Visoki Dečani
The Visoki Dečani Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Високи Дечани, romanized: Manastir Visoki Dečani, Albanian: Manastiri i Deçanit) is a medieval Serbian Orthodox Christian monastery located near Deçan, Kosovo.[a] It was founded in the first half of the 14th century by Stefan Dečanski, King of Serbia.
Visoki Dečani Church | |
Location of Visoki Dečani within Kosovo | |
| Monastery information | |
|---|---|
| Order | Serbian Orthodox |
| Established | 1327–35 |
| Diocese | Eparchy of Raška and Prizren |
| People | |
| Founder(s) | King Stefan Dečanski |
| Abbot | Sava Janjić |
| Important associated figures | Stefan Dečanski, Stefan Dušan |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Serbo-Byzantine style |
| Site | |
| Location | Deçan, Kosovo[a] 661 m (2,168.6 ft) |
| Coordinates | 42°32′48.9984″N 20°15′57.999″E / 42.546944000°N 20.26611083°ECoordinates: 42°32′48.9984″N 20°15′57.999″E / 42.546944000°N 20.26611083°E |
| Public access | yes |
| Website | https://www.decani.org |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | ii, iii, iv |
| Designated | 2004 (28th session) |
| Part of | Medieval Monuments in Kosovo |
| Reference no. | 724 |
| Region | Europe and North America |
| Official name | Manastir Dečani |
| Type | Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance |
| Designated | 1947 |
| Reference no. | SК 1368 |
The Visoki Dečani monastery is located by the Deçan's Lumbardh river gorge at the foot of the Accursed Mountains, in the region of Metohija.[1][2] It is located about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the town of Deçan.[3] The monastery is managed by the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Raška and Prizren. The monastery has been under the legal protection of Serbia since 1947[1] with a designation of Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance. The monastery is part of the World Heritage site named "Medieval Monuments in Kosovo".
History
The construction of the monastery began during the reign of the Serbian King Stefan Dečanski, in 1327. The original founding charter from 1330, also known as the Dečani chrysobull, has been preserved to this day.[4] After his death in 1331, Stefan Dečanski was buried in the still unfinished monastery, the construction of which was continued by his son Stefan Dušan, who became the King of Serbia in the same year.[5] The main architect of the monastery was the Franciscan friar Vito of Kotor.[5][3] According to Branislav Pantelić, the monastery represents the last phase of the Western, Gothic,[6] Byzantine-Romanuesque architecture and contains Byzantine paintings and numerous Romanseque sculptures, part of a "Palaeologan renaissance".[7]
The construction of the monastery lasted for a total of 8 years and ended in 1335. The wooden throne of the hegumen (monastery head) was finished at around this time, and the church interior was decorated. Dečanski's carved wooden sarcophagus was finished in 1340.[4] Those who contributed to the construction of the monastery were collectively gifted a village close to the city of Prizren named Manastirica, where many settled following completion.[8] Serbian princess and Bulgarian empress consort Ana-Neda (d. ca. 1350) was buried in the church.[9]
During the Middle Ages, entire Albanian villages were gifted by Serbian kings, particularly Stefan Dušan, as presents to the Serbian monastery of Deçan, as well as those of Prizren and Tetova.[10][11]
15th–19th century
Bulgarian writer Gregory Tsamblak, author of the Life of Stefan Dečanski, was the hegumen (monastery head) at the beginning of the 15th century. The painter-monk Longin spent two decades in the monastery during the second half of the 16th century and created 15 icons with depictions of the Great Feasts and hermits, as well as his most celebrated work, the icon of Stefan Dečanski. In the late 17th century, the Ottomans plundered the monastery, but inflicted no serious damage.[4] In 1819, archimandrite Zaharija Dečanac became Metropolitan of Raška and Prizren.
20th and 21st century
Following the end of the First Balkan War, the monastery fell within the administration of the Kingdom of Montenegro. The then King Nikola I of Montenegro placed much of the surrounding land under the monastery's jurisdiction.[12] During World War I, the monastery's treasures were plundered by the Austro-Hungarian Army, which occupied Serbia between 1915 and 1918.[13] The monastery fell within the territory of the Italian-ruled Albanian Kingdom during World War II, and was targeted for destruction by the Albanian nationalist Balli Kombëtar and Italian fascist blackshirts in mid-1941. The Royal Italian Army responded by sending a group of soldiers to help protect the monastery from attack.[14][15]
The monastic treasure was exhibited in the rebuilt medieval refectory in 1987.[1] The monastery's monks sheltered refugees of all ethnicities during the Kosovo War, which lasted from March 1998 to June 1999.[2] On 7 May 1998, the corpses of two elderly Albanians were found 400 metres (1,300 ft) from the monastery. They were reportedly killed by the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) for allegedly collaborating with Serbian forces. The KLA staged an attack not far from the monastery on 8 May, killing one person and wounding four others. That evening, Deçan's 300 remaining Serbs came to the monastery to seek shelter.[16]
Albanian civilians seeking refuge in the monastery returned to their homes following the withdrawal of Serbian military from Kosovo in June 1999. An Italian unit of the Kosovo Force (KFOR) was subsequently assigned to guard the monastery, which was attacked on several occasions.[15] Dozens of Romanis sought sanctuary in the monastery over the next several months, fearing retaliatory attacks by their Albanian neighbours, who accused them of collaborating with the Serbs and looting Albanian homes.[17]
During the violent unrest in Kosovo on 17 March 2004, KFOR defended the monastery from an Albanian mob trying to throw Molotov cocktails at it. Several Albanians were shot and wounded in the clash.[18] On 2 July 2004, the monastery was declared a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).[3] UNESCO cited it as "an irreplaceable treasure, a place where traditions of Romanesque architecture meet artistic patterns of the Byzantine world."[2] The monastery, along with all other Serbian Medieval Monuments in Kosovo, was added to the UNESCO list of endangered World Heritage sites in 2006.[4]
Suspected Kosovo Albanian insurgents hurled hand grenades at the monastery on 30 March 2007, but caused little damage. In recent years, the situation around the monastery has stabilized and it has reopened to visitors.[2] Serbian President Boris Tadić attended a service at the monastery in April 2009.[19] U.S. Vice President Joe Biden visited the monastery the following month.[20] In the annual International Religious Freedom Report, the State Department wrote that the Deçan municipal officials continued to refuse to implement a 2016 Constitutional Court decision upholding the Supreme Court’s 2012 ruling recognizing the monastery’s ownership of approximately 24 hectares of land.[21]
Architecture
The church has five-nave naos, a three-part iconostasis, and a three-nave parvise. With the dome, it is 26 m high.[citation needed] Its outer walls are done in alternate layers of white and pink marble. The portals, windows, consoles, and capitals are richly decorated. Christ the Judge is shown surrounded by angels in the western part of the church. Its twenty major cycles of fresco murals represent the largest preserved gallery of Serbian medieval art, featuring over 1000 compositions and several thousand portraits.
Heritage site in danger
Dečani Monastery is one of four World Heritage medieval monuments in Kosovo designated as a heritage site in danger. Since the arrival of KFOR peacekeepers in the region in 1999, attacks on the Monastery have increased. Since 1999 there have been five significant attacks and near miss attacks on the monastery:
- 27 February 2000 – Six grenades hit the Decani Monastery.[22]
- 22 June 2000 – Nine grenades hit the Decani Monastery.[23]
- 17 March 2004 – Seven grenades fell around the monastery walls.[24] This attack formed part of the 2004 unrest in Kosovo.
- 30 March 2007 – One grenade hit the wall behind the church.[25][22]
- 1 February 2016 – Four armed suspects in a motor vehicle were detained at the gates of the monastery. A search of their car found an assault rifle, pistol, ammunition and extremist Islamist printed material. It is unclear whether there is any connection between the case of Decani and an earlier attack in a mosque in Drenas.[26] Dusan Kozarev, member of government of Serbia had claimed a year earlier that the monastery gates were painted with graffiti that read "ISIS", "Caliphate is coming" and "UCK".[27]
Dečani Monastery is currently under 24/7 guard from KFOR. Of the four medieval monuments in Kosovo that are designated as a heritage site in danger, Dečani is the only one under direct guard from KFOR.
In 2021, Europa Nostra has listed Visoki Dečani as one of the seven most endangered cultural heritage sites in Europe.[28][29]
In popular culture
Visoki Dečani, three episodes of the documentary series "Witnesses of Times" produced by the broadcasting service RTB in 1989 was created by PhD Gordana Babic and Petar Savković, directed by Dragoslav Bokan, music was composed by Zoran Hristić.[30]
Other burials
See also
Annotations
- ^ a b The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by at least 101 out of 193 (52.3%) UN member states, while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory. Conflicts have arisen over whether the number of recognizing countries is larger, due to claims that additional states which have recognized subsequently withdrew them.
References
- ^ a b c World Heritage Committee 2003.
- ^ a b c d Burke & March 2009.
- ^ a b c Elsie 2010, p. 72.
- ^ a b c d UNESCO 2006.
- ^ a b Judah 2000, p. 23.
- ^ Walter, Branislav Pantelić, Christopher (2003). Branislav Pantelić, The Architecture of Decani and the Role of Archbishop Danilo II. pp. 257–258. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ DEČANI MONASTERY NOMINATION OF THE CULTURAL MONUMENT FOR INCLUSION ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST (PDF). Kosovo: UNESCO World Heritage. 2004. pp. 32–33, 122–123, 141, 143, 146–147. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ Novak 1954, p. 202.
- ^ Mile Nedeljković (2002). Srpski običajni kalendar: za prostu 2003. godinu. Čin. p. 180. ISBN 9788673740133.
- ^ Iseni, Bashkim (25 January 2008). La question nationale en Europe du Sud-Est : genèse, émergence et développement de l'indentité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine. Bern: P. Lang. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-3039113200.
- ^ Pulaha, Selami (1984). Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve XV XVI. Tirana: 8 Nëntori. p. 9.
- ^ Bop 2017, p. 48.
- ^ Mitrović 2007, p. 230.
- ^ Judah 2000, p. 131.
- ^ a b Judah 2002, p. 287.
- ^ Judah 2002, p. 158.
- ^ Judah 2002, p. 288.
- ^ King & Mason 2006, p. 14.
- ^ BBC & 17 April 2009.
- ^ Tanner & 22 May 2009.
- ^ State Department 2020.
- ^ a b "Decani Monastery Attacked Four Times Between 2000–2007". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ "News from Kosovo". Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Raska and Prizren. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ "Cultural Heritage in South-East Europe: Kosovo" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2009". US Department of State. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- ^ "Kosovo Gunmen Arrested Near Serb Monastery". Balkan Insight. 1 February 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
- ^ "Remarks by Mr Dusan Kozarev, office for Kosovo and Metohija, Government of Serbia made at the Human Dimensions Implementation Meeting in Warsaw". Office for Kosovo and Metohija (Serbia). 30 September 2015.
- ^ "Visoki Dečani na listi sedam najugroženijih lokaliteta kulturnog nasleđa u Evropi". rts.rs (in Serbian). RTS. 8 April 2021.
- ^ "Europa Nostra and EIB Institute announce Europe's 7 Most Endangered heritage sites 2021". europanostra.org. Europa Nostra. 8 April 2021.
- ^ Visoki Dečani – first episode on YouTube Official channel of RTS;Visoki Dečani – second episode on YouTube Official channel of RTS;Visoki Dečani – third episode on YouTube Official channel of RTS
Sources
- "Serbian president visits Kosovo". BBC. 17 April 2009.
- Bop, Ogist (2017). Za srpskom vladom od Niša do Krfa. Belgrade: Čigoja. ISBN 978-86-531-0069-8.
- Burke, Kathleen (March 2009). "Endangered Site: Visoki Decani Monastery, Kosovo". Smithsonian Magazine.
- Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Kosovo. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-7483-1.
- Judah, Tim (2000). The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (2nd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08507-5.
- Judah, Tim (2002). Kosovo: War and Revenge. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09725-2.
- King, Ian; Mason, Whit (2006). Peace at Any Price: How the World Failed Kosovo. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4539-2.
- Mitrović, Andrej (2007). Serbia's Great War, 1914–1918. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-477-4.
- "Visoki Dečani". Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. 2006.
- Tanner, Adam (22 May 2009). . Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009.
- "Medieval Monuments in Kosovo". UNESCO. 2006.
- "Dečani (Serbia–Montenegro)" (PDF). World Heritage Committee. 2003.
- "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Kosovo". United States Department of State. 2020.
- Novak, Viktor (1954). Историјски часопис 4 (1952-1953). Yugoslavia: Istorijski institut.
Further reading
- Antić, Ivana. Das Kloster Visoki Dečani. Manastir Visoki Dečani, 2008.
- Burke, Kathleen. "VISOKI DECANI MONASTERY, KOSOVO A Medieval Refuge." SMITHSONIAN 39.12 (2009): 46–47.
- Babić, Gordana (1995). Djurić, Vojislav J. (ed.). "Zidno slikarstvo manastira Decana: grada i studije". Belgrade: SANU.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
- Đorđević, Života; Pejić, Svetlana, eds. (1999). Cultural Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija. Belgrade: Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Serbia. ISBN 9788680879161.
- Ferrari, Silvio; Benzo, Andrea (2014). Between Cultural Diversity and Common Heritage: Legal and Religious Perspectives on the Sacred Places of the Mediterranean. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781317175032.
- Grozdanović-Pajić, Miroslava; Stanković, Radoman (1995). "Rukopisne knjige manastira Visoki Dečani: Vodeni znaci i datiranje". Narodna biblioteka Srbije.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Ivić, Pavle, ed. (1995). The History of Serbian Culture. Edgware: Porthill Publishers. ISBN 9781870732314.
- KESIC-RISTIC, Sanja, and Dragan VOJVODIC. "Zidno slikarstvo manastira Decana: grada i studije; La peinture murale du monastère de Decani: matériaux et études; Beograd; Srpska akademija nauka i umjetnosti Menolog." (1995).
- Krstić, Branislav (2003). Saving the Cultural Heritage of Serbia and Europe in Kosovo and Metohia. Belgrade: Coordination Center of the Federal Government and the Government of the Republic of Serbia for Kosovo and Metohia. ISBN 9788675560173.
- Marković, Miodrag; Vojvodić, Dragan, eds. (2017). Serbian Artistic Heritage in Kosovo and Metohija: Identity, Significance, Vulnerability. Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
- Pantelić, Bratislav (2002). The Architecture of Dečani and the Role of Archbishop Danilo II. Wiesbaden: Reichert. ISBN 9783895002397.
- Peić, Sava (1994). Medieval Serbian Culture. London: Alpine Fine Arts Collection.
- Petković, Vesna; Peić, Sava (2013). Serbian Medieval Cultural Heritage. Belgrade: Dereta.
- Ristanović, Petar R. "Guestbook of monastery Visoki Decani: 1924–1945: As historical source." Baština 39 (2015): 171–188.
- Šakota, Mirjana (2017). Ottoman Chronicles: Dečani Monastery Archives. Prizren: Diocese of Raška-Prizren.
- Samardžić, Radovan; Duškov, Milan, eds. (1993). Serbs in European Civilization. Belgrade: Nova, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies. ISBN 9788675830153.
- Sindik, N. (2011). Bogdanović, D.; et al. (eds.). "Opis ćirilskih rukopisnih knjiga manastira Visoki Dečani" [Description of Cyrillic Manuscripts From Monastery Visoki Dečani]. Opis Južnoslovenskih ćirilskih Rukopisa. Belgrade: Narodna biblioteka Srbije. 4.
- Subotić, Gojko (1998). Art of Kosovo: The Sacred Land. New York: The Monacelli Press. ISBN 9781580930062.
- Todić, Branislav; Čanak-Medić, Milka (2013). The Dečani Monastery. Belgrade: Museum in Priština. ISBN 9788651916536.
- Živković, Tibor; Bojanin, Stanoje; Petrović, Vladeta, eds. (2000). Selected Charters of Serbian Rulers (XII-XV Century): Relating to the Territory of Kosovo and Metohia. Athens: Center for Studies of Byzantine Civilisation.
External links
- Dečani Monastery- Virtual Tours and Photo Collections of the BLAGO Fund
- Evaluation by the World Heritage Committee