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Morchella elata

February 15, 2024

Morchella elata is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. It is one of many related species commonly known as black morels, and until 2012 the name M. elata was broadly applied to black morels throughout the globe.[1][2] Like most members of the genus, M. elata is a popular edible fungus and is sought by many mushroom hunters.

Morchella elata
Black morel near Ulm, Germany
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Pezizomycetes
Order: Pezizales
Family: Morchellaceae
Genus: Morchella
Species:
M. elata
Binomial name
Morchella elata
Fr. (1822)
Morchella elata
Smooth hymenium
Cap is conical
Hymenium attachment is not applicable
Stipe is bare
Edibility is edible or can cause allergic reactions

Taxonomy and phylogeny edit

The fruit bodies of Morchella species, including M. elata, are highly polymorphic in appearance, exhibiting variations in shape, color and size; this has contributed to uncertainties regarding taxonomy.[3] Discriminating between the various species is complicated by uncertainty regarding which species are truly biologically distinct. Mushroom hunters refer to them by their color as the species are very similar in appearance and vary considerably within species and age of individual.

Early phylogenetic analyses supported the hypothesis that the genus comprises only a few species with considerable phenotypic variation.[4][5] More recent DNA work, however, has revealed more than a dozen distinct groups of morels in North America,[6] and over 60 worldwide.[7] An extensive DNA study showed three discrete clades, or genetic groups, consisting of the black morels (Morchella elata and others), the yellow morels (Morchella esculenta and others), and the white morels (Morchella rufobrunnea and Morchella anatolica). Species within the Elata clade (also referred to as Distantes), are characterised by the gradual darkening of their sterile ridges upon maturity, with the exception of Morchella tridentina (=Morchella frustrata), which has persistently pale ridges.[8] Within the black and yellow clades, there are dozens of individual species, many endemic to individual continents or regions.[1] This species-rich view is supported by studies in North America,[1] Western Europe,[9] Turkey,[10][11] Israel,[12] the Himalayas,[13] and China.[7]

The scientific name Morchella elata was proposed by Elias Magnus Fries from Sweden in 1822.[14] DNA analysis in 2011 has shown North American black morels to be largely distinct from European species,[1] therefore restricting the use of the M. elata name to Europe. In 2012, Kuo et al. provided names for many of the North American black morels that may have been referred to as M. elata in the past.[2] However, in a subsequent study by Richard et al. (2014) proposing a unified taxonomy for the genus, it is suggested that Fries' original description of Morchella elata may correspond to phylogenetic lineage Mel-10, which has been since described from North America as Morchella importuna, but later shown to have a widespread transcontinental distribution.

The variety M. elata var. purpurescens, characterised by the purple- or pink-colored tinges of its ascocarps,[15] is now considered to belong to a phylogenetically distinct lineage (Richard et al. 2014).

Description edit

 
Morchella asci viewed with phase contrast microscopy

Morchella elata has operculate asci (i.e., asci opening by an apical lid to discharge the spores). It further has unicellular hyaline ascospores with polar oil droplets.[16]

Despite the fact that many interpretations of M. elata exist throughout the years, most authors agree that Fries' original concept refers to a species with dark, conical ascocarps and more or less parallel vertical ridges, with horizontal interconnecting ridges arranged in a "ladderlike" pattern.[17][18][19][20][21]

This is an edible species, although like other morels, some individuals may be allergic to it, so it must be cooked before being eaten.[22] It can also be dried for later use.[23] However, according to one field guide it may cause gastrointestinal disorder, and cannot easily be identified without a microscope.[24]

Ecology and distribution edit

 
Morchella elata var. purpurascens, Mount Parnitha

Morchella elata fruits during spring on soil. Fries' original description, which was based on a collection from a fir wood in Sweden, reported it as rare: "In silvis abiegnis, praecipue locis humidis adustis, raro". However, since the true identity of M. elata is not yet fully clarified, its exact ecological preferences and distribution remain unclear.

Toxicity edit

Morels contain small amounts of hydrazine[25] toxins or an unknown toxin that are destroyed through cooking, (the presence of hydrazine is controversial since there are no primary references of hydrazine having been detected in the species), so morel mushrooms should never be eaten raw.[26] It has been reported that even cooked morels can sometimes cause mild intoxication symptoms when consumed with alcohol.[27]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d O'Donnell K, Rooney AP, Mills GL, Kuo M, Weber NS, Rehner SA (Mar 2011). "Phylogeny and historical biogeography of true morels (Morchella) reveals an early Cretaceous origin and high continental endemism and provincialism in the Holarctic". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 48 (3): 252–265. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.09.006. PMID 20888422.
  2. ^ a b Kuo M, Dewsbury DR, O'Donnell K, Carter MC, Rehner SA, Moore JD, Moncalvo JM, Canfield SA, Stephenson SL, Methven AS, Volk TJ (11 April 2012). "Taxonomic revision of true morels (Morchella) in Canada and the United States". Mycologia. 104 (5): 1159–77. doi:10.3852/11-375. PMID 22495449. S2CID 45219627.
  3. ^ Segula Masaphy; Limor Zabari; Doron Goldberg & Gurinaz Jander-Shagug (Spring 2010). "The Complexity of Morchella Systematics: A Case of the Yellow Morel from Israel" (PDF). Fungi Magazine. 3 (2): 14–18.
  4. ^ Bunyard, B. A.; Nicholson, M. S.; Royse, D. J. (1994). "A systematic assessment of Morchella using RFLP analysis of the 28S ribosomal gene". Mycologia. 86 (6): 762–772. doi:10.2307/3760589. JSTOR 3760589.
  5. ^ Bunyard, B. A.; Nicholson, M. S.; Royse, D. J. (1995). "Phylogenetic resolution of Morchella, Verpa, andDisciotis (Pezizales: Morchellaceae) based on restriction enzyme analysis of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene". Experimental Mycology. 19 (3): 223–233. doi:10.1006/emyc.1995.1027. PMID 7553270.
  6. ^ Kuo, M. (March 2006). "Morel Data Collection Project: Preliminary results". Retrieved 2009-05-26.
  7. ^ a b Du, X.-H.; Zhao, Q.; O’Donnell, K.; Rooney, A. P. & Yang, Z. L. (2012). "Multigene molecular phylogenetics reveals true morels (Morchella) are especially species-rich in China". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 49 (6): 455–469. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2012.03.006. PMID 22503770.
  8. ^ Loizides, Michael; Alvarado, Pablo; Clowez, Philippe; Moreau, Pierre-Arthur; de la Osa, Luis Romero; Palazón, Antonio (2015). "Morchella tridentina, M. rufobrunnea, and M. kakiicolor: a study of three poorly known Mediterranean morels, with nomenclatural updates in section Distantes". Mycol Progress. 14 (3). doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1030-6. S2CID 16132175.
  9. ^ Harald Kellner; Carsten Renker & François Buscot (2005). (PDF). Organisms, Diversity & Evolution. 5 (2): 101–107. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2004.07.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  10. ^ Hatıra Taşkına; Saadet Büyükalacaa; Hasan Hüseyin Doğanb; Stephen A. Rehnerc; Kerry O'Donnell (Aug 2010). "A multigene molecular phylogenetic assessment of true morels (Morchella) in Turkey". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 47 (8): 672–682. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2010.05.004. PMID 20580850.
  11. ^ Taşkın, H.; Büyükalaca, S.; Hansen, K. & O’Donnell, K. (March–April 2012). "Multilocus phylogenetics analysis of true morels (Morchella) reveals high levels of endemics in Turkey relative to other regions of Europe". Mycologia. 104 (2): 446–461. doi:10.3852/11-180. PMID 22123659. S2CID 207685509.
  12. ^ S. Masaphy; L. Zabari & D. Goldberg (2009). "New long-season ecotype of Morchella rufobrunnea from northern Israel" (PDF). Micologia Aplicada International. 21 (2): 45–55. (PDF) from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2012-02-20.
  13. ^ Kanwal HK, Acharya K, Ramesh G, Reddy MS (Dec 25, 2010). "Molecular Characterization of Morchella Species from the Western Himalayan Region of India". Current Microbiology. 62 (4): 1245–1252. doi:10.1007/s00284-010-9849-1. PMID 21188589. S2CID 1394087.
  14. ^ Fries EM (1822). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 2. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 8.
  15. ^ Phillips R. . Rogers Mushrooms. Archived from the original on 2008-05-18. Retrieved 2008-12-16.
  16. ^ Parguey-Leduc, A; Janex-Favre, M-C; Bruxelles, G (1998). "Comparative study of the asci and ascospores of some Morels (Genus Morchella, Ascomycetes)". Cryptogamie, Bryologie, Lichénologie. 19 (2–3): 277–292.
  17. ^ Boudier E (1897) Révision analytique des morilles de France. Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 13 : 130-150.
  18. ^ Boudier E (1909) Icones mycologicae ou iconographie des champignons de France principalement discomycètes avec texte descriptif. Tome II, pl. 194–421. Librairie des Sciences Naturelles, Paris
  19. ^ Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F (1984) Fungi of Switzerland, Volume 1: Ascomycetes. Verlag Mykologia, Luzern, Switzerland
  20. ^ Clowez P (2010) Les morilles: Une nouvelle approche mondiale du genre Morchella. Bulletin trimestriel de la Société mycologique de France 126 (3-4): 199–376.
  21. ^ Richard, Franck; Bellanger, Jean-Michel; Clowez, Philippe; Courtecuisse, Regis; Hansen, Karen; O'Donnell, Kerry; Sauve, Mathieu; Urban, Alexander; Moreau, Pierre-Arthur (2014). "True morels (Morchella, Pezizales) of Europe and North America: evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy". Mycologia. 107 (2): 359–82. doi:10.3852/14-166. PMID 25550303.
  22. ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 361. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
  23. ^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuides. p. 503. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
  24. ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. pp. 497–98. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
  25. ^ Stamets, Paul (2005). Mycelium Running. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-58008-579-3.
  26. ^ Hall, Ian R.; Buchanan, Peter K. (2003). Edible and poisonous mushrooms of the world. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-586-9.
  27. ^ Groves, J. Walton (1964). "Poisoning by Morels When Taken with Alcohol". Mycologia. 56 (5): 779–780. doi:10.2307/3756634. JSTOR 3756634.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Morchella elata at Wikimedia Commons
  • California Fungi

February 15, 2024
morchella, elata, species, fungus, family, morchellaceae, many, related, species, commonly, known, black, morels, until, 2012, name, elata, broadly, applied, black, morels, throughout, globe, like, most, members, genus, elata, popular, edible, fungus, sought, . Morchella elata is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae It is one of many related species commonly known as black morels and until 2012 the name M elata was broadly applied to black morels throughout the globe 1 2 Like most members of the genus M elata is a popular edible fungus and is sought by many mushroom hunters Morchella elataBlack morel near Ulm GermanyScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision AscomycotaClass PezizomycetesOrder PezizalesFamily MorchellaceaeGenus MorchellaSpecies M elataBinomial nameMorchella elataFr 1822 Morchella elataMycological characteristicsSmooth hymeniumCap is conicalHymenium attachment is not applicableStipe is bareEdibility is edible or can cause allergic reactions Contents 1 Taxonomy and phylogeny 2 Description 3 Ecology and distribution 4 Toxicity 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomy and phylogeny editThe fruit bodies of Morchella species including M elata are highly polymorphic in appearance exhibiting variations in shape color and size this has contributed to uncertainties regarding taxonomy 3 Discriminating between the various species is complicated by uncertainty regarding which species are truly biologically distinct Mushroom hunters refer to them by their color as the species are very similar in appearance and vary considerably within species and age of individual Early phylogenetic analyses supported the hypothesis that the genus comprises only a few species with considerable phenotypic variation 4 5 More recent DNA work however has revealed more than a dozen distinct groups of morels in North America 6 and over 60 worldwide 7 An extensive DNA study showed three discrete clades or genetic groups consisting of the black morels Morchella elata and others the yellow morels Morchella esculenta and others and the white morels Morchella rufobrunnea and Morchella anatolica Species within the Elata clade also referred to as Distantes are characterised by the gradual darkening of their sterile ridges upon maturity with the exception of Morchella tridentina Morchella frustrata which has persistently pale ridges 8 Within the black and yellow clades there are dozens of individual species many endemic to individual continents or regions 1 This species rich view is supported by studies in North America 1 Western Europe 9 Turkey 10 11 Israel 12 the Himalayas 13 and China 7 The scientific name Morchella elata was proposed by Elias Magnus Fries from Sweden in 1822 14 DNA analysis in 2011 has shown North American black morels to be largely distinct from European species 1 therefore restricting the use of the M elata name to Europe In 2012 Kuo et al provided names for many of the North American black morels that may have been referred to as M elata in the past 2 However in a subsequent study by Richard et al 2014 proposing a unified taxonomy for the genus it is suggested that Fries original description of Morchella elata may correspond to phylogenetic lineage Mel 10 which has been since described from North America as Morchella importuna but later shown to have a widespread transcontinental distribution The variety M elata var purpurescens characterised by the purple or pink colored tinges of its ascocarps 15 is now considered to belong to a phylogenetically distinct lineage Richard et al 2014 Eastern North America M angusticeps M septentrionalis Western North America M brunnea M capitata M importuna M septimelata M sextelata M snyderi M tomentosaDescription edit nbsp Morchella asci viewed with phase contrast microscopyMorchella elata has operculate asci i e asci opening by an apical lid to discharge the spores It further has unicellular hyaline ascospores with polar oil droplets 16 Despite the fact that many interpretations of M elata exist throughout the years most authors agree that Fries original concept refers to a species with dark conical ascocarps and more or less parallel vertical ridges with horizontal interconnecting ridges arranged in a ladderlike pattern 17 18 19 20 21 This is an edible species although like other morels some individuals may be allergic to it so it must be cooked before being eaten 22 It can also be dried for later use 23 However according to one field guide it may cause gastrointestinal disorder and cannot easily be identified without a microscope 24 Ecology and distribution edit nbsp Morchella elata var purpurascens Mount ParnithaMorchella elata fruits during spring on soil Fries original description which was based on a collection from a fir wood in Sweden reported it as rare In silvis abiegnis praecipue locis humidis adustis raro However since the true identity of M elata is not yet fully clarified its exact ecological preferences and distribution remain unclear Toxicity editMorels contain small amounts of hydrazine 25 toxins or an unknown toxin that are destroyed through cooking the presence of hydrazine is controversial since there are no primary references of hydrazine having been detected in the species so morel mushrooms should never be eaten raw 26 It has been reported that even cooked morels can sometimes cause mild intoxication symptoms when consumed with alcohol 27 See also editFalse morel Cryptic species complexReferences edit a b c d O Donnell K Rooney AP Mills GL Kuo M Weber NS Rehner SA Mar 2011 Phylogeny and historical biogeography of true morels Morchella reveals an early Cretaceous origin and high continental endemism and provincialism in the Holarctic Fungal Genetics and Biology 48 3 252 265 doi 10 1016 j fgb 2010 09 006 PMID 20888422 a b Kuo M Dewsbury DR O Donnell K Carter MC Rehner SA Moore JD Moncalvo JM Canfield SA Stephenson SL Methven AS Volk TJ 11 April 2012 Taxonomic revision of true morels Morchella in Canada and the United States Mycologia 104 5 1159 77 doi 10 3852 11 375 PMID 22495449 S2CID 45219627 Segula Masaphy Limor Zabari Doron Goldberg amp Gurinaz Jander Shagug Spring 2010 The Complexity of Morchella Systematics A Case of the Yellow Morel from Israel PDF Fungi Magazine 3 2 14 18 Bunyard B A Nicholson M S Royse D J 1994 A systematic assessment of Morchella using RFLP analysis of the 28S ribosomal gene Mycologia 86 6 762 772 doi 10 2307 3760589 JSTOR 3760589 Bunyard B A Nicholson M S Royse D J 1995 Phylogenetic resolution of Morchella Verpa andDisciotis Pezizales Morchellaceae based on restriction enzyme analysis of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene Experimental Mycology 19 3 223 233 doi 10 1006 emyc 1995 1027 PMID 7553270 Kuo M March 2006 Morel Data Collection Project Preliminary results Retrieved 2009 05 26 a b Du X H Zhao Q O Donnell K Rooney A P amp Yang Z L 2012 Multigene molecular phylogenetics reveals true morels Morchella are especially species rich in China Fungal Genetics and Biology 49 6 455 469 doi 10 1016 j fgb 2012 03 006 PMID 22503770 Loizides Michael Alvarado Pablo Clowez Philippe Moreau Pierre Arthur de la Osa Luis Romero Palazon Antonio 2015 Morchella tridentina M rufobrunnea and M kakiicolor a study of three poorly known Mediterranean morels with nomenclatural updates in section Distantes Mycol Progress 14 3 doi 10 1007 s11557 015 1030 6 S2CID 16132175 Harald Kellner Carsten Renker amp Francois Buscot 2005 Species diversity within the Morchella esculenta group Ascomycota Morchellaceae in Germany and France PDF Organisms Diversity amp Evolution 5 2 101 107 doi 10 1016 j ode 2004 07 001 Archived from the original PDF on 2011 07 19 Retrieved 2012 02 20 Hatira Taskina Saadet Buyukalacaa Hasan Huseyin Doganb Stephen A Rehnerc Kerry O Donnell Aug 2010 A multigene molecular phylogenetic assessment of true morels Morchella in Turkey Fungal Genetics and Biology 47 8 672 682 doi 10 1016 j fgb 2010 05 004 PMID 20580850 Taskin H Buyukalaca S Hansen K amp O Donnell K March April 2012 Multilocus phylogenetics analysis of true morels Morchella reveals high levels of endemics in Turkey relative to other regions of Europe Mycologia 104 2 446 461 doi 10 3852 11 180 PMID 22123659 S2CID 207685509 S Masaphy L Zabari amp D Goldberg 2009 New long season ecotype of Morchella rufobrunnea from northern Israel PDF Micologia Aplicada International 21 2 45 55 Archived PDF from the original on 2011 07 22 Retrieved 2012 02 20 Kanwal HK Acharya K Ramesh G Reddy MS Dec 25 2010 Molecular Characterization of Morchella Species from the Western Himalayan Region of India Current Microbiology 62 4 1245 1252 doi 10 1007 s00284 010 9849 1 PMID 21188589 S2CID 1394087 Fries EM 1822 Systema Mycologicum Vol 2 Lundin Sweden Ex Officina Berlingiana p 8 Phillips R Morchella elata Rogers Mushrooms Archived from the original on 2008 05 18 Retrieved 2008 12 16 Parguey Leduc A Janex Favre M C Bruxelles G 1998 Comparative study of the asci and ascospores of some Morels Genus Morchella Ascomycetes Cryptogamie Bryologie Lichenologie 19 2 3 277 292 Boudier E 1897 Revision analytique des morilles de France Bull Soc Mycol Fr 13 130 150 Boudier E 1909 Icones mycologicae ou iconographie des champignons de France principalement discomycetes avec texte descriptif Tome II pl 194 421 Librairie des Sciences Naturelles Paris Breitenbach J Kranzlin F 1984 Fungi of Switzerland Volume 1 Ascomycetes Verlag Mykologia Luzern Switzerland Clowez P 2010 Les morilles Une nouvelle approche mondiale du genre Morchella Bulletin trimestriel de la Societe mycologique de France 126 3 4 199 376 Richard Franck Bellanger Jean Michel Clowez Philippe Courtecuisse Regis Hansen Karen O Donnell Kerry Sauve Mathieu Urban Alexander Moreau Pierre Arthur 2014 True morels Morchella Pezizales of Europe and North America evolutionary relationships inferred from multilocus data and a unified taxonomy Mycologia 107 2 359 82 doi 10 3852 14 166 PMID 25550303 Phillips Roger 2010 Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America Buffalo NY Firefly Books p 361 ISBN 978 1 55407 651 2 Miller Jr Orson K Miller Hope H 2006 North American Mushrooms A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi Guilford CN FalconGuides p 503 ISBN 978 0 7627 3109 1 Whitney Stephen 1985 Western Forests The Audubon Society Nature Guides New York Knopf pp 497 98 ISBN 0 394 73127 1 Stamets Paul 2005 Mycelium Running Berkeley Ten Speed Press p 271 ISBN 978 1 58008 579 3 Hall Ian R Buchanan Peter K 2003 Edible and poisonous mushrooms of the world Timber Press ISBN 978 0 88192 586 9 Groves J Walton 1964 Poisoning by Morels When Taken with Alcohol Mycologia 56 5 779 780 doi 10 2307 3756634 JSTOR 3756634 External links edit nbsp Media related to Morchella elata at Wikimedia Commons California Fungi Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Morchella elata amp oldid 1194747378, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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