Monster (R.E.M. album)

Monster is the ninth studio album by American rock band R.E.M., released on September 27, 1994,^[6] by Warner Bros. Records. Produced by the band and Scott Litt and recorded at four studios, the album was an intentional stylistic shift from R.E.M.'s previous two albums, Out of Time (1991) and Automatic for the People (1992), with loud, distorted guitar tones and simple arrangements. Michael Stipe's lyrics at times deal with the nature of celebrity, and some are sung from the viewpoint of a character.

Monster
Studio album by R.E.M.
Released	September 27, 1994 (1994-09-27)
Recorded	October 1993 – May 1994
Studio	Kingsway, New Orleans Crossover Soundstage, Atlanta Criteria, Miami Ocean Way, Hollywood
Genre	Grunge alternative rock punk rock
Length	49:15
Label	Warner Bros.
Producer	Scott Litt R.E.M.
R.E.M. chronology
The Automatic Box (1993) Monster (1994) R.E.M.: Singles Collected (1994)
Singles from Monster
"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" Released: September 5, 1994^[1] "Bang and Blame" Released: October 31, 1994^[2] "Crush with Eyeliner" Released: January 23, 1995^[3] "Strange Currencies" Released: April 3, 1995^[4] "Tongue" Released: July 17, 1995^[5]
Alternative cover
25th anniversary edition cover

Led by the successful single "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?", Monster debuted at number one in the United States and at least seven other countries, and received generally positive reviews. Four more singles were released from the album, including the UK top-20 hits "Bang and Blame", "Strange Currencies", and "Tongue". That year, the band promoted the album with their first concert tour since 1989; although the tour was commercially successful, band members suffered several health problems. At the 37th Annual Grammy Awards, Monster was nominated for Best Rock Album, but lost to The Rolling Stones' Voodoo Lounge. The album's follow-up New Adventures in Hi-Fi (1996) was primarily recorded during the tour.

Recording

Early in 1993, R.E.M. convened a four-day meeting in Acapulco to plan their next two years. The group agreed on a plan for 1994 through 1996, which included recording a new album and touring to promote it.^[7] Drummer Bill Berry was particularly eager to tour (which the band had not done since 1989), and insisted that the album "rock". The band agreed that after Out of Time and Automatic for the People, they did not want to record another slow-paced album.^[8]

Later that year, R.E.M. began recording their ninth album.^[8] Pre-production took place at Kingsway Studio in New Orleans under the supervision of Mark Howard, who had worked on Automatic for the People.^[9] Guitarist Peter Buck said that the band wrote 45 songs, including "a whole album's worth of acoustic stuff" which they demoed.^[7] According to Howard, the sessions were experimental: "The bass had a tremolo sound on it. It was a more inventive session for them." The studio did not have a control room, so Howard recorded Michael Stipe singing lyrical ideas while lying on a couch: "Being able to put those vocals down helped him write the lyrics to a lot of songs on Monster."^[10] When the sessions were finished Howard played the recordings to co-producer Scott Litt, who had worked with the band since their fifth album (Document, 1987).^[9]

 

Part of Monster was recorded at Criteria Studios.

In February 1994, the band moved to Crossover Soundstage in Atlanta, Georgia. At Crossover, most of the album's basic tracks were recorded live as if the band were playing in concert. Litt said, "I thought since they hadn't toured in a while, it would be good for them to get into that mind-set—you know, monitors, PA, standing up".^[11] The sessions were hampered by several events, including Berry and bassist Mike Mills falling ill on separate occasions, Buck and Stipe leaving to visit family members and the deaths of Stipe's friends, actor River Phoenix and Nirvana's Kurt Cobain.^[10] The band wrote and recorded "Let Me In" in tribute to Cobain and dedicated the album to Phoenix,^[11] whose sister Rain provided background vocals on "Bang and Blame".

In late April 1994 the band relocated to Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida, but recording was interrupted because Stipe had an abscessed tooth.^[12] Unlike previous album sessions, by the time production moved to Ocean Way Recording in Los Angeles the band was behind schedule. Litt attributed the delay to recording live at Crossover, which lengthened the mixing process; he told Rolling Stone, "We're trying to figure out how raw to leave it and how much to studiofy it." Stipe was still writing songs when the band was supposed to be mixing the album. Tensions arose among the band members, who were staying in different locations in Los Angeles and would rarely be in the studio at the same time.^[11] The situation came to a head when the group was recording at Louie's Clubhouse (Litt's home studio in Los Angeles); years later, Stipe recalled, "We broke up ... We reached the point where none of us could speak to each other, and we were in a small room, and we just said 'Fuck off' and that was it."^[13] The group met to resolve their issues; Mills told Rolling Stone, "We have to begin working as a unit again, which we haven't been doing very well lately."^[11]

Composition

 

"What's the Frequency, Kenneth?"

Sample of "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?", the first single from Monster. The song's loud, distorted guitars were an intentional departure from R.E.M.'s previous two albums.

---

Problems playing this file? See media help.

Unlike R.E.M.'s previous two albums, Monster incorporated distorted guitar tones, minimal overdubs, and touches of 1970s glam rock. Peter Buck described the album as "a 'rock' record, with the 'rock' in quotation marks." He explained, "That's not what we started out to make, but that's certainly how it turned out to be. There's a nudge, nudge, wink, wink feel to the whole record. Like, it's a rock record, but is it really?"^[8] Mike Mills told Time, "On past albums we had been exploring acoustic instruments, trying to use the piano and mandolin, and we did it about all we wanted to do it. And you come back to the fact that playing loud electric-guitar music is about as fun as music can be."^[14] Stipe's vocals were pushed down in the mix.^[8] Buck's guitar work on the album was inspired by the tremolo-heavy guitar playing of Glen Johansson of Echobelly, who supported R.E.M. on some of the Monster Tour.^[15] The album's music has been described as grunge^[16][17][18] and alternative rock^[19][20] by critics. The band has called it a "foxy, in-your-face, punk rock, trashed and stupid" record.^[18] "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?", "Crush with Eyeliner" and "Circus Envy" have been described as glam rock.^[18]

Stipe wrote Monster's lyrics in character; this, according to biographer Dan Buckley, "set the real Stipe at a distance from the mask adopted for each song." The album dealt with the nature of celebrity and "the creepiness of fandom as pathology".^[21] Buck called the album a reaction to the band's popularity: "When I read the lyrics I thought, all these guys are totally fucked up. I don't know who they are, because they're not Michael. I would say that this was the only time where he's done characters that are creepy, and I don't know if anyone got that. He was getting out his things by acting out these parts that are not him."^[22] The band noted that at the end of certain songs, they left blank choruses (where Mills and Berry would usually sing harmony) so fans could sing along.^[7]

"The song 'Let Me In' is me on the phone to Kurt, trying to get him out of the frame of mind he was in," said Stipe. "I wanted him to know he didn't need to pay attention to all this; that he was going to make it through. I know what the next Nirvana record was going to sound like. It was going to be an amazing fucking record, and I'm a little angry at him for killing himself. He and I were going to make a trial run of the album. It was set up. He had a plane ticket. At the last minute he called and said, 'I can't come.'"^[23]

Packaging

The cover art features a blurred drawing of a bear's head against an orange background. The concept originated when Stipe showed cover artist Chris Bilheimer a balloon he wanted to use as the album cover and told him to "play around with". Bilheimer changed the color of the balloon (which was originally green), and re-photographed the bear head. When he was down to the last few frames on a roll of film, he took a few photos without bothering to focus the shots (which he and Stipe ended up liking the best).^[24] The jewel case of the original CD release of Monster also featured an orange polystyrene media tray, akin to the yellow one used for the Automatic for the People CD.

The back cover has the body of the bear next to the track listing, and the inside sleeve features images of the cartoon character Migraine Boy. "I lifted Migraine Boy from the Flagpole," Stipe told Molly McCommons, his 12-year-old interviewer and daughter of Flagpole editor Pete McCommons. "I'd like to officially thank Flagpole for introducing me to Greg Fiering and Migraine Boy. I haven't met Greg, but I've talked to him a lot on the phone. We were actually in San Francisco at the same time, but I was working on another project and we had a television visit for about two hours. This is an exclusive. I don't think anybody else knows about Migraine Boy yet."^[25]

The booklet contains several alternate names and working titles of songs recorded for the album. In interviews, the band has described its process of naming albums: they tape a large sheet of paper on the studio wall, and then write down random ideas as they occur. One song mentioned on the list is "Revolution", an outtake which later appeared on the Batman & Robin soundtrack and the bonus disc of In Time: The Best of R.E.M. 1988–2003. "Yes, I Am Fucking with You" was the working title of "King of Comedy".^[11]

The limited-edition deluxe CD was packaged with a 52-page hardcover book of photographs and artwork (including Migraine Boy), similar to the visual extras in other 1980s and 1990s limited-edition R.E.M. albums (which were usually overseen and directed by Stipe). The Monster book also included an obi strip and a different design printed on the disc itself, which fitted into a die-cut, star-shaped opening inside the book's cover.^{[citation needed]}

Release and reception

Professional ratings

Aggregate scores
Source	Rating
Metacritic	83/100^[26]
Review scores
Source	Rating
AllMusic	^[6]
Blender	^[27]
Chicago Tribune	^[28]
The Encyclopedia of Popular Music	^[29]
Entertainment Weekly	B+^[30]
Knoxville News Sentinel	^[31]
Los Angeles Times	^[32]
NME	7/10^[33]
Pitchfork	8.1/10^[34]
Q	^[35]
Rolling Stone	^[36]
The Village Voice	A−^[37]

Monster debuted at number one on the Billboard charts^[38] and sold 131,000 copies in four days to debut at number one on the UK Albums Chart.^[39] The album was selling ten times its nearest rival, Massive Attack's Protection.^[39] There were several hits from the album; particularly "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" and "Bang and Blame", which charted better than any single from Automatic for the People in the United States^[40] and Canada.^{[41][42][nb 1]} These two singles were also successful in the United Kingdom, peaking at number nine and number 15 respectively.^[44] "Star 69" also charted, although it was not released as a single. The album was among the first promoted with online content, which was also distributed via floppy disk.^{[citation needed]}

The album was generally praised. Rolling Stone critic Robert Palmer noted that Stipe's lyrics dealt with issues of identity ("The concept of reality itself is being called into question: Is this my life or an incredible virtual simulation?"), and the singer occasionally "begins to sound not unlike the proverbial rock star, whining about all those fans who just won't let him alone." Palmer added, "What's truly impressive about Monster is the way R.E.M. make an album with such potentially grave subject matter so much fun."^[36] NME reviewer Keith Cameron wrote, "It's fun, frequently, but we feel distanced, engaged only on a secondhand level. Moreover, the loudly trumpeted fox factor has been conspicuous by its absence." According to Cameron, "At best stunning, at worst merely diverting, Monster sounds like the album they 'had' to make, to clear out their system, a simple prop to occupy our time ..."^[33] AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote, "Monster doesn't have the conceptual unity or consistently brilliant songwriting of Automatic for the People, but it does offer a wide range of sonic textures that have never been heard on an R.E.M. album before."^[6] It was voted number 786 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).^[45]

In 2005, Warner Bros. released expanded two-disc editions of all the band's Warner Bros. studio albums. The Monster reissue included a CD, a DVD-Audio disc with a 5.1-channel surround-sound mix of the album, and concert footage from the Monster Tour.^[46] The original CD booklet's liner notes were expanded with lyrics and a photo gallery.^[47]

In November 2011 Monster was ranked ninth on Guitar World's top-ten list of 1994 guitar albums, between Rancid's Let's Go and Tesla's Bust a Nut.^[48] Guitar World also included the album on their list "Superunknown: 50 Iconic Albums That Defined 1994".^[49] Rolling Stone originally named it the year's second-best album, but dropped it to fifteenth-best in a 2014 re-ranking.^[50] "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" was ranked at number 16 of Paste's list of The 20 Best R.E.M. Songs of All Time in 2009,^[51] number 11 of Consequence of Sound's list of R.E.M.’s Top 20 Songs,^[52] and number 19 of ThoughtCo's list of the Top 40 Best R.E.M. Songs.^[53]

Tour

 

After not touring for their previous two albums, R.E.M. used an elaborate rock show to promote Monster; bassist Mike Mills (pictured in 2008) had a new look, with long hair and Nudie suits.

Despite their highest chart positions to date in 1991 and 1992, R.E.M. elected not to tour after they found the year-long Green tour exhausting.^[54] The Monster Tour was the group's first outing in six years. The tour, which played arenas and amphitheaters, as well as some stadiums in Europe, began in January 1995 with shows in Australia and Japan and continued throughout Europe and the United States for the rest of the year. Support acts included Sonic Youth and Radiohead. Although the tour was a commercial success, it was difficult for the group.^[55] On March 1, Berry collapsed onstage during a performance in Lausanne, Switzerland due to a brain aneurysm. He had surgery immediately, and recovered fully within a month. Berry's aneurysm was the beginning of a series of health problems for the band; Mills had surgery to remove an intestinal adhesion in July, and a month later Stipe had emergency surgery to repair a hernia.^[56] However, the group composed and debuted a number of new songs on the tour and recorded most of New Adventures in Hi-Fi (their next album) on the road. They used eight-track recorders to capture the shows, and based the new album on those recordings.^[57]

25th anniversary reissue

R.E.M. decided to release a 25th anniversary deluxe edition of Monster in 2019, after having released such an edition for Monster's predecessor, Automatic for the People, in 2017. The edition contains remastered, live and demo versions of the songs from the album, as well as, unusually, a CD containing a fully remixed version of the album. The remix was the brainchild of original producer Scott Litt, who had long regretted the original mixing job he had done on Monster, which involved distortion and vocals low in the mix, in keeping with the grunge style popular at the time.^[58] He felt that the tracks were unnecessarily muddy and did not make for a cohesive album, and noted that, at used record stores, he always saw copies of Monster that people had given away, and rarely copies of R.E.M.'s other albums, indicating listener dissatisfaction.^[58] For the 25th anniversary remix, Litt made Stipe's and others' vocals more prominent and clearer, removed some instrumental tracks (like the staccato guitar in the chorus of "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?"),^[59] and even used some different vocal takes, for example in "Strange Currencies".^[60] He cited the new version of "Let Me In", whose vocals are more comprehensible, as "maybe the best example of what's going on in the remix, which is simplicity".^[61]

The members of R.E.M., while supportive of the remix, said that they were still happy with the original production, saying that, in Stipe's words, it conveyed "exactly who we were at that moment in time."^[62] The music website Pitchfork was critical of the remix, writing, "the inescapable excess of Buck’s guitar tone as well as the slipperiness of Stipe’s vocals are what make the record special; when you invert these effects, it starts to be indistinguishable from any other R.E.M. record."^[34]

Track listing

All songs written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Michael Stipe.

Side one – "C side"

1. "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" – 4:00
2. "Crush with Eyeliner" – 4:39
3. "King of Comedy" – 3:40
4. "I Don't Sleep, I Dream" – 3:27
5. "Star 69" – 3:07
6. "Strange Currencies" – 3:52

Side two – "D side"

7. "Tongue" – 4:13
8. "Bang and Blame" – 5:30
9. "I Took Your Name" – 4:02
10. "Let Me In" – 3:28
11. "Circus Envy" – 4:15
12. "You" – 4:54

25th anniversary edition

The 25th anniversary edition includes a remastered album and several bonus discs:

Disc 2 (CD) – Monster (Demos)

1. "Pete's Hit" – 3:22
2. "Uptempo Mo Distortion" – 3:18
3. "Uptempo Ricky" – 4:53
4. "Harlan County with Whistling" – 3:04
5. "Lost Song" – 5:43
6. "AM Boo" – 1:00
7. "Mike's Gtr" – 5:05
8. "Sputnik 1 Remix" – 4:30
9. "Black Sky 4-14" – 4:17
10. "Revolution 4-21" – 3:22
11. "Rocker with Vocal" – 4:58
12. "Time Is on Mike's Side" – 5:02
13. "Experiment 4-28 No Vocal" – 5:35
14. "Highland Fling 4-29" – 3:54
15. "Cranky 4-29" – 3:41

Disc 3 (CD) – Monster (2019 Scott Litt Remixes)

1. "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" (Remix) – 3:39
2. "Crush with Eyeliner" (Remix) – 4:35
3. "King of Comedy" (Remix) – 4:00
4. "I Don't Sleep, I Dream" (Remix) – 3:56
5. "Star 69" (Remix) – 3:07
6. "Strange Currencies" (Remix) – 3:52
7. "Tongue" (Remix) – 4:00
8. "Bang and Blame" (Remix) – 5:12
9. "I Took Your Name" (Remix) – 4:02
10. "Let Me In" (Remix) – 3:08
11. "Circus Envy" (Remix) – 4:15
12. "You" (Remix) – 4:50

Disc 4 (CD) – Live in Chicago 6/3/95 – Monster 1995 Tour (Part One)

1. "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" – 3:59
2. "Circus Envy" – 4:24
3. "Crush with Eyeliner" – 4:38
4. "Near Wild Heaven" – 3:57
5. "Welcome to the Occupation" – 3:06
6. "Undertow" – 5:19
7. "I Took Your Name" – 4:29
8. "Strange Currencies" – 5:00
9. "Me in Honey" – 4:22
10. "Revolution" – 3:56
11. "Tongue" – 5:26
12. "Man on the Moon" – 5:51
13. "Country Feedback" – 6:03
14. "Monty Got a Raw Deal" – 3:21

Disc 5 (CD) – Live in Chicago 6/3/95 – Monster 1995 Tour (Part Two)

15. "Losing My Religion" – 4:54
16. "You" – 5:07
17. "Departure" – 3:44
18. "Orange Crush" – 3:54
19. "Get Up" – 2:55
20. "Star 69" – 3:07
21. "Let Me In" – 3:42
22. "Everybody Hurts" – 6:51
23. "So. Central Rain (I'm Sorry)" – 3:52
24. "Pop Song 89" – 3:15
25. "It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine)" – 4:44

Disc 6 (Blu-ray)

• Monster – 5.1 Surround Sound
• Monster – Hi-Resolution Audio
• Road Movie (concert film)
• "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?" music video
• "Crush with Eyeliner" music video
• "Star 69" music video
• "Strange Currencies" music video
• "Tongue" music video
• "Bang and Blame" music video

Personnel

R.E.M.

• Bill Berry – drums, percussion, bass guitar, backing vocals, production
• Peter Buck – guitar, Farfisa organ on "Let Me In", production
• Mike Mills – bass guitar, piano, organ, backing vocals, guitar on "Let Me In", production
• Michael Stipe – lead vocals, production

Additional musicians

• Ané Diaz – backing vocals on "Bang and Blame"
• Sally Dworsky – backing vocals on "King of Comedy" and "Bang and Blame"
• Lou Kregl - backing vocals on "Bang and Blame"
• Thurston Moore – vocals and guitar on "Crush with Eyeliner"
• Rain Phoenix – backing vocals on "Bang and Blame"
• Lynda Stipe – backing vocals on "Bang and Blame"

Technical personnel

• David Colvin – second engineer (Crossover)
• Jeff DeMorris – second engineer (Ocean Way)
• Mark Gruber – second engineer (Criteria)
• Mark Howard – engineering (Kingsway)
• Victor Janacua – second engineer (Ocean Way)
• Scott Litt – production
• Stephen Marcussen – mastering engineer (Precision Mastering)
• Pat McCarthy – engineering
• Mark "Microwave" Mytrowitz – technical assistance

Charts

Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for Monster Chart (1994–95) Peak position Australian Albums (ARIA)^[63] 2 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)^[64] 1 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)^[65] 26 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)^[66] 1 Danish Albums (Hitlisten)^[67] 2 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)^[68] 1 European Albums (European Top 100 Albums)^[69] 1 French Albums (SNEP)^[70] 11 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)^[71] 2 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)^[72] 25 Italian Albums (FIMI)^[73] 52 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)^[74] 1 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)^[75] 2 Portuguese Albums (AFP)^[76] 3 Scottish Albums (OCC)^[77] 1 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)^[78] 59 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)^[79] 1 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)^[80] 1 UK Albums (OCC)^[81] 1 US Billboard 200^[82] 1

Year-end charts 1994 year-end chart performance for Monster Chart (1994) Position Australian Albums (ARIA)^[83] 46 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)^[84] 34 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)^[85] 23 European Albums (European Top 100 Albums)^[69] 15 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)^[86] 28 Swedish Albums & Compilations (Sverigetopplistan)^[87] 13 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)^[88] 39 UK Albums (OCC)^[89] 6 US Billboard 200^[90] 67 1995 year-end chart performance for Monster Chart (1995) Position Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)^[91] 40 European Albums (European Top 100 Albums)^[92] 31 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)^[93] 40 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)^[94] 35 UK Albums (OCC)^[95] 47 US Billboard 200^[96] 36

Certifications and sales

Certifications and sales for Monster

Region	Certification	Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)^[97]	Platinum	70,000^^
Austria (IFPI Austria)^[98]	Platinum	50,000^*
Belgium (BEA)^[99]	Gold	25,000^*
Canada (Music Canada)^[100]	6× Platinum	600,000^^
Finland (Musiikkituottajat)^[101]	Gold	21,125^[101]
France (SNEP)^[102]	2× Gold	200,000^*
Germany (BVMI)^[103]	Platinum	500,000^^
Italy (FIMI)^[104]	2× Platinum	500,000^[104]
Netherlands (NVPI)^[105]	Gold	50,000^^
Spain (PROMUSICAE)^[106]	Platinum	100,000^^
Sweden (GLF)^[107]	Platinum	100,000^^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)^[108]	Platinum	50,000^^
United Kingdom (BPI)^[109]	3× Platinum	900,000^^
United States (RIAA)^[111]	4× Platinum	2,900,000^[110]
Summaries
Europe (IFPI)^[112]	2× Platinum	2,000,000^*
Worldwide	—	9,000,000^[113]
^* Sales figures based on certification alone. ^^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

Notes and sources

Footnotes

1. Excluding "Everybody Hurts" from Automatic for the People, this also included the national charts in Australia.^[43]

Sources

• Black, Johnny. Reveal: The Story of R.E.M. Backbeat, 2004. ISBN 0-87930-776-5
• Buckley, David. R.E.M.: Fiction: An Alternative Biography. Virgin, 2002. ISBN 1-85227-927-3
• Platt, John (editor). The R.E.M. Companion: Two Decades of Commentary. Schirmer, 1998. ISBN 0-02-864935-4

Citations

1. "Single Releases". Music Week. September 3, 1994. p. 27.
2. "Single Releases". Music Week. October 29, 1994. p. 23.
3. "New Releases: Singles". Music Week. January 21, 1995. p. 31.
4. "New Releases: Singles". Music Week. April 1, 1995. p. 35.
5. "New Releases: Singles". Music Week. July 15, 1995. p. 31.
6. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Monster – R.E.M." AllMusic. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
7. Cavanagh, David. "Tune In, Cheer Up, Rock Out". Q. October 1994.
8. Buckley, p. 236
9. Buckley, p. 237
10. Buckley, p. 238
11. DeCurtis, Anthony. "Monster Madness". 20 October 1994. Retrieved August 30, 2016.. Rolling Stone. October 20, 1994. Retrieved on May 6, 2010.
12. Black, p. 204
13. Black, p. 205
14. Farley, Christopher John. "". Time. September 26, 1994. Retrieved on August 1, 2008.
15. Everhart, John (2014-04-23). "Caught By The Buzz: A Look Back At Britpop's B-List". Stereogum. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
16. Timothy and Elizabeth Bracy (2012-07-20). "Stereogum". Stereogum. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
17. Larkin, Colin (2011-05-27). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. p. 2266. ISBN 9780857125958. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
18. Smith, Stewart (October 8, 2014). "Sex & Trash Aesthetics: REM's Monster Revisited". The Quietus. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
19. Leas, Ryan (September 26, 2014). "Monster Turns 20". Stereogum. Retrieved November 26, 2017. While it might draw on '70s glam and some of R.E.M.'s own tendencies, Monster is an early '90s alt-rock record through and through.
20. Schumer, Ben (February 26, 2009). "It Starts with an Earthquake: R.E.M.'s Monster". PopMatters. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
21. Buckley, p. 241
22. Buckley, p. 243-44
23. quoted in Select, issue date unknown; original source unknown
24. Buckley, p. 247
25. Flagpole, September 1994
26. "Monster [25th Anniversary Deluxe Edition] by R.E.M. Reviews and Tracks". Metacritic. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
27. "Back Catalogue: R.E.M.". Blender. No. 67. March 2008. p. 106.
28. Kot, Greg (November 27, 1994). "R.E.M.'s Best Album Side? Band Members Say It's Not 'Automatic'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
29. Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734.
30. Browne, David (September 30, 1994). "Monster". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
31. Campbell, Chuck (October 7, 1994). "R.E.M. Rocks Anew On Heady 'Monster'". Knoxville News Sentinel.
32. Hilburn, Robert (September 25, 1994). "Fall Album Roundup: R.E.M. Builds the Perfect Beast". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
33. Cameron, Keith (September 24, 1994). . NME. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
34. Nelson, Brad (November 4, 2019). "R.E.M.: Monster (25th Anniversary Edition)". Pitchfork. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
35. Maconie, Stuart (November 1994). "R.E.M.: Monster". Q. No. 98. p. 118.
36. Palmer, Robert (October 6, 1994). "Monster". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
37. Christgau, Robert (October 18, 1994). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
38. "Monster Smash" Entertainment Weekly. October 14, 1994. Retrieved on July 31, 2008
39. "REM are Monster" (PDF). Music Week. 8 October 1994. p. 1. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
40. "R.E.M. – Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
41. . RPM. 60 (17). November 14, 1994. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
42. . RPM. 61 (3). February 20, 1995. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
43. australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
44. "R.E.M." Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
45. Larkin, Colin, ed. (2000). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books. p. 247. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6.
46. Sweeting, Adam (February 3, 2005). "REM, Monster". The Guardian. from the original on May 27, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
47. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Monster [CD & DVD Audio] – R.E.M." AllMusic. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
48. Grassi, Tony. "Photo Gallery: The Top 10 Guitar Albums of 1994". GuitarWorld.com. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
49. . GuitarWorld.com. July 14, 2014. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
50. . Acclaimed Music. Archived from the original on 2016-08-19. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
51. Jackson, Josh (July 28, 2009). "The 20 Best R.E.M. Songs of All Time". Paste. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
52. Roffman, Michael (November 8, 2017). "R.E.M.'s Top 20 Songs". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
53. Grierson, Tim (November 17, 2017). "Top 40 Best R.E.M. Songs". ThoughtCo. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
54. Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "R.E.M. | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
55. Buckley, p. 248
56. Buckley, p. 251–55
57. Buckley, p. 256
58. Chiu, David (November 6, 2019). "R.E.M. Producer Scott Litt on Revisiting 'Monster' 25 Years Later". Forbes.
59. R.E.M. Monster 25 - Interview with producer, Scott Litt. YouTube. September 5, 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
60. R.E.M. - "Strange Currencies" Remix (Interview with Scott Litt). YouTube. November 12, 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
61. R.E.M. "Let Me In" Remix - Interview with Scott Litt. YouTube. February 15, 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21.
62. Savage, Mark (October 29, 2019). "REM look back on Monster: 'We did not want to become the dancing monkey'". BBC.
63. "Australiancharts.com – R.E.M. – Monster". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
64. "Austriancharts.at – R.E.M. – Monster" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
65. "Ultratop.be – R.E.M. – Monster" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
66. "Top RPM Albums: Issue 2640". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
67. "Listen - Danmarks Officielle Hitliste - Udarbejdet af AIM Nielsen for IFPI Danmark - Uge 41". Ekstra Bladet (in Danish). Copenhagen. 1994-10-16.
68. "Dutchcharts.nl – R.E.M. – Monster" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
69. "1994 in Review: Sale Charts" (PDF). Music & Media 1994 In Review. December 24, 1994. p. 12. Retrieved May 24, 2022 – via World Radio History.
70. "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. October 22, 1994. p. 52. Retrieved November 16, 2021. Digit page 48 on the PDF archive.
71. "Offiziellecharts.de – R.E.M. – Monster" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
72. "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 1994. 43. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
73. "Italiancharts.com – R.E.M. – Monster". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
74. "Charts.nz – R.E.M. – Monster". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
75. "Norwegiancharts.com – R.E.M. – Monster". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
76. "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. October 22, 1994. p. 52. Retrieved November 16, 2021. Digit page 48 on the PDF archive.
77. "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
78. "Spanishcharts.com – R.E.M. – Monster". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
79. "Swedishcharts.com – R.E.M. – Monster". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
80. "Swisscharts.com – R.E.M. – Monster". Hung Medien. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
81. "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
82. "R.E.M. Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
83. "End Of Year Charts – Top 50 Albums 1994". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
84. . Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 2011-10-12. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
85. . RPM. 1994-12-12. Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
86. "Top Selling Albums of 1994". RIANZ. from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
87. "Årslista Album (inkl samlingar), 1994" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
88. . Swiss Music Charts. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
89. "Chart Archive - 1990s Albums". Retrieved 2011-11-18.
90. "1994 Year-end Charts" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved October 13, 2015. Digit page 81 on the PDF archive.
91. "RPM Top 100 Albums of 1995". RPM. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
92. "Year End Sales Charts – European Top 100 Albums 1995" (PDF). Music & Media. December 23, 1995. p. 14. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
93. "Top 100 Album-Jahrescharts" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
94. "Top Selling Albums of 1995". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
95. "CIN Artist Albums – Year-End – 1995". Retrieved 2011-11-18.
96. "1995 Year-end Charts" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved November 16, 2021. Digit page 78 on the PDF archive.
97. "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1995 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
98. "Austrian album certifications – R.E.M. – Monster" (in German). IFPI Austria.
99. "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – albums 1995". Ultratop. Hung Medien.
100. "Canadian album certifications – R.E.M. – Monster". Music Canada.
101. "R.E.M." (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
102. "French album certifications – R.E.M. – Monster" (in French). InfoDisc. Select R.E.M. and click OK. 
103. "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (R.E.M.; 'Monster')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
104. "REM Goes Platinum In Italy" (PDF). Music & Media. April 1, 1995. p. 5. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
105. "Dutch album certifications – REM – Monster" (in Dutch). Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld- en geluidsdragers. Enter Monster in the "Artiest of titel" box.
106. Solo Exitos 1959-2002 Ano A Ano: Certificados 1991-1995. Iberautor Promociones Culturales. 2005. ISBN 8480486392.
107. (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-17.
108. "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (R.E.M.; 'Monster')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
109. "British album certifications – R.E.M. – Monster". British Phonographic Industry.
110. . Billboard. Archived from the original on 2012-03-27. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
111. "American album certifications – R.E.M. – Monster". Recording Industry Association of America.
112. . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.
113. Fletcher, Tony (2002). Remarks Remade: The Story of R.E.M. Omnibus. p. 296. ISBN 0-7119-9113-8.