matthew Raia Un­known Un­known Played a city father [87]
Friedrich Retter ("Freddie") 1899 Un­known Played a fiddler and villager [16][88]
Billy Rhodes ("Little Billy") 1895 1967 Played the barrister [89][90]
Gertrude H. Rice Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Hazel Rice Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Sandor Roka 1896 1954 Played a villager [16][91][92]
Jimmie Rosen 1892 1973 Played a villager [36]
Charles F. "Wojnarski" Royal 1900 1947 Played a soldier [16][93]
Helen J. "Wojnarski" Royal 1897 1958 Played a villager [16][93]
Stella A. "Wojnarski" Royal 1903 1959 Played a villager [93]
Albert Ruddinger Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Elsie R. Schultz 1892 1987 Played a villager [16][36]
Charles Silvern 1902 1976 Played a villager [16][94]
Garland Slatton ("Earl") 1917 1995 Played a soldier [23]
Karl Slover 1918 2011 Played the lead trumpeter, a soldier, a "sleepyhead", and a villager [95][96]
Ruth E. Smith Un­known 1985 Played a villager [13][16]
Elmer Spangler 1910 Un­known Played a villager [16][97]
Pernell St. Aubin 1922 1987 Played a soldier [30][98]
Carl Stephan Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Alta M. Stevens 1913 1989 Played a villager [16][36]
George Suchsie Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Charlotte V. Sullivan Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Clarence Swensen 1917 2009 Played a soldier [99]
Betty Tanner 1916 1994 Played a villager [36][100]
Arnold Vierling 1919 1949 Played a villager [36]
Gus Wayne 1920 1998 Played a soldier [101]
Victor Wetter 1902 1990 Played the Captain of the Army [10][36]
Grace G. Williams Un­known Un­known Played a villager [16]
Harvey B. Williams 1905 1968 Played a soldier [16][102]
Gladys V. Wolff 1911 1984 Played a villager [36][16]
Murray Wood 1908 1999 Played a city father [16][103]

Child actresses

About a dozen children of average height were hired so they could be used for background fill. Sources differ on the number of children used for these roles ranging anywhere from 10 to 12.[104] The names used for the women are maiden names with known aliases present in italics and quotation marks.

As of 2022, at least four "child munchkins" are known to be living:
Actor Born Died Part(s) played Source
Betty Ann Cain ("Bruno") 1931 Living Munchkin hatchling [105][106][107][108]
Priscilla Ann Montgomery Clark 1929 Living Background fill [106][107][109]
Donna Jean Johnson ("Stewart Hardaway") 1933 2008 Background fill [110][111]
Joan Kenmore 1931 2022[112] Background fill [105][106][107][104]
Eva Lee Kuney 1934 2015 Background fill [15][113][114]
Rae-Nell Laskey ("Alsbury") 1930 1991 unknown [115][116]
Elaine Mirk ("Merk") 1930 Living Background fill [104][107][117]
Valerie Lee Shepard 1931 Un­known Background fill [10][104][107][118]
Ardith Dondanville Todd 1930 Living Background fill [105][106][107]
Shirley Ann Kennedy ("Vegors") 1932 2005 Background fill [119][120]
Viola White ("Banks") 1931 2000 Background fill [10][36]

Later works (1940–1989)

The 1939 film was adapted into a musical that was released in 1942 that includes the Munchkin characters. The events that take place mirror the film including the song "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead".[121] Twenty-seven years later an animated film called The Wonderful Land of Oz was made; it has Jinjur as a major character.

Other works

See also: Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz
  • The Munchkins appeared in The Wiz and were played by children and teenagers. (1978)
  • The Munchkins appear at the end of Return to Oz. They are seen celebrating Dorothy's return after defeating the Nome King and are present at Princess Ozma's coronation. Tommy Kwikstep was also seen there. (1985)
  • In The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, the Munchkins were played by Rizzo the Rat (who portrayed the Mayor of Munchkinland) and his fellow rats. (2005)
  • The Munchkins appeared in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz. The Munchkins were first seen in the battle against the Wicked Witch of the West's forces in Oz. They were later brought to Earth by Glinda in order to combat the forces of the Wicked Witch of the West. (2012)
  • The Munchkins appear in Oz the Great and Powerful. They alongside the Quadlings and the Tinkers as inhabitants of Glinda's protectorate. Although the film is not otherwise a musical, the Munchkins sing and dance much as they do in the 1939 film. (2013)
  • The Munchkins appear in more than one skit on Mad TV where the 1939 film is parodied. The actors are played by people with dwarfism.
  • The Munchkins appear in the television series Once Upon a Time. Not much is known about them, but they seem to be similar to the Dwarves in the Enchanted forest as Zelena originally thought that Sneezy was a Munchkin. Also, Regina Mills once mistakenly referred to the Seven Dwarfs as Munchkins.
  • The Munchkins appear in Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz with the Mayor of Munchkinland voiced by Bill Fagerbakke and the background Munchkins voiced by Steven Blum and Jessica DiCicco. Ojo, Dr. Pipt, the Lollipop Guild, and the Lullaby League are also featured. Also, Smith & Tinker are depicted as Munchkins in this show.

Notes

  1. ^ This year is based on the date on the paper, Freda Betsky (33 at the time) was either born in 1915 or 1916.
  2. ^ a b Frank Cucksey, and Joseph Koziel were the only two munchkins whose real voices were used. Their dialogue is as follows: "We thank you very sweetly, for doing it so neatly" (Joseph), "You've killed her so completely, that we thank you very sweetly" (Frank).[14]
  3. ^ The "Braggart" can be heard saying: "and ohhhh what happened then was rich".
  4. ^ It was falsely reported in 1984 that Prince Denis played the role of the Munchkin Mayor.[36]
  5. ^ There are two claims to the birth year of Jakob. One is by his brother David Fox who claims that "Jackie" was born in 1925. The other possible year given is 1917, which Fox claims was the birth year of an older brother.[43] In either case, there are no existing social security records to prove either one accurate.
  6. ^ According to Stephen Cox it is unknown what became of Jakob Hofbauer; he is rumored to have died in the late 1950s.[36]
  7. ^ Howard Marco is listed at 58 years old on 9 May 1942. As such, Marco was either born in 1883 or 1884.
  8. ^ Yvonne's friends stated that she died in the 1970s (according to Stephen Cox).[76]
  9. ^ Nels was interviewed in the 1993 documentary "We're off to see the munchkins".[79]
  10. ^ Raabe certifies the death of the Wicked Witch of the East.

References

 
Look up munchkin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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  2. ^ Corinna Erhard: Das Münchner Kindl auf dem Rathaus – wer stand Modell? In: Corinna Erhard: München in 50 Antworten. München-Verlag, München 2011, ISBN 978-3-937090-57-3, S. 16.
  3. ^ Emily and Per Ola d'Aulaire, "Mannequins: our fantasy figures of high fashion," Smithsonian, Vol. 22, no. 1, April 1991
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  35. ^ Obituaries (12/25/68). The Arizona Republic. 25 December 1968. p. 54.
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  37. ^ Kathee Yamamoto (9 June 1985). . Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
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January 22, 2023
munchkin, other, uses, disambiguation, native, fictional, country, books, american, author, frank, baum, they, first, appear, classic, children, novel, wonderful, wizard, 1900, where, they, welcome, dorothy, gale, their, city, described, being, same, height, d. For other uses see Munchkin disambiguation A Munchkin is a native of the fictional Munchkin Country in the Oz books by American author L Frank Baum They first appear in the classic children s novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 1900 where they welcome Dorothy Gale to their city in Oz The Munchkins are described as being the same height as Dorothy and they wear only shades of blue clothing as blue is the Munchkins favorite color Blue is also the predominating color that officially represents the eastern quadrant in the Land of Oz The Munchkins have appeared in various media including the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz as well as in various other films and comedy acts The MunchkinsOz books characterW W Denslow s depiction of Munchkins from first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of OzFirst appearanceThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz 1900 Created byL Frank Baum Contents 1 Concept 2 Literature 2 1 Oz Books by Frank Baum 2 2 Subsequent Oz books 3 Film and musicals 3 1 Early works 1902 1933 3 2 1939 film 3 2 1 Actors and actresses 3 2 2 Child actresses 3 3 Later works 1940 1989 3 4 Other works 4 Notes 5 ReferencesConcept EditWhile Baum may have written about it there are no surviving notes for the composition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz The lack of this information has resulted in mere speculation of the term origins he used in the book which include the word Munchkin 1 Baum researcher Brian Attebery has hypothesized that there might be a connection to the Munchner Kindl the emblem of the Bavarian city of Munich spelled Munchen in German 1 The symbol was originally a 13th century statue of a monk looking down from the town hall in Munich Over the years the image was reproduced many times for instance as a figure on beer steins and eventually evolved into a child wearing a pointed hood 2 Baum s family had German origins suggesting that Baum could have seen one such reproduction in his childhood It is also possible that Munchkin came from the German word Mannchen which means mannikin or little figure In 1900 Baum published a book about window displays in which he stressed the importance of mannequins in attracting customers 3 Another possibility is a connection to Baron Munchausen This fictional character is based on a real baron who told outrageous tall tales based on his military career 1 4 Like the other Oz terms the word Munchkin ends in a diminutive which in this case refers to the size of the natives 1 Literature EditOz Books by Frank Baum Edit she noticed coming down toward her a group of the queerest people she had ever seen They were not as big as the grown folk she had always been used to but neither were they very small In fact they seemed about as tall as Dorothy who was a well grown child for her age although they were so far as looks go many years older L Frank Baum The Munchkins are first mentioned quote shown in an excerpt from chapter two of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz titled The Council with the Munchkins Dorothy initially meets only three of them along with the Good Witch of the North The rest of the Munchkins then come out of hiding and are shown to be grateful towards Dorothy for killing their evil ruler the Wicked Witch of the East Dorothy later eventually finds the yellow brick road and along the way attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq Sometime in the book a background story is also given about a Munchkin maiden named Nimmie Amee in later books who was the former love interest of the Tin Woodman 5 Baum also included the Munchkin characters in his later works as minor and major individual characters The Munchkin Jinjur is the main antagonist in Baum s second book The Marvelous Land of Oz where she seeks to overthrow the Scarecrow and take over the Emerald City Jinjur makes a brief appearance in the next book entitled Ozma of Oz and is later brought back in Baum s twelfth book The Tin Woodman of Oz By this time she is shown to be a more prominent character who is helpful and friendly to Dorothy and her friends Two other major Munchkin characters also appear in The Tin Woodman of Oz Tommy Kwikstep and Nimmie Amee The former appears in the story asking for a wish for running an errand for a witch the latter is the name given to the mystery Munchkin maiden from the first book who was the former lover of the Tin Woodman More information is revealed that tells about the Tin Woodman s origin and their tragic love story 5 Lastly the Munchkin Unc Nunkie appears in Baum s seventh book The Patchwork Girl of Oz where he is accidentally turned to stone His Munchkin nephew Ojo successfully goes on a quest in search of an antidote while learning more about himself in the process Subsequent Oz books Edit L Frank Baum died on 6 May 1919 after which other writers took up writing additional Oz stories In some cases these books were written under Baum s name and include among other characters the Munchkins There is at least one known Munchkin character that was created after Baum s death that appears as a major character Zif is a Munchkin boy who appears in John R Neill s first adaptation called The Royal Book of Oz Zif is a student at the College of Art and Athletic Perfection he is both respectful and resentful towards his teacher Wogglebog who considers Zif a nobody or a nothing The Munchkin characters that Baum had created in his lifetime also appear in these additional works Film and musicals EditEarly works 1902 1933 Edit While the 1939 film is the most well known adaptation see section below it was not the first outside work to show the Munchkins in film or musical format One of the first musical adaptations of Baum s books took place in 1902 it was also dubbed The Wizard of Oz 6 7 The Munchkins make their appearance in act one called The Storm in which they are shown dancing around their maypole not noticing that Dorothy s house has fallen to earth killing the Wicked Witch of the East 8 The first film adaptation of Baum s works titled The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was released in 1910 followed by three sequels However it wasn t until 1914 that Munchkin characters first appeared in film works Ojo the Lucky and Unc Nunkie both appear in a film titled The Patchwork Girl of Oz based on the book of the same name This film stars American actress Violet MacMillan as Ojo and was produced by Baum 9 1939 film Edit The Munchkins specifically the Lollipop Guild as depicted in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz L R Jackie Gerlich Jerry Maren and Harry Doll The 1939 movie musical The Wizard of Oz was loosely based on Baum s novel Notable differences of the Munchkins include their country name of Munchkinland and their clothes of many colors instead of an all blue attire In the musical the Munchkins are mostly portrayed by adult actors with dwarfism but a few average sized children were also included as background extras 10 In the musical the Munchkins first appear when Dorothy and Toto arrive in the Land of Oz after her house lands on the Wicked Witch of the East The Munchkins hide from all the commotion until Glinda the Good Witch arrives reassuring them that everything is okay Dorothy tells them how she arrived in the Land of Oz through a musical number and the Munchkins celebrate To make it official the Mayor of Munchkinland and his assistant have to make sure that the Wicked Witch of the East is really dead before the celebration continues The coroner confirms this to the mayor by saying that the witch is not only merely dead but is indeed most sincerely dead while showing the Certificate of Death The Munchkins then celebrate further as Dorothy receives gifts from the Lullaby League and the Lollipop Guild Near the end of the song the Wicked Witch of the West arrives which causes the Munchkins to panic After the Wicked Witch of the West leaves Glinda tells Dorothy to follow the yellow brick road to the Emerald City as the Munchkins guide her out of Munchkinland The Munchkin actors have since not avoided controversy with alleged behavior behind the scenes In a 1967 interview Judy Garland referred to all of the Munchkins as little drunks who got intoxicated every night to the point where they had to be picked up in butterfly nets These accusations were denied as fabrications by fellow Munchkin Margaret Pellegrini who said only a couple of kids from Germany even drank beer 11 On 20 November 2007 the Munchkins were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Seven of the surviving Munchkin actors from the film were present As a result of the popularity of the 1939 film the word munchkin has entered the English language as a reference to small children persons with dwarfism or anything of diminutive stature Actors and actresses Edit The following is a list of actors who portrayed the Munchkins in the 1939 film Most of the dwarfs hired were acquired for MGM by Leo Singer the proprietor of Singer s Midgets 12 A Daily Variety news story from 17 August 1938 stated 124 dwarves had been signed to play Munchkins modern sources place the number either at 122 or 124 An additional dozen or so child actors were hired to make up for the shortage of dwarves 10 At least one Munchkin actor Dale Paullin stage name Paul Dale did not make the final cut for the movie 13 Only two actors Joseph Koziel and Frank Cucksey used their actual voices for the dialogue exchanged with Dorothy where she is given the flowers The rest of the voices such as the Munchkin chorus were created by studio voices recorded at a slow speed 14 In 1989 author Stephen Cox researched found and wrote about the surviving Munchkin actors fifty years after they made the film He wrote about them in his book The Munchkins Remember 1989 E P Dutton which was later revised as The Munchkins of Oz Cumberland House and his book remained in print for nearly two decades When he wrote the book 33 of the actors with dwarfism who appeared in the film were still alive and were interviewed Several of them outlived all the major cast as well as the original Tin Man Buddy Ebsen Jerry Maren who played the green Lollipop Guild member was the last living adult Munchkin actor Maren was the only Munchkin alive when the film s longest loving cast member Shep Houghton an extra died in 2016 Notes Some of the information presented in the table below may never be complete as Social Security records remain sparse prior to the mid twentieth century Stage names and or aliases are present in italics and quotation marks Actor Born Died Part s played SourceGladys W Allison Un known Un known Played a villager 15 John Ballas 1903 Un known Played a villager 16 17 Franz Balluch Mike Un known Un known Played a villager 15 Josefine Balluch Un known Un known Played a villager 18 19 John T Bambury Un known Un known Played a soldier 16 20 Charlie Becker 1887 1968 Played The Mayor of Munchkinland 20 21 Freda Betsky 1916 a Un known Played a villager 15 22 Henry Boers 1896 Un known Played a villager 23 Theodore Boers 1894 1945 Played a villager 23 24 Christie Buresh 1907 1979 Played a villager 25 Eddie Buresh 1909 1982 Played a villager 25 Lida Buresh 1906 1970 Played a villager 16 25 Mickey Carroll 1919 2009 Played a fiddler a town crier and a soldier 26 Casper Colonel Balsam Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Nona A Cooper 1875 1953 Played a villager 15 27 Thomas J Cottonaro 1914 2001 Played a villager 15 28 Elizabeth Coulter Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Lewis Croft 1919 2008 Played a soldier 29 Frank Cucksey 1919 1984 Played the villager that gives Dorothy some flowers b 30 31 Billy Curtis 1909 1988 Played the Braggart c 32 Eugene S David Jr Un known Un known Played a fiddler 33 Eulie H David Un known Un known Played a soldier 33 Ethel W Denis 1894 1968 Played a villager 16 34 35 Prince Denis 1892 1984 Played the Sergeant at Arms d 34 36 Hazel I Derthick 1906 1989 Played a villager 37 Daisy Earles 1907 1980 Played a munchkin maiden 38 Gracie Doll Earles 1899 1970 Played a munchkin maiden 38 Harry Doll Earles 1902 1985 Blue member of The Lollipop Guild 38 39 Tiny Doll Earles 1914 2004 Played a munchkin maiden 38 Major Doyle James D Doyle 1869 1940 Played a villager 16 36 Ruth Robinson Duccini 1918 2014 Played a villager 40 Carl M Erickson 1917 1958 Played the 2nd Trumpeter 16 41 Fern Formica 1925 1995 Played a villager and a sleepyhead 42 Addie Eva Frank Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Thaisa L Gardner 1909 1968 Played a villager 16 Jakob Jackie Gerlich Disputed e 1960 Red member of The Lollipop Guild 43 William A Giblin 1916 1985 Played a soldier 44 Jack S Glicken 1900 1950 Played a city father 45 Carolyn E Granger 1915 1973 Played a villager 16 46 Joseph Herbst Un known 1989 Played a soldier 16 47 48 Jakob Hofbauer 1898 f Un known Played a soldier 36 Clarence C Howerton Major Mite 1913 1975 Played the 3rd Trumpeter 49 50 Helen M Hoy 1898 1945 Played a villager 16 51 Marguerite A Hoy Un known Un known Played a villager 16 James R Hulse IV 1915 1964 Played a villager 16 36 52 Robert Kanter Little Lord Robert 1886 Un known Played a soldier 15 53 Charles E Kelley Un known Un known Played a soldier 15 Jessie E Kelley Jessie Becker Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Frank Kikel Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Bernard Klima Harry 1897 1957 Played a villager 30 54 Mitzi Koestner Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Emma Koestner Un known Un known Played a villager 10 16 Willi Koestner Un known Un known Played a soldier 16 55 Adam Edwin Kozicki Eddie Adams Un known Un known Played a fiddler 16 56 Joseph J Koziel Un known Un known Played a villager b 16 57 Dolly F Kramer 1904 1995 Played a villager 16 23 Emil Kranzler 1910 1993 Played a villager 16 58 Nita Krebs 1905 1991 Member of The Lullaby League and a villager 30 59 Jeane LaBarbera Little Jean 1909 1993 Played a villager 60 Hilda Lange Un known Un known Played a villager 16 John Leal Johnny 1905 1996 Played a villager 16 61 Ann Rice Leslie 1900 1973 Played a villager 16 62 Charles Ludwig 1889 1941 Played a villager 16 63 64 Dominick Magro 1909 1959 Played a villager 65 66 Carlos Manzo 1914 1955 Played a villager 16 67 Howard Marco 1884 g Un known Played a villager 16 68 Jerry Maren 1920 2018 Green member of The Lollipop Guild 69 70 Bela Matina Mike Rogers 1902 1954 Played a villager 15 71 72 Lajos Matina Leo 1901 Un known Played a villager 15 73 Matyus Matina Ike Rogers 1902 1965 Played a villager 15 73 71 74 Walter M B Miller 1906 1987 Played a soldier and a flying monkey 16 36 George Ministeri 1913 1986 Played the coachman and a villager 16 36 Harry Monty 1904 1999 Played a villager and a flying monkey 75 Yvonne Bistany Moray 1917 Un known h Member of The Lullaby League and a villager 15 36 Johnny Maroldo Johnny Winters 1905 1985 Played the Commander of the Navy 36 Marie Bernadet Maroldo Marie Winters 1901 1979 Played a villager 36 Olga C Nardone 1921 2010 Member of The Lullaby League a sleepyhead and a villager 77 Nels P Nelson 1918 1994 Played a villager 16 78 79 i Margaret C Nickloy Princess Marguerite 1902 1961 Played a villager 10 80 Franklin H O Baugh 1922 1963 Played a soldier 81 82 William H O Docharty 1920 1988 Played the coach footman and a villager 16 36 Hildred C Olson Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Frank Packard Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Nicholas Page Nicky 1904 1978 Played a soldier and a city father 10 36 Leona Megest Parks Duchess 1897 Un known Played a villager 23 Margaret Williams Pellegrini 1923 2013 Played a sleepyhead and the flower pot munchkin 42 83 Johnny Pizo Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Leon Polinsky Prince Leon Un known Un known Played a villager 16 84 Lillian Porter 1917 1997 Played a villager 36 85 Meinhardt Raabe 1915 2010 Played the coroner j 86 Margaret Raia 1928 2003 Played a villager 87 Matthew Raia Un known Un known Played a city father 87 Friedrich Retter Freddie 1899 Un known Played a fiddler and villager 16 88 Billy Rhodes Little Billy 1895 1967 Played the barrister 89 90 Gertrude H Rice Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Hazel Rice Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Sandor Roka 1896 1954 Played a villager 16 91 92 Jimmie Rosen 1892 1973 Played a villager 36 Charles F Wojnarski Royal 1900 1947 Played a soldier 16 93 Helen J Wojnarski Royal 1897 1958 Played a villager 16 93 Stella A Wojnarski Royal 1903 1959 Played a villager 93 Albert Ruddinger Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Elsie R Schultz 1892 1987 Played a villager 16 36 Charles Silvern 1902 1976 Played a villager 16 94 Garland Slatton Earl 1917 1995 Played a soldier 23 Karl Slover 1918 2011 Played the lead trumpeter a soldier a sleepyhead and a villager 95 96 Ruth E Smith Un known 1985 Played a villager 13 16 Elmer Spangler 1910 Un known Played a villager 16 97 Pernell St Aubin 1922 1987 Played a soldier 30 98 Carl Stephan Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Alta M Stevens 1913 1989 Played a villager 16 36 George Suchsie Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Charlotte V Sullivan Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Clarence Swensen 1917 2009 Played a soldier 99 Betty Tanner 1916 1994 Played a villager 36 100 Arnold Vierling 1919 1949 Played a villager 36 Gus Wayne 1920 1998 Played a soldier 101 Victor Wetter 1902 1990 Played the Captain of the Army 10 36 Grace G Williams Un known Un known Played a villager 16 Harvey B Williams 1905 1968 Played a soldier 16 102 Gladys V Wolff 1911 1984 Played a villager 36 16 Murray Wood 1908 1999 Played a city father 16 103 Child actresses Edit About a dozen children of average height were hired so they could be used for background fill Sources differ on the number of children used for these roles ranging anywhere from 10 to 12 104 The names used for the women are maiden names with known aliases present in italics and quotation marks As of 2022 update at least four child munchkins are known to be living Actor Born Died Part s played SourceBetty Ann Cain Bruno 1931 Living Munchkin hatchling 105 106 107 108 Priscilla Ann Montgomery Clark 1929 Living Background fill 106 107 109 Donna Jean Johnson Stewart Hardaway 1933 2008 Background fill 110 111 Joan Kenmore 1931 2022 112 Background fill 105 106 107 104 Eva Lee Kuney 1934 2015 Background fill 15 113 114 Rae Nell Laskey Alsbury 1930 1991 unknown 115 116 Elaine Mirk Merk 1930 Living Background fill 104 107 117 Valerie Lee Shepard 1931 Un known Background fill 10 104 107 118 Ardith Dondanville Todd 1930 Living Background fill 105 106 107 Shirley Ann Kennedy Vegors 1932 2005 Background fill 119 120 Viola White Banks 1931 2000 Background fill 10 36 Later works 1940 1989 Edit The 1939 film was adapted into a musical that was released in 1942 that includes the Munchkin characters The events that take place mirror the film including the song Ding Dong The Witch Is Dead 121 Twenty seven years later an animated film called The Wonderful Land of Oz was made it has Jinjur as a major character Other works Edit See also Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz The Munchkins appeared in The Wiz and were played by children and teenagers 1978 The Munchkins appear at the end of Return to Oz They are seen celebrating Dorothy s return after defeating the Nome King and are present at Princess Ozma s coronation Tommy Kwikstep was also seen there 1985 In The Muppets Wizard of Oz the Munchkins were played by Rizzo the Rat who portrayed the Mayor of Munchkinland and his fellow rats 2005 The Munchkins appeared in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz The Munchkins were first seen in the battle against the Wicked Witch of the West s forces in Oz They were later brought to Earth by Glinda in order to combat the forces of the Wicked Witch of the West 2012 The Munchkins appear in Oz the Great and Powerful They alongside the Quadlings and the Tinkers as inhabitants of Glinda s protectorate Although the film is not otherwise a musical the Munchkins sing and dance much as they do in the 1939 film 2013 The Munchkins appear in more than one skit on Mad TV where the 1939 film is parodied The actors are played by people with dwarfism The Munchkins appear in the television series Once Upon a Time Not much is known about them but they seem to be similar to the Dwarves in the Enchanted forest as Zelena originally thought that Sneezy was a Munchkin Also Regina Mills once mistakenly referred to the Seven Dwarfs as Munchkins The Munchkins appear in Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz with the Mayor of Munchkinland voiced by Bill Fagerbakke and the background Munchkins voiced by Steven Blum and Jessica DiCicco Ojo Dr Pipt the Lollipop Guild and the Lullaby League are also featured Also Smith amp Tinker are depicted as Munchkins in this show Notes Edit This year is based on the date on the paper Freda Betsky 33 at the time was either born in 1915 or 1916 a b Frank Cucksey and Joseph Koziel were the only two munchkins whose real voices were used Their dialogue is as follows We thank you very sweetly for doing it so neatly Joseph You ve killed her so completely that we thank you very sweetly Frank 14 The Braggart can be heard saying and ohhhh what happened then was rich It was falsely reported in 1984 that Prince Denis played the role of the Munchkin Mayor 36 There are two claims to the birth year of Jakob One is by his brother David Fox who claims that Jackie was born in 1925 The other possible year given is 1917 which Fox claims was the birth year of an older brother 43 In either case there are no existing social security records to prove either one accurate According to Stephen Cox it is unknown what became of Jakob Hofbauer he is rumored to have died in the late 1950s 36 Howard Marco is listed at 58 years old on 9 May 1942 As such Marco was either born in 1883 or 1884 Yvonne s friends stated that she died in the 1970s according to Stephen Cox 76 Nels was interviewed in the 1993 documentary We re off to see the munchkins 79 Raabe certifies the death of the Wicked Witch of the East References Edit Look up munchkin in Wiktionary the free dictionary a b c d Lyman Frank Baum Martin Gardner 2000 The Annotated Wizard of Oz The Wonderful Wizard of Oz W W Norton amp Company p 39 Retrieved 20 July 2018 Corinna Erhard Das Munchner Kindl auf dem Rathaus wer stand Modell In Corinna Erhard Munchen in 50 Antworten Munchen Verlag Munchen 2011 ISBN 978 3 937090 57 3 S 16 Emily and Per Ola d Aulaire Mannequins our fantasy figures of high fashion Smithsonian Vol 22 no 1 April 1991 Fisher Jill A Spring 2006 Investigating the Barons narrative and nomenclature in Munchausen syndrome Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 49 2 250 62 doi 10 1353 pbm 2006 0024 PMID 16702708 S2CID 12418075 a b Jack Snow Who s Who in Oz Chicago Reilly amp Lee 1954 New York Peter Bedrick Books 1988 p 144 Fricke Stillman Scarfone The Wizard of Oz The 50th Anniversary Pictorial History Chicago Theater Collection Historic Programs Grand Opera House Wizard of Oz 27 July 1902 Retrieved 19 January 2015 Mark Evan Swartz 2002 Oz Before the Rainbow JHU Press ISBN 9780801870927 Retrieved 1 July 2018 Matthew Freeman 3 November 2016 Historicising Transmedia Storytelling Early Twentieth Century Transmedia Story Worlds Routledge p 88 ISBN 9781315439501 a b c d e f g h Wizard of Oz Notes Turner Classic Movies Retrieved 24 April 2017 Margaret Pellegrini dies at 89 actress played Munchkin in Oz Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 29 December 2014 Retrieved 21 April 2017 Harmetz Aljean 2013 The Making of the Wizard of Oz 75th Anniversary Updated ed Chicago Chicago Review Press p 193 ISBN 978 1613748329 a b IOWA S MUNCHKIN Paullin Sets The Record Straight whotv com 10 April 2013 Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 Retrieved 7 July 2017 a b Roger Catlin 4 July 2002 We re Off To Sing The Wizard Hartford Courant Archived from the original on 21 September 2014 Retrieved 12 February 2018 a b c d e f g h i j k l Jay Scarfone William Stillman June 2004 The Wizardry of Oz The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M G M Classic Hal Leonard Corporation ISBN 9781617748431 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be Rob White Edward Buscombe 2003 British Film Institute Film Classics Volume 1 Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9781579583286 Retrieved 2 February 2014 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint uses authors parameter link Greg Gillette 3 March 2015 Four Feet Tall and Searching cnhillsborough blogspot com Archived from the original on 25 January 2018 Retrieved 5 July 2017 Scarfone Jay 2004 The Wizardry of Oz The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M G M Classic Hal Leonard Corporation p 240 ISBN 1557836248 Rushdie Salman 1992 The Wizard of Oz Macmillan p 67 ISBN 0851703003 a b Munchkins of Oz get a star on Walk of Fame USA Today 21 November 2007 Retrieved 8 August 2013 Munchkin Mayor s famed Oz vest displayed at Chicagoland casino nwitimes com 17 November 2007 Retrieved 2 February 2014 Little People St Louis Post Dispatch 25 September 1949 p 140 a b c d e 1938 Midget Jamboree phreeque com Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 Retrieved 2 February 2014 Billboard Mar 17 1945 Billboard Magazine 17 March 1945 Retrieved 24 April 2017 a b c Jessica Pope 22 September 2009 At 70 The Wizard of Oz still not old valdostadailytimes com Retrieved 2 March 2016 Mickey Carroll Obituary St Louis Post Dispatch Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 Retrieved 20 April 2017 Billboard Sep 19 1953 Billboard Magazine 19 September 1953 Retrieved 24 January 2018 EX ACTOR THOMAS J COTTONARO A WIZARD OF OZ MUNCHKIN DIES Highbeam 9 February 2001 Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 Retrieved 2 March 2016 Philip Potempa 11 May 2008 Wizard of Oz Munchkin soldier Lewis Croft dead at age 88 nwitimes com Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 28 February 2016 a b c d Nate Eagle s Hollywood Midgets Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 Retrieved 22 January 2014 Frank H Cucksey Obituary Sarasota Herald 18 September 1984 Retrieved 28 February 2016 Burt A Folkart 12 November 1988 Actor Double Billy Curtis Midget Had Film Career Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 Retrieved 2 March 2016 a b Ron Baxley Jr 26 July 2015 Two Munchkins actors in Wizard of Oz worked at SRP thetandd com Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 24 February 2016 a b Prince Denis 84 Performer Who Played Munchkin Mayor The New York Times 24 June 1984 Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 22 January 2014 Obituaries 12 25 68 The Arizona Republic 25 December 1968 p 54 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Cox Stephen 2002 The Munchkins of Oz Cumberland House Publishing pp 11 37 39 41 77 141 145 146 151 155 156 158 160 163 166 167 172 173 174 ISBN 1581822693 Kathee Yamamoto 9 June 1985 Remembering Life Over the Rainbow Former Munchkin Returns to Oz Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 28 February 2016 a b c d Tiny Doll The Daily Telegraph 15 September 2004 Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 25 February 2016 Edwin L Carpenter 27 November 2007 The Munchkins of Oz Exclusive Dove Interviews Part 2 dove org Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 Retrieved 24 February 2016 Munchkin actress Ruth Duccini dies at 95 BBC 17 January 2014 Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 21 April 2017 The Final Curtain Billboard Magazine 21 April 1958 p 61 Retrieved 8 July 2017 a b Howard Reich 18 March 1991 50 Years After Entering Oz 2 Munchkins Still Step Along The Yellow Brick Road Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 2 March 2016 a b David J Hogan June 2014 The Wizard of Oz FAQ All That s Left to Know About Life According to Oz Hal Leonard Corporation ISBN 9781480397194 A Munchkin soldier s jacket from The Wizard of Oz bonhams com Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 24 February 2016 Capt Jack Glicken Exposition 1935 ibase sdsu edu Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 Retrieved 28 February 2016 Jamie Ward 8 May 2014 Return to Oz with Plenty of Munchkins for Company geaugamapleleaf com Retrieved 8 July 2017 Philip Potempa 12 September 2008 Reader proud of family roots to famed Oz Munchkin nwitimes com Retrieved 28 February 2016 Philip Potempa 12 September 2008 Reader proud of family roots to famed Oz Munchkin Times of Northwest Indiana Retrieved 29 January 2020 Marc Hartzman 21 September 2006 American Sideshow An Encyclopedia of History s Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers Penguin Group USA pp 191 ISBN 978 1 58542 530 3 Major Mite Ripley s Believe It or Not 13 September 2011 Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 Retrieved 15 August 2013 The Final Curtain Billboard Magazine 10 March 1945 p 33 Retrieved 8 July 2017 Per records at Green Lawn Cemetery in Columbus OH James R Hulse IV died in 1964 and is buried in section 106 Little Lord Robert cabinet card signed in 1908 midget in Wizard of Oz pbagalleries com Retrieved 14 June 2018 Circus Midget Dies in Mexico Retrieved 22 January 2014 Willi Koestner photo liveauctiongroup net Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 24 February 2016 Eddie Adams Munchkin Fiddler orange jacket designed liveauctioneers com Retrieved 12 February 2018 Wizard of Oz Munchkin Costume Joseph Koziel icollector com Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 26 February 2016 Obituaries Arizona Republic 10 April 1993 p 92 Retrieved 8 July 2017 Nita Krebs Variety magazine 28 January 1991 Archived from the original on 3 May 2016 Jeane La Barbera and Robert Drake Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 21 April 2017 John Leal Played Munchkin in Wizard of Oz Los Angeles Times 12 November 1996 Archived from the original on 25 January 2018 Retrieved 25 January 2018 Come out come out wherever you are A memorable munchkin from The Wizard of Oz pastimes13 wordpress com Archived from the original on 25 April 2017 Retrieved 25 April 2017 Midgets Break Ground for their City sideshowworld com Archived from the original on 16 October 2015 Retrieved 6 July 2017 Two Killed When Sedan Skids into Bus on Bay Bridge Midget Hit Dies Fatal Heart Attack Follows Auto Crash Oakland Tribune 1 April 1941 p 19 Archived from the original on 7 July 2017 Retrieved 6 July 2017 San Diego Union 5 January 1959 p b5 Scarfone Jay 2004 The Wizardry of Oz The Artistry and Magic of the 1939 M G M Classic Hal Leonard Corporation p 248 ISBN 1557836248 The Final Curtain Billboard Magazine 2 July 1955 p 51 Retrieved 8 July 2017 RB Registrants 45 65 Get Big Play in Met Press Billboard Magazine 9 May 1942 p 40 OFFBEAT Wizard of Oz Munchkin s wife Elizabeth Maren dead at 69 Retrieved 22 January 2014 Jerry Maren Who Sang and Danced as a Munchkin in Oz Dies at 98 The New York Times 6 June 2018 a b Shortest Twins Guinness World Records 30 April 2013 ISBN 9780345547118 Full text of Billboard June 12 1954 Billboard Magazine 12 June 1954 Retrieved 26 April 2017 a b Kim 13 November 2012 The Los Angeles Prosperity Carnival and Indoor Fair of 1915 insroland org Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 28 February 2016 Ancestry Ike Matina in the Virginia Death Records 1912 2014 Wizard of Oz Munchkin dies aged 95 BBC News 1 January 2000 Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 Stephen Cox 1989 The Munchkins Remember The Wizard of Oz and Beyond E P Dutton p 64 ISBN 9780525484868 Retrieved 18 July 2018 The MGM Munchkins Kansasoz Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 Retrieved 8 February 2010 Obituaries May 5 1994 Los Angeles Times 5 May 1994 Retrieved 3 February 2020 a b LITTLE PEOPLE HUMONGOUS HEARTS Part Five OZ Museum Retrieved 3 February 2020 Scott Wilson 19 August 2016 Resting Places The Burial Sites of More Than 14 000 Famous Persons 3d ed McFarland p 549 ISBN 9781476625997 Wendy Richter 22 August 2015 Local man appeared in Wizard of Oz thegurdontimes com Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 26 February 2016 Hannah Pearce 8 December 2016 Franklin Haltom O Baugh A Short Biography scholarlycommons obu edu Retrieved 5 July 2017 Margaret Pellegrini dies at 89 actress played Munchkin in Oz Los Angeles Times 8 August 2013 Archived from the original on 29 December 2014 Retrieved 21 April 2017 Mark W Maxwell 2010 Egg Harbor City Arcadia Publishing p 125 ISBN 9780738565729 History For Sale Lillian Porter HFSID 22717 Fox Margalit 9 April 2010 Meinhardt Raabe Famous Munchkin Is Dead at 94 The New York Times Archived from the original on 4 November 2016 Retrieved 15 November 2011 a b Michelle Miller 30 August 2003 Oz film actor never measured stature in inches St Petersburg Times Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 26 February 2016 Travel Ban Lifted for German Midget The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 13 January 1942 p 17 Retrieved 8 July 2017 Hank Davis Classic Cliffhangers Volume 1 1914 1940 Midnight Marquee amp BearManor Media John Willis June 1983 Screen World 1968 Biblo amp Tannen Publishers p 238 ISBN 9780819603098 Walter Bodin Burnet Hershey 1934 It s a Small World All about Midgets Coward McCann p 289 Roka Dies Famous Midget Sarasota News 4 December 1954 p 13 Retrieved 4 February 2020 a b c Wojnarski family midgets phreeque com Archived from the original on 26 September 2014 Retrieved 22 April 2017 Hello Again PDF otrr org May 1979 Archived from the original PDF on 22 April 2015 Retrieved 7 July 2017 Munchkins Get Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame Fox News 21 November 2007 Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 Retrieved 21 April 2017 Karl Slover dies at 93 among the last of the Munchkins Los Angeles Times 17 November 2011 Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 27 February 2016 Elmer Spangler professes Detroit Free Press 22 August 1933 p 1 Retrieved 9 July 2017 The Midget Club Chicago Tribune Archived from the original on 17 October 2015 Retrieved 28 February 2016 Banta Bob 26 February 2009 Former Munchkin dies at 91 Austin American Statesman Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 Retrieved 21 April 2017 8 Munchkins Find There Is No Place Like Kansas Orlando Sentinel 10 May 1992 Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 2 March 2016 Midget actor appeared in Wizard of Oz Variety 2 March 1998 Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 Retrieved 27 February 2016 North Dakota State University Harvey Williams with William and Dorothy Haverstraw Rugby N D Digital Horizons Retrieved 10 February 2020 Harris M Lentz III 24 October 2008 Obituaries in the Performing Arts 1999 McFarland p 239 ISBN 9780786452040 a b c d Debbie L Sklar 11 May 2011 Life Beyond the Yellow Brick Road patch com Retrieved 26 February 2016 a b c Debbie L Sklar 17 November 2011 Local Wizard of Oz Child Actress Remembers Munchkin Karl Slover 93 Who Died Tuesday patch com Retrieved 26 February 2016 a b c d Cox Stephen 2 December 2008 Child actors recall joining Munchkin ranks in Oz Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on 4 March 2009 Retrieved 22 January 2014 a b c d e f Meet Joan Kenmore who once danced on the yellow brick road allvoices com Archived from the original on 28 November 2014 Retrieved 26 November 2014 Dianne Reber Hart 24 October 2019 One of last living Munchkins reflects from her home in Sonoma Sonoma News The Wizard of Oz 3D Screening in LA Retrieved 22 January 2014 Memories amp Candles tributes com Archived from the original on 6 July 2017 Retrieved 6 July 2017 Dee Dunheim 18 September 2013 She was a child munchkin NWI Times Retrieved 9 August 2020 So long and R I P Joan Kenmore whose death earlier this year on July 26 2022 aged 90 was just announced by her daughter to Marcos marcosinwonderland Austin amp Howard Mutti Mewse on Instagram 18 November 2022 Retrieved 19 November 2022 Eva Feldman Las Vegas Review Journal Retrieved 2 March 2016 Atreides Paul 4 June 2015 Farewell to a friend whose star never faded Las Vegas Review Journal Retrieved 24 February 2020 Actress former munchkin dead at 61 Great Falls Tribune 20 August 1991 p 8 Retrieved 9 August 2020 Rae Nell Laskey during the filming of Wizard of Oz Ancestry com Retrieved 9 August 2020 Dave Lord Heath Elaine Merk Lord Heath Retrieved 19 May 2021 better source needed Lord Heath Valerie Lee profile Shirley Ann Kennedy Vegors Obituary legacy com Retrieved 26 November 2014 Stephen Cox 1989 The Munchkins Remember The Wizard of Oz and Beyond E P Dutton p 37 ISBN 9780525484868 Retrieved 10 August 2020 Wizard of Oz MUNY 1945 Tams Witmark Music Library 2005 Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 Retrieved 14 January 2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Munchkin amp oldid 1134899433, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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