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Momeik

January 01, 1970

"Mongmit" redirects here. For the present-day administrative division, see Mongmit Township. For the former Shan princely state, see Mongmit State.

Momeik (Burmese: မိုးမိတ်), also known as Mong Mit (Shan: မိူင်းမိတ်ႈ) in Shan, is a town situated on the Shweli River in northern Shan State. It is the principal town of Mongmit Township, Myanmar.

Mongmit
Mongmit (မိူင်းမိတ်ႈ)
Town
Mongmit
Location in Burma
Coordinates: 23°7′0″N 96°41′4″E / 23.11667°N 96.68444°E / 23.11667; 96.68444
Country Myanmar
State Shan State
DistrictMongmit District
TownshipMongmit Township
Population
 (2005)
 • Ethnicities
Shan Palaung
 • Religions
Buddhism
Time zoneUTC+6.30 (MMT)

Transport edit

It is connected by road to Mogok and its ruby mines, and via Mogok to Mandalay, and to Kyaukme which is on the Mandalay-Lashio railway line. Momeik is also linked to Myitkyina, capital of Kachin State via Mabein and Bhamo.[1][2] There is an airport for domestic flights to Momeik.[3]

Whereas Mogok lies at an elevation of 4,000 ft, Momeik is just 800 ft above sea level and 28 miles to the north of Mogok. Sixty miles by road to the west of Mogok lie Twinnge Village and the town of Thabeikkyin on the Ayeyarwady River (Irrawaddy).[4] There is now a direct road linking Twinnge with Momeik.[5]

History edit

Main article: Mongmit State

Momeik, part of the state of Hsenwi, was founded in 1238. Thirteen villages of the Mogok Stone Tract were given to Momeik in 1420 as a reward for helping Yunnan raid Chiang Mai. In 1465, Nang Han Lung, the daughter-in-law of the Saopha (Sawbwa in Burmese) of Momeik, sent ruby as separate tribute from Hsenwi and succeeded in keeping the former possessions of Hsenwi until 1484 when Mogok was ceded to the Burmese kings.[6][7] It was however not until 1597 that the Saopha of Momeik was forced to exchange Mogok and Kyatpyin with Tagaung, and they were formally annexed by royal edict.[7][8]

Earlier in 1542, when the Shan ruler of Ava Thohanbwa (1527–1543) marched with the Saophas of Mohnyin, Hsipaw, Momeik, Mogaung, Bhamo and Yawnghwe to come to the aid of Prome against the Burmese, he was defeated by Bayinnaung. In 1544, Hkonmaing (1543-6), Saopha of Onbaung or Hsipaw and successor to Thohanbwa, attempted to regain Prome, with the help of Mohnyin, Momeik, Monè, Hsenwi, Bhamo and Yawnghwe, only to be defeated by King Tabinshwehti (1512–1550).[6]

Bayinnaung succeeded in three campaigns, 1556-9, to reduce the Shan states of Mohnyin, Mogaung, Momeik, Mong Pai (Mobyè), Saga, Lawksawk (Yatsauk), Yawnghwe, Hsipaw, Bhamo, Kalay, Chiang Mai, and Linzin (Vientiane), before he raided up the Taping and Shweli Rivers in 1562.[6]

A bell donated by King Bayinnaung (1551–1581) at Shwezigon Pagoda in Bagan has inscriptions in Burmese, Pali and Mon recording the conquest of Momeik and Hsipaw on 25 January 1557, and the building of a pagoda at Momeik on 8 February 1557.[9]

British rule edit

The Saopha of Momeik had just died at the time of the British annexation in 1885 leaving a minor as heir, and the administration at Momeik was weak. It was included under the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of the Northern Division instead of the Superintendent of the Northern Shan States. A pretender named Hkam Leng came to claim the title, but he was rejected by the ministers. A Burmese prince called Saw Yan Naing, who had risen up against the British, fled to the area and joined forces with Hkam Leng, and caused a great deal of problems during 1888-9 to the Hampshire Regiment stationed at Momeik.[10]

Sao Hkun Hkio, Saopha of Momeik, was one of the seven Saophas on the Executive Committee of the Shan State Council formed after the first Panglong Conference in March 1946. On 16 January 1947, they sent two memoranda, whilst a Burmese delegation headed by Aung San was in London, to the British Labour government of Clement Attlee demanding equal political footing as Burma proper and full autonomy of the Federated Shan States.[11] He was not one of the six Saophas who signed the Panglong Agreement on 12 February 1947.[12] The Cambridge-educated Sao Hkun Hkio however became the longest serving Foreign Minister of Burma after independence in 1948 until the military coup of Ne Win in 1962, with only short interruptions, the longest one of which being between 1958 and 1960 during Ne Win's caretaker government.[13][14]

After independence edit

The Shweli river valley and the hills around Momeik and Mogok are old strongholds of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) as early as the 1950s, but it was not until 1968 that the 1st Brigade of the CPB People's Army regained control of the area, and briefly captured Momeik itself in 1977. Their plan to strike west to the plains north of Mandalay however was thwarted by clashes with the Shan State Army and the Palaung State Liberation Army as well as government military offensives.[15]

The Shan State Army-North's 3rd Brigade has been active in Momeik, Kyaukme, Hsipaw, Namtu and Lashio. It reached a cease-fire agreement with the Burmese military government (SLORC) in 1989, and its activities have been severely curtailed.[16][17] In 2005, an attempt by the Shan State Army-South based near the Thai border to fill the vacuum left by the cease-fire in the north was thwarted by the Burmese army.[18]

During the Myanmar Civil War, the town was temporarily taken by the Kachin Independence Army, but then retaken by the Tatmadaw on 2 January 2024. The junta counter-offensive destroyed large parts of the town and the fighting left scores of civilians dead.[19]

Economy edit

Minerals edit

Momeik is famous for its precious and semi-precious stones in its own right. Elbaite, a variant of Rubellite (Tourmaline or Anyant meaning 'inferior' in Burmese) including the "mushroom" tourmaline, and Petalite or Salinwa are mined in this region.[20][21][22][23]

Diamond found in Momeik region is believed to be derived from primary sources in north-western Australia but distinguishable from similar stones from eastern Australia.[24] Gold mining in the area is being operated by Asia World and Shweli Yadana companies.[25]

Agriculture edit

Mogok ruby mines rely on the staple Momeik rice.[4] Hsinshweli strain high-yield rice as well as sugar cane, rubber, physic nut, jengkol bean and avocado are cultivated in the region.[5][26]

Notes edit

  1. ^ "Train Travel in Myanmar (Burma)". seat61.com. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  2. ^ "Transport in Myanmar". MODiNS.Net. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  3. ^ "Momeik Airport". World Aero Data. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved 2009-02-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ a b Ehrmann, Martin (Spring 1957). "Gem Mining In Burma" (PDF). Gems & Gemology. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  5. ^ a b (PDF). New Light of Myanmar. 26 August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  6. ^ a b c Harvey, G E (2000). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. Asian Educational Services, 2000. pp. 101, 107, 109, 165–6. ISBN 978-81-206-1365-2. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  7. ^ a b Morgan, Diane (2008). Fire and Blood: Rubies in Myth, Magic, and History. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-275-99304-7. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  8. ^ Hughes, Richard. "Ruby & Sapphire, chapter12:World Sources". Ruby-Sapphire.com. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  9. ^ U Thaw Kaung. "Accounts of King Bayinnaung's Life and Hanthawady Hsinbyu-myashin Ayedawbon, a Record of his Campaigns". Chulalongkorn University. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
  10. ^ Crosthwaite, Charles (June 1968). The Pacification of Burma. Routledge, 1968. pp. 267–280. ISBN 978-0-7146-2004-6. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
  11. ^ . S.H.A.N. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  12. ^ "The Panglong Agreement, 1947". Online Burma/Myanmar Library. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  13. ^ "Foreign ministers". rulers.org. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  14. ^ "Mrs. Beatrice Mabel Hkio". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 5 June 1967. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  15. ^ Bertil Lintner (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB). SEAP Publications. pp. 72–79. ISBN 978-0-87727-123-9. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  16. ^ . S.H.A.N. 2005-08-30. Archived from the original on 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  17. ^ . S.H.A.N. 2005-05-23. Archived from the original on 2009-02-10. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  18. ^ . S.H.A.N. 2006-01-03. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  19. ^ "Myanmar Junta Announces Martial Law in Town Held by KIA". The Irrawaddy. 29 February 2024.
  20. ^ Andreas Ertl; et al. "Tetrahedrally Coordinated Boron in Li-bearing Olenite from "Mushroom" Tourmaline from Momeik, Myanmar". The Canadian Mineralogist, August 2007, GeoScienceWorld. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  21. ^ A. J. Lussier; et al. "Mushroom elbaite from the Kat Chay mine, Momeik, near Mogok, Myanmar: I. Crystal chemistry by SREF, EMPA, MAS NMR and Mössbauer spectroscopy". Mineralogical Magazine, June 2008, GeoScienceWorld. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  22. ^ . Rockhound.cz. Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  23. ^ "Petalite Crystals from Burma". Mineral Classics. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  24. ^ W. L. Griffin; et al. "Diamonds from Myanmar and Thailand: Characteristics and Possible Origins". Economic Geology, January 2001, GeoScienceWorld. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  25. ^ . New Light of Myanmar. November 28, 2003. Archived from the original on March 26, 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  26. ^ . New Light of Myanmar. 2 September 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2009-02-27.

External links edit

  • Satellite map GeoNames
  • Tourmaline "Rubellite", Burma Momeik Finest Minerals
  • Elbaite (Rubellite) Fabre Minerals
  • S.H.A.N.

23°07′00″N 96°41′00″E / 23.11667°N 96.68333°E / 23.11667; 96.68333

January 01, 1970
momeik, mongmit, redirects, here, present, administrative, division, mongmit, township, former, shan, princely, state, mongmit, state, burmese, also, known, mong, shan, shan, town, situated, shweli, river, northern, shan, state, principal, town, mongmit, towns. Mongmit redirects here For the present day administrative division see Mongmit Township For the former Shan princely state see Mongmit State Momeik Burmese မ မ တ also known as Mong Mit Shan မ င မ တ in Shan is a town situated on the Shweli River in northern Shan State It is the principal town of Mongmit Township Myanmar Mongmit Mongmit မ င မ တ TownMongmitLocation in BurmaCoordinates 23 7 0 N 96 41 4 E 23 11667 N 96 68444 E 23 11667 96 68444Country MyanmarState Shan StateDistrictMongmit DistrictTownshipMongmit TownshipPopulation 2005 EthnicitiesShan Palaung ReligionsBuddhismTime zoneUTC 6 30 MMT Contents 1 Transport 2 History 2 1 British rule 2 2 After independence 3 Economy 3 1 Minerals 3 2 Agriculture 4 Notes 5 External linksTransport editIt is connected by road to Mogok and its ruby mines and via Mogok to Mandalay and to Kyaukme which is on the Mandalay Lashio railway line Momeik is also linked to Myitkyina capital of Kachin State via Mabein and Bhamo 1 2 There is an airport for domestic flights to Momeik 3 Whereas Mogok lies at an elevation of 4 000 ft Momeik is just 800 ft above sea level and 28 miles to the north of Mogok Sixty miles by road to the west of Mogok lie Twinnge Village and the town of Thabeikkyin on the Ayeyarwady River Irrawaddy 4 There is now a direct road linking Twinnge with Momeik 5 History editMain article Mongmit State Momeik part of the state of Hsenwi was founded in 1238 Thirteen villages of the Mogok Stone Tract were given to Momeik in 1420 as a reward for helping Yunnan raid Chiang Mai In 1465 Nang Han Lung the daughter in law of the Saopha Sawbwa in Burmese of Momeik sent ruby as separate tribute from Hsenwi and succeeded in keeping the former possessions of Hsenwi until 1484 when Mogok was ceded to the Burmese kings 6 7 It was however not until 1597 that the Saopha of Momeik was forced to exchange Mogok and Kyatpyin with Tagaung and they were formally annexed by royal edict 7 8 Earlier in 1542 when the Shan ruler of Ava Thohanbwa 1527 1543 marched with the Saophas of Mohnyin Hsipaw Momeik Mogaung Bhamo and Yawnghwe to come to the aid of Prome against the Burmese he was defeated by Bayinnaung In 1544 Hkonmaing 1543 6 Saopha of Onbaung or Hsipaw and successor to Thohanbwa attempted to regain Prome with the help of Mohnyin Momeik Mone Hsenwi Bhamo and Yawnghwe only to be defeated by King Tabinshwehti 1512 1550 6 Bayinnaung succeeded in three campaigns 1556 9 to reduce the Shan states of Mohnyin Mogaung Momeik Mong Pai Mobye Saga Lawksawk Yatsauk Yawnghwe Hsipaw Bhamo Kalay Chiang Mai and Linzin Vientiane before he raided up the Taping and Shweli Rivers in 1562 6 A bell donated by King Bayinnaung 1551 1581 at Shwezigon Pagoda in Bagan has inscriptions in Burmese Pali and Mon recording the conquest of Momeik and Hsipaw on 25 January 1557 and the building of a pagoda at Momeik on 8 February 1557 9 British rule edit The Saopha of Momeik had just died at the time of the British annexation in 1885 leaving a minor as heir and the administration at Momeik was weak It was included under the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of the Northern Division instead of the Superintendent of the Northern Shan States A pretender named Hkam Leng came to claim the title but he was rejected by the ministers A Burmese prince called Saw Yan Naing who had risen up against the British fled to the area and joined forces with Hkam Leng and caused a great deal of problems during 1888 9 to the Hampshire Regiment stationed at Momeik 10 Sao Hkun Hkio Saopha of Momeik was one of the seven Saophas on the Executive Committee of the Shan State Council formed after the first Panglong Conference in March 1946 On 16 January 1947 they sent two memoranda whilst a Burmese delegation headed by Aung San was in London to the British Labour government of Clement Attlee demanding equal political footing as Burma proper and full autonomy of the Federated Shan States 11 He was not one of the six Saophas who signed the Panglong Agreement on 12 February 1947 12 The Cambridge educated Sao Hkun Hkio however became the longest serving Foreign Minister of Burma after independence in 1948 until the military coup of Ne Win in 1962 with only short interruptions the longest one of which being between 1958 and 1960 during Ne Win s caretaker government 13 14 After independence edit The Shweli river valley and the hills around Momeik and Mogok are old strongholds of the Communist Party of Burma CPB as early as the 1950s but it was not until 1968 that the 1st Brigade of the CPB People s Army regained control of the area and briefly captured Momeik itself in 1977 Their plan to strike west to the plains north of Mandalay however was thwarted by clashes with the Shan State Army and the Palaung State Liberation Army as well as government military offensives 15 The Shan State Army North s 3rd Brigade has been active in Momeik Kyaukme Hsipaw Namtu and Lashio It reached a cease fire agreement with the Burmese military government SLORC in 1989 and its activities have been severely curtailed 16 17 In 2005 an attempt by the Shan State Army South based near the Thai border to fill the vacuum left by the cease fire in the north was thwarted by the Burmese army 18 During the Myanmar Civil War the town was temporarily taken by the Kachin Independence Army but then retaken by the Tatmadaw on 2 January 2024 The junta counter offensive destroyed large parts of the town and the fighting left scores of civilians dead 19 Economy editMinerals edit Momeik is famous for its precious and semi precious stones in its own right Elbaite a variant of Rubellite Tourmaline or Anyant meaning inferior in Burmese including the mushroom tourmaline and Petalite or Salinwa are mined in this region 20 21 22 23 Diamond found in Momeik region is believed to be derived from primary sources in north western Australia but distinguishable from similar stones from eastern Australia 24 Gold mining in the area is being operated by Asia World and Shweli Yadana companies 25 Agriculture edit Mogok ruby mines rely on the staple Momeik rice 4 Hsinshweli strain high yield rice as well as sugar cane rubber physic nut jengkol bean and avocado are cultivated in the region 5 26 Notes edit Train Travel in Myanmar Burma seat61 com Retrieved 2009 02 17 Transport in Myanmar MODiNS Net Retrieved 2009 02 27 Momeik Airport World Aero Data Archived from the original on July 19 2012 Retrieved 2009 02 17 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link a b Ehrmann Martin Spring 1957 Gem Mining In Burma PDF Gems amp Gemology pp 3 4 Retrieved 2009 02 27 a b Momeik granary of Shan State North to extend cultivation of crops PDF New Light of Myanmar 26 August 2007 Archived from the original PDF on 27 July 2011 Retrieved 2009 02 27 a b c Harvey G E 2000 History of Burma From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 Asian Educational Services 2000 pp 101 107 109 165 6 ISBN 978 81 206 1365 2 Retrieved 2009 02 17 a b Morgan Diane 2008 Fire and Blood Rubies in Myth Magic and History Greenwood Publishing Group 2007 p 64 ISBN 978 0 275 99304 7 Retrieved 2009 02 17 Hughes Richard Ruby amp Sapphire chapter12 World Sources Ruby Sapphire com Retrieved 2009 02 17 U Thaw Kaung Accounts of King Bayinnaung s Life and Hanthawady Hsinbyu myashin Ayedawbon a Record of his Campaigns Chulalongkorn University Retrieved 2009 02 25 Crosthwaite Charles June 1968 The Pacification of Burma Routledge 1968 pp 267 280 ISBN 978 0 7146 2004 6 Retrieved 2009 02 25 Shans send Memoranda To His Majesty s Government S H A N Archived from the original on 2009 02 11 Retrieved 2009 02 28 The Panglong Agreement 1947 Online Burma Myanmar Library Retrieved 2009 02 28 Foreign ministers rulers org Retrieved 2009 03 16 Mrs Beatrice Mabel Hkio Parliamentary Debates Hansard 5 June 1967 Retrieved 2009 03 16 Bertil Lintner 1990 The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma CPB SEAP Publications pp 72 79 ISBN 978 0 87727 123 9 Retrieved 2009 02 28 Ceasefire group gets marching orders S H A N 2005 08 30 Archived from the original on 2009 02 10 Retrieved 2009 02 28 Truce Brings Only Grief Says Ceasefire Leader S H A N 2005 05 23 Archived from the original on 2009 02 10 Retrieved 2009 02 28 The big chase S H A N 2006 01 03 Archived from the original on 2009 02 11 Retrieved 2009 02 28 Myanmar Junta Announces Martial Law in Town Held by KIA The Irrawaddy 29 February 2024 Andreas Ertl et al Tetrahedrally Coordinated Boron in Li bearing Olenite from Mushroom Tourmaline from Momeik Myanmar The Canadian Mineralogist August 2007 GeoScienceWorld Retrieved 2009 02 27 A J Lussier et al Mushroom elbaite from the Kat Chay mine Momeik near Mogok Myanmar I Crystal chemistry by SREF EMPA MAS NMR and Mossbauer spectroscopy Mineralogical Magazine June 2008 GeoScienceWorld Retrieved 2009 02 27 Momeik Rockhound cz Archived from the original on 2007 07 08 Retrieved 2009 02 27 Petalite Crystals from Burma Mineral Classics Retrieved 2009 02 27 W L Griffin et al Diamonds from Myanmar and Thailand Characteristics and Possible Origins Economic Geology January 2001 GeoScienceWorld Retrieved 2009 02 27 Lt Gen Aung Htwe inspects Twinnge Momeik Road construction gold mines in Momeik New Light of Myanmar November 28 2003 Archived from the original on March 26 2004 Retrieved 2009 02 27 Service personnel to discharge duties assigned by local authorities for accomplishment of five rural development tasks New Light of Myanmar 2 September 2006 Archived from the original on 2008 12 01 Retrieved 2009 02 27 External links editSatellite map GeoNames Tourmaline Rubellite Burma Momeik Finest Minerals Elbaite Rubellite Fabre Minerals High yield rice yields low S H A N 23 07 00 N 96 41 00 E 23 11667 N 96 68333 E 23 11667 96 68333 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Momeik amp oldid 1211965048, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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