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Fur Formation

January 01, 1970

The Fur Formation is a marine geological formation of Ypresian (Lower Eocene Epoch, c. 56.0-54.5 Ma) age which crops out in the Limfjord region of northern Denmark from Silstrup via Mors and Fur to Ertebølle, and can be seen in many cliffs and quarries in the area. The Diatomite Cliffs (moler in Danish) is on the Danish list of tentative candidates for World Heritage and may become a World Heritage site.[1] Fossils found in the Fur Formation are primarily housed at the Fossil and Mo-clay Museum on Mors Island, the Fur Museum on Fur Island, and the Natural History Museum of Denmark (formerly named Geological Museum) in Copenhagen.

Fur Formation
Stratigraphic range: Ypresian
~55.8–53.5 Ma
↓
Coastal cliff on the Danish island Fur - Mo-clay and ash layers
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsSee: Members
UnderliesRøsnes Ler
OverliesHolmehus Formation
Thickness60 metres (200 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryDiatomite
Location
Coordinates56°50′16″N 8°57′43″E / 56.83778°N 8.96194°E / 56.83778; 8.96194
Country Denmark
Type section
Named forFur

Geology edit

The Fur Formation is a unit of diatomitic sediment approximately 60 meters thick consisting of diatoms and clay minerals with up to 180 layers of volcanic ash.[2] In Danish literature the formation has informally been referred to as the moler (Ler means clay). The diatomite comprises 2/3 opal tests of diatoms and 1/3 clay, interbedded with layers of volcanic ash and a few limestone horizons ('cementstones'), and has exceptionally complete fossil preservation.

It is known for its abundant fossil fish, insects, reptiles, birds and plants. The Fur Formation was deposited just above the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary, about 55 million years ago, and its tropical or sub-tropical flora indicate that the climate after the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum was moderately warm (approximately 4-8 degrees warmer than today).

Glacial activity has moved and folded all exposed moler in a complicated pattern which permits very precise mapping of glacial movement at the end of the last ice age, and has, due to the ash layers, created an extraordinary pedagogical case for studying tectonics.

Members edit

The Fur Formation is divided into two members: The lower Knudeklint Member was named for a location on the island of Fur. The upper Silstrup Member was named for a location in Thy. The stratigraphy exposed at Knudeklint constitutes the unit that containing the Paleocene/Eocene boundary informally named Stolleklint Clay, which grades up into the Fur Formation.

Paleontological significance edit

Fossils of great diversity and unique preservation (only 10 my. after the 'great extinction' of dinosaurs, ammonites etc.) Most unusual, if not unique, diversity of life from both ocean and land with extremely good preservation of details rarely seen, therefore very reliable reconstruction of palaeobiology. By far most of the "Danekræ" fossils (fossils that are considered of national importance and covered by a special law) since 1990 have been found in the Mo-clay area.[3]

Birds edit

The earliest Paleogene fauna of any diversity, over 30 species, including some near complete, some preserved in 3-D, and some excellent bird-fossils (even with feathers and chromatine). Most are earliest known representatives of their orders (e.g. Trogons, Swifts, Ibises) and all are terrestrial birds.[4][5][6]

  • †Septentrogon madseni

Reptiles edit

Several fossil sea turtles are known from the Fur Formation.[6] In one of them, a large leatherback turtle (Eosphargis breineri)[13] remains of soft tissue and skin pigmentation have been recovered[14] A number of well-preserved turtle specimens have been recovered from the formation, two of which have been recognized to be a completely new species of the genus Tasbacka.[15] Sea snakes are also known from the formation.[16][17]

Fish edit

Large teleostean fauna, oceanic, possibly including earliest truly deep water fish, a 'whale-fish'; earliest members of many living families and Tertiary diversity preserved as complete skeletons; some rare and sensational large and complete specimens (two 'bony tongues', one tarpon.[6][21]

  •  
    Surlykus longigracilis[22] - The most common species of fish in the Fur Formation.
  •  
    Antigonia- Small Eocene fish from the Fur Formation, Denmark.
  •  
    Polymixiid - Early Eocene fish from the Fur Formation, Denmark.
  •  
    Unidentified fish from the Fur Formation at Fur Museum, Denmark
  •  
    Palaeocentrotus

Insects edit

Huge fauna from land, over 200 species, many are oldest of their families; many with colour spots and eye lenses, some extraordinary preservation with stridulation (sound) apparatus in grasshoppers, and apparently migratory moth mass mortality.[6][23][24][25]

Species described include:

Crustacea edit

Extraordinary cirripeds (barnacles), and the only fossil shrimps from Denmark.[26]

  •  
    Shrimp Penaeus hamleti, Stolleklint Clay
  •  
    Crab Portofuria enigmatica,Stolleklint Clay
  •  
    Shrimp Morscrangon acutus

Molluscs edit

Land plants edit

Some members of the 'Arcto-Tertiary flora'; some with cuticle preservation and some flowers preserved. Large silicified trunks (up to 9 m) of redwood, and some very soft wood preserved. Some trunks with mussels and barnacles attached. Many seeds and fruits.[6][27]

  •  
    Undidentified leaf
  •  
    Unidentified leaf
  •  
    Jenkinsella sp. seeds
  •  
    unidentified flower.

Diatoms edit

Great diversity of unicellular, marine algae with siliceous (opal) tests, 130 species.[28]

Ash layers edit

More than 200 layers of volcanic ash of predominantly basaltic composition have been found within the Mo-clay of the Fur Formation. 179 of the most prominent ash layers have been numbered. Comparison with volcanic ash layers in oil wells in the North Sea indicates that the Mo-clay is coeval with the Sele Formation and Balder Formation in the North Sea.[29] The ash layers have also been found at other sites in Denmark, England, Austria and the Bay of Biscay.

The total eruption volume of this series have been calculated as 21,000 km3, which occurred in 600,000 years. The most powerful single eruption of this series took place 54.0 million years ago (Ma) and ejected ca. 1,200 km3 of ash material, which makes it one of the largest basaltic pyroclastic eruptions in geological history. [30]

  •  
    Image showing the distinct geological layers.
  •  
    An inland location.
  •  
    These cliffs of Fur have been a rich source of fossils.
  •  
    Mo-clay with layers of volcanic ash

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ . Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
  2. ^ Pedersen, G.K. & Surlyk, F. 1983: The Fur Formation, a late Paleocene ash-bearing diatomite from northern Denmark. Bulletin Geological Society of Denmark, 32, 43-65.
  3. ^ Bonde, N., Andersen, S., Hals, N., and Jakobsen, S.T. (2008). Danekræ - Danmarks bedste fossiler. Copenhagen: Gyldendal. 224 pp.
  4. ^ DYKE, G. J., WATERHOUSE, D. M. & KRISTOFFERSEN, A. V. 2004: Three new fossil landbirds from the early Paleogene of Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 51, 47–56.
  5. ^ KRISTOFFERSEN, A. V. 2002b. An Early Paleogene trogon (Aves: Trogoniformes) from the Fur Formation, Denmark. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 661–666.
  6. ^ a b c d e Pedersen, G. K., Pedersen, S. A. S., Bonde, N., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Larsen, L. M., Lindow, B., Madsen, H., Pedersen, A. K., Rust, J., Schultz, B. P., Storey, M. og Willumsen, P. S. 2012: Molerområdets geologi – sedimenter, fossiler, askelag og glacialtektonik. Geologisk Tidsskrift 2011, pp. 41–135, [1]
  7. ^ LEONARD, L., DYKE, G. J., & TUINEN, M. V. 2005. A new specimen of the fossil palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Number 3491, 11 pp.
  8. ^ LINDOW, B.,& DYKE, G. J. 2007. A small galliform bird from the Lower Eocene Fur Formation. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, vol. 55, 59-63.; LINDOW s 56-63
  9. ^ Bertelli, Sara; Chiappe, Luis M.; Mayr, Gerald (2011). "A new Messel rail from the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark (Aves, Messelornithidae)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 9 (4): 551–562. doi:10.1080/14772019.2010.538730. S2CID 84880556.
  10. ^ BERTELLI, S., LINDOW, B., DYKE, G. J., & CHIAPPE, L. M. 2010. A well-preserved 'Charadriiform-like' fossil bird from the early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark. Palaeontology, Vol. 53, part 3, 507-531.;LINDOW s 76-117
  11. ^ WATERHOUSE, D. M., LINDOW, B., ZELENKOV, N. V., & DYKE, G. J. 2008. Two new parrots (Psittaciformes) From the Lower Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark. Palaeontology, Vol. 51, Part 3, 575-582.
  12. ^ DYKE, G.J., WATERHOUSE, D. M., & KRISTOFFERSEN, A.V. 2004. Three new fossil landbirds from the early Paleogene of Denmark, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark. Vol. 51, 77-85. Copenhagen.
  13. ^ a b NIELSEN, E. 1963. On the postcranial skeleton of Eosphargis breineri Nielsen. Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening, 15, 281–328
  14. ^ Lindgren, Johan; Sjövall, Peter; Carney, Ryan M.; Uvdal, Per; Gren, Johan A.; Dyke, Gareth; Schultz, Bo Pagh; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Barnes, Kenneth R.; Polcyn, Michael J. (2014). "Skin pigmentation provides evidence of convergent melanism in extinct marine reptiles". Nature. 506 (7489): 484–488. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..484L. doi:10.1038/nature12899. PMID 24402224. S2CID 4468035.
  15. ^ a b Karl, H.-V. & Madsen, H. (2012): Tasbacka danica n. sp., A new Eocene marine turtle of Denmark (Testudines: Chelonioidea).- Studia Palaeocheloniologica 4: 193-204
  16. ^ a b HOCH, E. 1975. Amniote remnants from the eastern part of the Lower Eocene North Sea Basin. Colloque International du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 218, 543–562.
  17. ^ a b Kristensen, H.V., Cuny, G., Rasmussen, A.R., ang Madsen, H., 2012: Earliest record of the fossil snake Palaeophis from the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in Denmark. Bull. Soc. géol. France, 2012, t. 183, no 6, p. 623-627
  18. ^ a b De La Garza, R. G.; Madsen, H.; Sjövall, P.; Osbӕck, F.; Zheng, W.; Jarenmark, M.; Schweitzer, M. H.; Engdahl, A.; Uvdal, P.; Eriksson, M. E.; Lindgren, J. (2022). "An ancestral hard-shelled sea turtle with a mosaic of soft skin and scutes". Scientific Reports. 12 (1). 22655. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1222655D. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26941-1. PMC 9805447. PMID 36587051.
  19. ^ Nielsen, E., 1959: Eocene Turtles from Denmark, Dansk Geologisk Forening, BD. 14, Hefte 2. p. 96-115 | http://2dgf.dk/xpdf/bull-1959-14-2-96-114.pdf
  20. ^ a b . geologi.snm.ku.dk. Archived from the original on 2015-10-01.
  21. ^ BONDE, N. 1997: A distinct fish fauna in the basal ashseries of the Fur/Ølst Formation (U. Paleocene, Denmark). Aarhus Geoscience, 6, 33–48.
  22. ^ Schrøder, Anne Elise (2023). "The argentiniform Surlykus longigracilis gen. et sp. nov., the most abundant fish from the Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark" (PDF). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark. 72: 18.
  23. ^ ARCHIBALD, S. B. &MARKARKIN, V. N. 2006: Tertiary Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae): Revision and description of new taxa from Western North America and Denmark. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 4, 119–155.
  24. ^ LARSSON, S.G., 1975: Palaeobiology and mode of burial of the insects of the Lower Eocene Mo-clay of Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, vol. 24 p. 193-209. [2]
  25. ^ Szwedo, J. (2008). "A new tribe of Dictyopharidae planthoppers from Eocene Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea), with a brief review of the fossil record of the family". Palaeodiversity. 1: 75–85.
  26. ^ GARASSINO, A. & JAKOBSEN, S. L. 2005: Morscrangon acutus n. gen. n. sp. (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea) from the Fur Formation (Early Eocene) of the Islands of Mors and Fur (Denmark). Atti Societa italiana di Scienze naturali, Museo civico di Storia nataturale, Milano, 146, 95–107.
  27. ^ Sakala, J., & Gryc, V., 2011: A new species of Rhysocaryoxylon (Juglandaceae) from the Lower Eocene Fur Formation of Mors island (northwest Jutland, Denmark). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 59, p 45–49
  28. ^ HOMANN, M. 1991. Die Diatomeen der Fur Formation. Geologisches Jahrbuch, A 123, 1–285.
  29. ^ Pedersen, S.A.S (2008). "Paleogene diatomite deposits in Denmark: geological investigations and applied aspects" (PDF). Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin. 15: 21–24. doi:10.34194/geusb.v15.5034.
  30. ^ Egger, H. and Brückl, E., 2006: Gigantic volcanic eruptions and climatic change in the early Eocene - International Journal of Earth Sciences, Volume 95, Number 6, 1065-1070.

External links edit

 
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January 01, 1970
formation, marine, geological, formation, ypresian, lower, eocene, epoch, which, crops, limfjord, region, northern, denmark, from, silstrup, mors, ertebølle, seen, many, cliffs, quarries, area, diatomite, cliffs, moler, danish, danish, list, tentative, candida. The Fur Formation is a marine geological formation of Ypresian Lower Eocene Epoch c 56 0 54 5 Ma age which crops out in the Limfjord region of northern Denmark from Silstrup via Mors and Fur to Ertebolle and can be seen in many cliffs and quarries in the area The Diatomite Cliffs moler in Danish is on the Danish list of tentative candidates for World Heritage and may become a World Heritage site 1 Fossils found in the Fur Formation are primarily housed at the Fossil and Mo clay Museum on Mors Island the Fur Museum on Fur Island and the Natural History Museum of Denmark formerly named Geological Museum in Copenhagen Fur FormationStratigraphic range Ypresian 55 8 53 5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Coastal cliff on the Danish island Fur Mo clay and ash layersTypeGeological formationSub unitsSee MembersUnderliesRosnes LerOverliesHolmehus FormationThickness60 metres 200 ft LithologyPrimaryDiatomiteLocationCoordinates56 50 16 N 8 57 43 E 56 83778 N 8 96194 E 56 83778 8 96194Country DenmarkType sectionNamed forFur Contents 1 Geology 1 1 Members 2 Paleontological significance 2 1 Birds 2 2 Reptiles 2 3 Fish 2 4 Insects 2 5 Crustacea 2 6 Molluscs 2 7 Land plants 2 8 Diatoms 3 Ash layers 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksGeology editThe Fur Formation is a unit of diatomitic sediment approximately 60 meters thick consisting of diatoms and clay minerals with up to 180 layers of volcanic ash 2 In Danish literature the formation has informally been referred to as the moler Ler means clay The diatomite comprises 2 3 opal tests of diatoms and 1 3 clay interbedded with layers of volcanic ash and a few limestone horizons cementstones and has exceptionally complete fossil preservation It is known for its abundant fossil fish insects reptiles birds and plants The Fur Formation was deposited just above the Palaeocene Eocene boundary about 55 million years ago and its tropical or sub tropical flora indicate that the climate after the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum was moderately warm approximately 4 8 degrees warmer than today Glacial activity has moved and folded all exposed moler in a complicated pattern which permits very precise mapping of glacial movement at the end of the last ice age and has due to the ash layers created an extraordinary pedagogical case for studying tectonics Members edit The Fur Formation is divided into two members The lower Knudeklint Member was named for a location on the island of Fur The upper Silstrup Member was named for a location in Thy The stratigraphy exposed at Knudeklint constitutes the unit that containing the Paleocene Eocene boundary informally named Stolleklint Clay which grades up into the Fur Formation Paleontological significance editFossils of great diversity and unique preservation only 10 my after the great extinction of dinosaurs ammonites etc Most unusual if not unique diversity of life from both ocean and land with extremely good preservation of details rarely seen therefore very reliable reconstruction of palaeobiology By far most of the Danekrae fossils fossils that are considered of national importance and covered by a special law since 1990 have been found in the Mo clay area 3 Birds edit The earliest Paleogene fauna of any diversity over 30 species including some near complete some preserved in 3 D and some excellent bird fossils even with feathers and chromatine Most are earliest known representatives of their orders e g Trogons Swifts Ibises and all are terrestrial birds 4 5 6 Lithornithiformes 7 Galliformes 8 Gruiformes Rallidae Messelornithidae 9 Apodiformes Swifts Charadriiformes 10 Psittaciformes 11 Musophagiformes Coliiformes 12 Strigiformes Caprimulgiformes Coraciiformes Trogoniformes Primoscenidae Trogonidae Septentrogon madseni dd nbsp Septencoracias morsensis nbsp Bird skeleton at Fur Museum nbsp Bird Charadriiformes nbsp Bird head with preserved feathers Reptiles edit Several fossil sea turtles are known from the Fur Formation 6 In one of them a large leatherback turtle Eosphargis breineri 13 remains of soft tissue and skin pigmentation have been recovered 14 A number of well preserved turtle specimens have been recovered from the formation two of which have been recognized to be a completely new species of the genus Tasbacka 15 Sea snakes are also known from the formation 16 17 nbsp Leatherback turtle Eosphargis breineri skull cast at Geological Museum in Copenhagen nbsp Sea turtle Tasbacka danica Complete unique fossil baby sea turtle Length 10 5 cm nbsp Sea snake Palaeophis sp in Early Eocene Stolleklint Clay nbsp pan Cheloniidae sp specimen DK 807 collected in 2013 18 Palaeophis Sea snake 16 17 Eosphargis brenieri Leatherback turtle 13 Cheloniidae and pan Cheloniidae 18 Puppigerus 19 20 Glarichelys 20 Tasbacka 15 Fish edit Large teleostean fauna oceanic possibly including earliest truly deep water fish a whale fish earliest members of many living families and Tertiary diversity preserved as complete skeletons some rare and sensational large and complete specimens two bony tongues one tarpon 6 21 nbsp Surlykus longigracilis 22 The most common species of fish in the Fur Formation nbsp Antigonia Small Eocene fish from the Fur Formation Denmark nbsp Polymixiid Early Eocene fish from the Fur Formation Denmark nbsp Unidentified fish from the Fur Formation at Fur Museum Denmark nbsp Palaeocentrotus Archaeozeus Protozeus Insects edit Huge fauna from land over 200 species many are oldest of their families many with colour spots and eye lenses some extraordinary preservation with stridulation sound apparatus in grasshoppers and apparently migratory moth mass mortality 6 23 24 25 Species described include Cimbrophlebia bittaciformis a Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly Limfjordia breineri A dictyopharid plant hopper Forficula paleocaenica a forficulid earwig Ypresiomyrma rebekkae a bull dog ant nbsp Forficula paleocaenica earwig nbsp Cimbrophlebia bittaciformis Mecoptera Fur Museum Denmark nbsp Hemiptera Pentatomidae nbsp Parasitic wasp nbsp Ypresiomyrma rebekkae holotype in Stolleklint Clay nbsp Mosquito diptera nbsp Mosquito diptera nbsp Lacewing Neuroptera nbsp Lacewing Palaeopsychops latifasciatus Crustacea edit Extraordinary cirripeds barnacles and the only fossil shrimps from Denmark 26 nbsp Shrimp Penaeus hamleti Stolleklint Clay nbsp Crab Portofuria enigmatica Stolleklint Clay nbsp Shrimp Morscrangon acutus Molluscs edit Gari sp Mytilus sp Nucula sp nbsp Mussel at Geological Museum in Copenhagen Land plants edit Some members of the Arcto Tertiary flora some with cuticle preservation and some flowers preserved Large silicified trunks up to 9 m of redwood and some very soft wood preserved Some trunks with mussels and barnacles attached Many seeds and fruits 6 27 nbsp Undidentified leaf nbsp Unidentified leaf nbsp Jenkinsella sp seeds nbsp unidentified flower Diatoms edit Great diversity of unicellular marine algae with siliceous opal tests 130 species 28 Ash layers editMore than 200 layers of volcanic ash of predominantly basaltic composition have been found within the Mo clay of the Fur Formation 179 of the most prominent ash layers have been numbered Comparison with volcanic ash layers in oil wells in the North Sea indicates that the Mo clay is coeval with the Sele Formation and Balder Formation in the North Sea 29 The ash layers have also been found at other sites in Denmark England Austria and the Bay of Biscay The total eruption volume of this series have been calculated as 21 000 km3 which occurred in 600 000 years The most powerful single eruption of this series took place 54 0 million years ago Ma and ejected ca 1 200 km3 of ash material which makes it one of the largest basaltic pyroclastic eruptions in geological history 30 nbsp Image showing the distinct geological layers nbsp An inland location nbsp These cliffs of Fur have been a rich source of fossils nbsp Mo clay with layers of volcanic ashSee also editList of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in DenmarkReferences edit The Heritage Agency of Denmark Archived from the original on 2012 03 22 Retrieved 2010 12 01 Pedersen G K amp Surlyk F 1983 The Fur Formation a late Paleocene ash bearing diatomite from northern Denmark Bulletin Geological Society of Denmark 32 43 65 Bonde N Andersen S Hals N and Jakobsen S T 2008 Danekrae Danmarks bedste fossiler Copenhagen Gyldendal 224 pp DYKE G J WATERHOUSE D M amp KRISTOFFERSEN A V 2004 Three new fossil landbirds from the early Paleogene of Denmark Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 51 47 56 KRISTOFFERSEN A V 2002b An Early Paleogene trogon Aves Trogoniformes from the Fur Formation Denmark Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 661 666 a b c d e Pedersen G K Pedersen S A S Bonde N Heilmann Clausen C Larsen L M Lindow B Madsen H Pedersen A K Rust J Schultz B P Storey M og Willumsen P S 2012 Moleromradets geologi sedimenter fossiler askelag og glacialtektonik Geologisk Tidsskrift 2011 pp 41 135 1 LEONARD L DYKE G J amp TUINEN M V 2005 A new specimen of the fossil palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark American Museum of Natural History New York Number 3491 11 pp LINDOW B amp DYKE G J 2007 A small galliform bird from the Lower Eocene Fur Formation Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark vol 55 59 63 LINDOW s 56 63 Bertelli Sara Chiappe Luis M Mayr Gerald 2011 A new Messel rail from the Early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark Aves Messelornithidae Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9 4 551 562 doi 10 1080 14772019 2010 538730 S2CID 84880556 BERTELLI S LINDOW B DYKE G J amp CHIAPPE L M 2010 A well preserved Charadriiform like fossil bird from the early Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark Palaeontology Vol 53 part 3 507 531 LINDOW s 76 117 WATERHOUSE D M LINDOW B ZELENKOV N V amp DYKE G J 2008 Two new parrots Psittaciformes From the Lower Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark Palaeontology Vol 51 Part 3 575 582 DYKE G J WATERHOUSE D M amp KRISTOFFERSEN A V 2004 Three new fossil landbirds from the early Paleogene of Denmark Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark Vol 51 77 85 Copenhagen a b NIELSEN E 1963 On the postcranial skeleton of Eosphargis breineri Nielsen Meddelelser fra Dansk Geologisk Forening 15 281 328 Lindgren Johan Sjovall Peter Carney Ryan M Uvdal Per Gren Johan A Dyke Gareth Schultz Bo Pagh Shawkey Matthew D Barnes Kenneth R Polcyn Michael J 2014 Skin pigmentation provides evidence of convergent melanism in extinct marine reptiles Nature 506 7489 484 488 Bibcode 2014Natur 506 484L doi 10 1038 nature12899 PMID 24402224 S2CID 4468035 a b Karl H V amp Madsen H 2012 Tasbacka danica n sp A new Eocene marine turtle of Denmark Testudines Chelonioidea Studia Palaeocheloniologica 4 193 204 a b HOCH E 1975 Amniote remnants from the eastern part of the Lower Eocene North Sea Basin Colloque International du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris 218 543 562 a b Kristensen H V Cuny G Rasmussen A R ang Madsen H 2012 Earliest record of the fossil snake Palaeophis from the Paleocene Eocene boundary in Denmark Bull Soc geol France 2012 t 183 no 6 p 623 627 a b De La Garza R G Madsen H Sjovall P Osbӕck F Zheng W Jarenmark M Schweitzer M H Engdahl A Uvdal P Eriksson M E Lindgren J 2022 An ancestral hard shelled sea turtle with a mosaic of soft skin and scutes Scientific Reports 12 1 22655 Bibcode 2022NatSR 1222655D doi 10 1038 s41598 022 26941 1 PMC 9805447 PMID 36587051 Nielsen E 1959 Eocene Turtles from Denmark Dansk Geologisk Forening BD 14 Hefte 2 p 96 115 http 2dgf dk xpdf bull 1959 14 2 96 114 pdf a b Danekrae side 12 Kobenhavns Universitet geologi snm ku dk Archived from the original on 2015 10 01 BONDE N 1997 A distinct fish fauna in the basal ashseries of the Fur Olst Formation U Paleocene Denmark Aarhus Geoscience 6 33 48 Schroder Anne Elise 2023 The argentiniform Surlykus longigracilis gen et sp nov the most abundant fish from the Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark PDF Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 72 18 ARCHIBALD S B amp MARKARKIN V N 2006 Tertiary Giant Lacewings Neuroptera Polystoechotidae Revision and description of new taxa from Western North America and Denmark Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4 119 155 LARSSON S G 1975 Palaeobiology and mode of burial of the insects of the Lower Eocene Mo clay of Denmark Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark vol 24 p 193 209 2 Szwedo J 2008 A new tribe of Dictyopharidae planthoppers from Eocene Baltic amber Hemiptera Fulgoromorpha Fulgoroidea with a brief review of the fossil record of the family Palaeodiversity 1 75 85 GARASSINO A amp JAKOBSEN S L 2005 Morscrangon acutus n gen n sp Crustacea Decapoda Caridea from the Fur Formation Early Eocene of the Islands of Mors and Fur Denmark Atti Societa italiana di Scienze naturali Museo civico di Storia nataturale Milano 146 95 107 Sakala J amp Gryc V 2011 A new species of Rhysocaryoxylon Juglandaceae from the Lower Eocene Fur Formation of Mors island northwest Jutland Denmark Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark Vol 59 p 45 49 HOMANN M 1991 Die Diatomeen der Fur Formation Geologisches Jahrbuch A 123 1 285 Pedersen S A S 2008 Paleogene diatomite deposits in Denmark geological investigations and applied aspects PDF Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 15 21 24 doi 10 34194 geusb v15 5034 Egger H and Bruckl E 2006 Gigantic volcanic eruptions and climatic change in the early Eocene International Journal of Earth Sciences Volume 95 Number 6 1065 1070 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fur Formation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Fur Formation amp oldid 1222110789, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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