Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai

The Mongol Empire conquered the Qara Khitai (Western Liao Empire) in the year 1218 AD. Prior to the invasion, war with the Khwarazmian Empire and the usurpation of power by the Naiman prince Kuchlug had weakened the Qara Khitai. When Kuchlug besieged Almaliq, a city belonging to the Karluks, vassals of the Mongol Empire, and killed their ruler Ozar, who was a grandson-in-law to Genghis Khan, Genghis Khan dispatched a force under command of Jebe and Barchuk to pursue Kuchlug. After his force of 30,000 was defeated by Jebe at the Khitan capital Balasagun, Kuchlug faced rebellions over his unpopular rule, forcing him to flee to modern Afghanistan, where he was captured by hunters in 1218. The hunters turned Kuchlug over to the Mongols, who beheaded him. Upon defeating the Qara Khitai, the Mongols now had a direct border with the Khwarazmian Empire, which they would soon invade in 1219.

Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai
Part of the Mongol invasion of Central Asia
Mongol conquest of Qara Khitai (Western Liao) and other Chinese regimes
Date 1218 Location Modern-day Central Asia, Afghanistan, China Result Mongol victory Territorial changes Territories of the Qara Khitai added to Mongol Empire
Belligerents
Mongol Empire Behsud Uyghurs Karluks Badakhshani Hunters	Qara Khitai
Commanders and leaders
Jebe Barchuk Possibly Arslan Khan	Kuchlug
Units involved
Two tumens	unknown
Strength
20,000	total unknown, over 30,000
Casualties and losses
minimal	unknown

Background

Main articles: Qara Khitai and Kuchlug

After Genghis Khan defeated the Naimans in 1204, Naiman prince Kuchlug fled his homeland to take refuge among the Qara Khitai. The Gurkhan Yelü Zhilugu welcomed Kuchlug into his empire, and Kuchlug became an advisor and military commander, eventually marrying one of the daughters of Zhilugu. However, during a war with the bordering Khawarzmian dynasty, Kuchlug initiated a coup d'état against Zhilegu. After Kuchlug took power, he allowed Zhilegu to rule the Qara Khitai in name only.^[1] When the Gurkhan died in 1213, Kuchlug took direct control of the khanate.^[1] Originally a Nestorian, once among the Khitai Kuchlug converted to Buddhism and began persecuting the Muslim majority, forcing them to convert to either Buddhism or Christianity, a move which alienated Kuchlug from most of the population.^[2][1]

The invasion was precipitated when Kuchlug besieged the Karluk city of Almaliq,^[3] which was a vassal of the Mongol Empire and whose ruler, Ozar, was married to a daughter of Jochi.^[4] Ozar was killed, and Kuchlug advanced on the city, which requested aid from Genghis Khan.^[3][5]

Invasion

In 1218, after requesting Muhammad II of Khwarazm not to aid Kuchlug, Genghis Khan dispatched general Jebe with two tumens (20,000 soldiers), along with the Uyghur Barchuk (who was Genghis Khan's son-in-law) and possibly also Arslan Khan, ruler of the Karluk city Qayaliq and another son-in-law of Genghis Khan, to deal with the Qara Khitai threat, while sending Subutai with another two tumens on a simultaneous campaign against the Merkits.^[6][7][8] The two armies traveled alongside each other through the Altai and Tarbagatai Mountains until arriving at Almaliq.^[7] At that point, Subutai turned southwest, destroying the Merkits and protecting Jebe's flank against any sudden attacks from Khwarazm.^[9][10] Jebe relieved Almaliq, then moved south of Lake Balkash into the lands of the Qara Khitai, where he besieged the capital of Balasagun. There, Jebe defeated an army of 30,000 troops and Kuchlug fled to Kashgar. Taking advantage of the unrest fomenting under Kuchlug's rule, Jebe gained support from the Muslim populace by announcing that Kuchlug's policy of religious persecution had ended. When Jebe's army arrived at Kashgar in 1217, the populace revolted and turned on Kuchlug, forcing him to flee for his life.^[11][12] Jebe pursued Kuchlug across the Pamir Mountains into Badakhshan in modern Afghanistan. According to Ata-Malik Juvayni, a group of hunters caught Kuchlug and handed him over to the Mongols, who promptly beheaded him.^[13]

Aftermath

 

 

1215

KHWARAZMIAN
EMPIRE

CUMAN KHANATES

KIEVAN
RUS'

MONGOL
CONFEDERATION

KIPCHACKS

QARA KHITAI

QOCHO

GHURID EMPIRE

ZENGIDS

ABBASID
CALIPHATE

YADAVAS

JIN
DYNASTY

XI XIA

SONG
DYNASTY

PAGAN

DALI

KHMER

AYYUBID
SULTANATE

SULTANATE
OF RUM

GO-
RYEO

◁ ▷

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The Mongol homeland and main polities in continental Asia c.1215, on the eve of the Mongol invasion

With the death of Kuchlug, the Mongol Empire secured control over the Qara Khitai. Another segment of the Qara Khitai, from a dynasty founded by Buraq Hajib, survived in Kirman as vassals of the Mongols, but ceased to exist as an entity during the reign of the Mongol Ilkhanid ruler Öljaitü.^[14] The Mongols now had a firm outpost in Central Asia directly bordering the Khwarazm Empire.^[12] Relations with the Khwarazms would quickly break down, leading to the Mongol invasion of that territory.^[12]

References

Citations

1. Golden 2011, p. 82.
2. Morgan 2007, p. 54.
3. Soucek 2000, Chapter 6 – Seljukids and Ghazvanids.
4. Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018). Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–124, 145. ISBN 978-1-108-42489-9.
5. Broadbridge, 2018, pp. 155-156
6. Lococo 2008, p. 75.
7. Gabriel 2004, p. 70.
8. Broadbridge, 2018, pp. 122-123, 155-156
9. Lococo 2008, p. 76.
10. Gabriel 2004, pp. 70–71.
11. Turnbull 2003, p. 16.
12. Beckwith 2009, pp. 187–188.
13. Juvayni c. 1260.
14. Biran 2005, p. 87.

Sources

• Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2994-1.
• Biran, Michal (2005). The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-84226-3.
• Docherty, Paddy (2008). The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion. New York City: Union Square Press. ISBN 978-1-4027-5696-2.
• Gabriel, Richard A. (2004). Genghis Khan's Greatest General: Subotai the Valiant. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3734-7.
• Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, United States. ISBN 978-0-19-533819-5.
• Juvayni, Ata-Malik (c. 1260). Mohammad Ghazvini (ed.). The History of The World Conqueror. Translated by John Andrew Boyle from Tarīkh-i Jahān-gushā. Harvard University Press (published 1958).
• Lococo, Paul (2008). Genghis Khan: History's Greatest Empire Builder. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 978-1-61234-060-9.
• Morgan, David (2007). The Mongols (2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-3539-9.
• Soucek, Svatopluk (2000). A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65704-0.
• Turnbull, Stephen (2003). Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190–1400. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-523-6.