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Mongmit State

October 18, 2023

This article is about one of the former Shan States. For the present-day administrative division, see Mongmit Township. For the town, see Mongmit.

Mongmit or Möngmit (Tai Le: ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥤᥖ), also known as Momeik (Burmese: မိုးမိတ်), was a Shan state in the Northern Shan States in what is today Burma. The capital was Mongmit town. The state included the townships of Mongmit and Kodaung (Kawdaw, now Mabein Township).[1]

Mongmit
မိုးမိတ်နယ်
State of the Shan States
1238–1959

Mongmit State in a map of the Shan States
Area 
• 1901
9,225 km2 (3,562 sq mi)
Population 
• 1901
44208
History
History 
• State founded
1238
• Abdication of the last Saopha
1959
Preceded by		 Succeeded by

History Edit

According to tradition Mongmit has its origins in an ancient state named Gandalarattha that was founded before 1000 AD.[2] Mongmit, formerly part of Hsenwi State, was founded in 1238. Thirteen villages of the Mogok Stone Tract were given to Mongmit in 1420 as a reward for helping Yunnan raid Chiang Mai. In 1465, Nang Han Lung, the daughter-in-law of the Saopha (Sawbwa in Burmese) of Mongmit, sent ruby as separate tribute from Hsenwi and succeeded in keeping the former possessions of Hsenwi until 1484 when Mogok was ceded to the Burmese kings.[3][4] It was however not until 1597 that the Saopha of Mongmit was forced to exchange Mogok and Kyatpyin with Tagaung, and they were formally annexed by royal edict.[4][5]

Earlier in 1542, when the Shan ruler of Ava Thohanbwa (1527–1543) marched with the Saophas of Mongmit, Mongyang, Hsipaw, Mogaung, Bhamo and Yawnghwe to come to the aid of Prome against the Burmese, he was defeated by Bayinnaung. In 1544, Hkonmaing (1543-6), Saopha of Onbaung or Hsipaw and successor to Thohanbwa, attempted to regain Prome, with the help of Mongmit, Mongyang, Monè, Hsenwi, Bhamo and Yawnghwe, only to be defeated by King Tabinshwehti (1512–1550).[3]

Bayinnaung succeeded in three campaigns, 1556–9, to reduce the Shan states of Mongmit, Mohnyin, Mogaung, Mongpai, Saga, Lawksawk, Yawnghwe, Hsipaw, Bhamo, Kalay, Chiang Mai, and Linzin, before he raided up the Taping and Shweli Rivers in 1562.[3]

A bell donated by King Bayinnaung (1551–1581) at Shwezigon Pagoda in Bagan has inscriptions in Burmese, Pali and Mon recording the conquest of Mongmit and Hsipaw on 25 January 1557, and the building of a pagoda at Mongmit on 8 February 1557.[6]

British rule Edit

The Saopha of Mongmit had just died at the time of the British annexation in 1885 leaving a minor as heir, and the administration at Mongmit was weak. It was included under the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of the Northern Division instead of the Superintendent of the Northern Shan States. A pretender named Hkam Leng came to claim the title, but he was rejected by the ministers. A Burmese prince called Saw Yan Naing, who had risen up against the British, fled to the area and joined forces with Hkam Leng, and caused a great deal of problems during 1888–9 to the Hampshire Regiment stationed at Mongmit.[7]

Sao Hkun Hkio, Saopha of Mongmit, was one of the seven Saophas on the executive committee of the Shan State Council formed after the first Panglong Conference in March 1946. On 16 January 1947, they sent two memoranda, whilst a Burmese delegation headed by Aung San was in London, to the British Labour government of Clement Attlee demanding equal political footing as Burma proper and full autonomy of the Federated Shan States.[8] He was not one of the six Saophas who signed the Panglong Agreement on 12 February 1947.[9] The Cambridge-educated Sao Hkun Hkio however became the longest serving Foreign Minister of Burma after independence in 1948 until the military coup of Ne Win in 1962, with only short interruptions, the longest one of which being between 1958 and 1960 during Ne Win's caretaker government.[10][11]

Rulers Edit

The rulers of Mongmit bore the title of Saohpa; their ritual style was Gantalarahta Maha Thiriwuntha Raza.[2]

Saophas Edit

  • 60?–6??: Hkun Han Hpa (6th son of Hkun Lu)
  • 939–9??: Sao Ngan Hpa
  • 1122–1168: Hkun Hkam Kyen Hken Hpa
  • 1168–1185: Hkun Ta Ka
  • 1185–1250: Hkun Kome
  • 1250–1308: Hkun Yi Khwai Hkam
  • 1308–1310: Hkun Hpo Srang Kang
  • 1310–1345: Hkun Tai Hkone
  • 1345–1380: Hkun Tai Khaing
  • 1380–1393: Hkam Hkone Yoe
  • 1393–1430: Hso Nyue Hpa
  • 1430–1440: Hso Bok Hpa
  • 1440–1484: Hso Han Hpa
  • 1484–1487: Hso Wei Hpa
  • 1487–1499: Hso Ming Hpa (son of Hso Wei Hpa)
  • 1499–1524: Hso Lu Hpa (younger brother of Hso Ming Hpa)
  • 1524–1528: Hso Kyoeng Hpa
  • 1528–1556: Hso Heeb Hpa
  • 1556–1564: Hso Hsawng Hpa (younger brother of Hso Heeb Hpa)
  • 1564–1596: Hso Sum Hpa (son of Hso Heeb Hpa)
  • 1596–1606: Hso Kyaung Hpa (son of Hso Sum Hpa)
  • 1606–1628: Hso Hung Hpa (son of Hso Kyaung Hpa)
  • 1628–1650: Sao Piam Hpa (son of Hso Hung Hpa)
  • 1650–1687: Hso Ngauk Hpa
  • 1687–1718: Hso Mauk Hpa
  • 1718–1750: Hso Pak Hpa
  • 1750–1787: Hkun Hkam Kying
  • 1787–1796: Hkun Hkam Ming
  • 1796–1817: Hkun Hkam Eink
  • 1817–1830: Hkun Hkam Htin
  • 1830–1837: Sao Mawkmai (Sao Mei Kaeo)
  • 1837–1851: Sao Möng Einth
  • 1851–1858: Sao Hkun Te
  • 1858–1861: Sao Haw Kyin
  • 1862–1868: Sao Möng Nyunt
  • 1868–1874: Sao Hkam Möng
  • 1874–1886: Vacant
  • 1886–1887: Sao Hkam Hlaing
  • 31 January 1887 – 3 February 1937: Sao Khine Möng Hkwaan
  • 3 February 1937 – 1952: Sao Hkun Hkio (b. 1912)

References Edit

  1. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 404.
  2. ^ a b Ben Cahoon (2000). "World Statesmen.org: Shan and Karenni States of Burma". Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  3. ^ a b c Harvey, G E (2000). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. Asian Educational Services, 2000. pp. 101, 107, 109, 165–6. ISBN 978-81-206-1365-2. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  4. ^ a b Morgan, Diane (2008). Fire and Blood: Rubies in Myth, Magic, and History. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-275-99304-7. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  5. ^ Hughes, Richard. "Ruby & Sapphire, chapter12:World Sources". Ruby-Sapphire.com. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  6. ^ U Thaw Kaung. "Accounts of King Bayinnaung's Life and Hanthawady Hsinbyu-myashin Ayedawbon, a Record of his Campaigns". Chulalongkorn University. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
  7. ^ Crosthwaite, Charles (June 1968). The Pacification of Burma. Routledge, 1968. pp. 267–280. ISBN 978-0-7146-2004-6. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
  8. ^ . S.H.A.N. Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  9. ^ "The Panglong Agreement, 1947". Online Burma/Myanmar Library. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  10. ^ "Foreign ministers". rulers.org. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  11. ^ "Mrs. Beatrice Mabel Hkio". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 5 June 1967. Retrieved 2009-03-16.

External links Edit

  • "WHKMLA : History of the Shan States". 18 May 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2010.

23°7′N 96°41′E / 23.117°N 96.683°E / 23.117; 96.683

October 18, 2023
mongmit, state, this, article, about, former, shan, states, present, administrative, division, mongmit, township, town, mongmit, mongmit, möngmit, ᥛᥫᥒᥰ, ᥛᥤᥖ, also, known, momeik, burmese, shan, state, northern, shan, states, what, today, burma, capital, mongmi. This article is about one of the former Shan States For the present day administrative division see Mongmit Township For the town see Mongmit Mongmit or Mongmit Tai Le ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥤᥖ also known as Momeik Burmese မ မ တ was a Shan state in the Northern Shan States in what is today Burma The capital was Mongmit town The state included the townships of Mongmit and Kodaung Kawdaw now Mabein Township 1 Mongmitမ မ တ နယ State of the Shan States1238 1959Mongmit State in a map of the Shan StatesArea 19019 225 km2 3 562 sq mi Population 190144208HistoryHistory State founded1238 Abdication of the last Saopha1959Preceded by Succeeded byAva Kingdom Shan State Contents 1 History 1 1 British rule 1 2 Rulers 1 2 1 Saophas 2 References 3 External linksHistory EditAccording to tradition Mongmit has its origins in an ancient state named Gandalarattha that was founded before 1000 AD 2 Mongmit formerly part of Hsenwi State was founded in 1238 Thirteen villages of the Mogok Stone Tract were given to Mongmit in 1420 as a reward for helping Yunnan raid Chiang Mai In 1465 Nang Han Lung the daughter in law of the Saopha Sawbwa in Burmese of Mongmit sent ruby as separate tribute from Hsenwi and succeeded in keeping the former possessions of Hsenwi until 1484 when Mogok was ceded to the Burmese kings 3 4 It was however not until 1597 that the Saopha of Mongmit was forced to exchange Mogok and Kyatpyin with Tagaung and they were formally annexed by royal edict 4 5 Earlier in 1542 when the Shan ruler of Ava Thohanbwa 1527 1543 marched with the Saophas of Mongmit Mongyang Hsipaw Mogaung Bhamo and Yawnghwe to come to the aid of Prome against the Burmese he was defeated by Bayinnaung In 1544 Hkonmaing 1543 6 Saopha of Onbaung or Hsipaw and successor to Thohanbwa attempted to regain Prome with the help of Mongmit Mongyang Mone Hsenwi Bhamo and Yawnghwe only to be defeated by King Tabinshwehti 1512 1550 3 Bayinnaung succeeded in three campaigns 1556 9 to reduce the Shan states of Mongmit Mohnyin Mogaung Mongpai Saga Lawksawk Yawnghwe Hsipaw Bhamo Kalay Chiang Mai and Linzin before he raided up the Taping and Shweli Rivers in 1562 3 A bell donated by King Bayinnaung 1551 1581 at Shwezigon Pagoda in Bagan has inscriptions in Burmese Pali and Mon recording the conquest of Mongmit and Hsipaw on 25 January 1557 and the building of a pagoda at Mongmit on 8 February 1557 6 British rule Edit The Saopha of Mongmit had just died at the time of the British annexation in 1885 leaving a minor as heir and the administration at Mongmit was weak It was included under the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of the Northern Division instead of the Superintendent of the Northern Shan States A pretender named Hkam Leng came to claim the title but he was rejected by the ministers A Burmese prince called Saw Yan Naing who had risen up against the British fled to the area and joined forces with Hkam Leng and caused a great deal of problems during 1888 9 to the Hampshire Regiment stationed at Mongmit 7 Sao Hkun Hkio Saopha of Mongmit was one of the seven Saophas on the executive committee of the Shan State Council formed after the first Panglong Conference in March 1946 On 16 January 1947 they sent two memoranda whilst a Burmese delegation headed by Aung San was in London to the British Labour government of Clement Attlee demanding equal political footing as Burma proper and full autonomy of the Federated Shan States 8 He was not one of the six Saophas who signed the Panglong Agreement on 12 February 1947 9 The Cambridge educated Sao Hkun Hkio however became the longest serving Foreign Minister of Burma after independence in 1948 until the military coup of Ne Win in 1962 with only short interruptions the longest one of which being between 1958 and 1960 during Ne Win s caretaker government 10 11 Rulers Edit The rulers of Mongmit bore the title of Saohpa their ritual style was Gantalarahta Maha Thiriwuntha Raza 2 Saophas Edit 60 6 Hkun Han Hpa 6th son of Hkun Lu 939 9 Sao Ngan Hpa 1122 1168 Hkun Hkam Kyen Hken Hpa 1168 1185 Hkun Ta Ka 1185 1250 Hkun Kome 1250 1308 Hkun Yi Khwai Hkam 1308 1310 Hkun Hpo Srang Kang 1310 1345 Hkun Tai Hkone 1345 1380 Hkun Tai Khaing 1380 1393 Hkam Hkone Yoe 1393 1430 Hso Nyue Hpa 1430 1440 Hso Bok Hpa 1440 1484 Hso Han Hpa 1484 1487 Hso Wei Hpa 1487 1499 Hso Ming Hpa son of Hso Wei Hpa 1499 1524 Hso Lu Hpa younger brother of Hso Ming Hpa 1524 1528 Hso Kyoeng Hpa 1528 1556 Hso Heeb Hpa 1556 1564 Hso Hsawng Hpa younger brother of Hso Heeb Hpa 1564 1596 Hso Sum Hpa son of Hso Heeb Hpa 1596 1606 Hso Kyaung Hpa son of Hso Sum Hpa 1606 1628 Hso Hung Hpa son of Hso Kyaung Hpa 1628 1650 Sao Piam Hpa son of Hso Hung Hpa 1650 1687 Hso Ngauk Hpa 1687 1718 Hso Mauk Hpa 1718 1750 Hso Pak Hpa 1750 1787 Hkun Hkam Kying 1787 1796 Hkun Hkam Ming 1796 1817 Hkun Hkam Eink 1817 1830 Hkun Hkam Htin 1830 1837 Sao Mawkmai Sao Mei Kaeo 1837 1851 Sao Mong Einth 1851 1858 Sao Hkun Te 1858 1861 Sao Haw Kyin 1862 1868 Sao Mong Nyunt 1868 1874 Sao Hkam Mong 1874 1886 Vacant 1886 1887 Sao Hkam Hlaing 31 January 1887 3 February 1937 Sao Khine Mong Hkwaan 3 February 1937 1952 Sao Hkun Hkio b 1912 References Edit Imperial Gazetteer of India v 17 p 404 a b Ben Cahoon 2000 World Statesmen org Shan and Karenni States of Burma Retrieved 7 July 2014 a b c Harvey G E 2000 History of Burma From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 Asian Educational Services 2000 pp 101 107 109 165 6 ISBN 978 81 206 1365 2 Retrieved 2009 02 17 a b Morgan Diane 2008 Fire and Blood Rubies in Myth Magic and History Greenwood Publishing Group 2007 p 64 ISBN 978 0 275 99304 7 Retrieved 2009 02 17 Hughes Richard Ruby amp Sapphire chapter12 World Sources Ruby Sapphire com Retrieved 2009 02 17 U Thaw Kaung Accounts of King Bayinnaung s Life and Hanthawady Hsinbyu myashin Ayedawbon a Record of his Campaigns Chulalongkorn University Retrieved 2009 02 25 Crosthwaite Charles June 1968 The Pacification of Burma Routledge 1968 pp 267 280 ISBN 978 0 7146 2004 6 Retrieved 2009 02 25 Shans send Memoranda To His Majesty s Government S H A N Archived from the original on 2009 02 11 Retrieved 2009 02 28 The Panglong Agreement 1947 Online Burma Myanmar Library Retrieved 2009 02 28 Foreign ministers rulers org Retrieved 2009 03 16 Mrs Beatrice Mabel Hkio Parliamentary Debates Hansard 5 June 1967 Retrieved 2009 03 16 External links Edit WHKMLA History of the Shan States 18 May 2010 Retrieved 21 December 2010 23 7 N 96 41 E 23 117 N 96 683 E 23 117 96 683 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mongmit State amp oldid 1178049225, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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