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Mitsubishi Kinsei

March 04, 2024

The Mitsubishi Kinsei (金星, Venus) was a 14-cylinder, air-cooled, twin-row radial aircraft engine developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Japan in 1934 for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Mitsubishi model designation for this engine was A8 while it was an experimental project; in service, it was known as the MK8 "Kinsei" by the Navy. In 1941 the engine was adopted by Army, receiving designation Ha-112[1] (later Ha-112-I, 1,300hp Army Type 1). In May 1943 it received Ha-33 unified designation code.[2]

Kinsei
Type Radial engine
National origin Japan
Manufacturer Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
First run 1932
Major applications Aichi D3A
Yokosuka D4Y3-D4Y4
Kawasaki Ki-100
Number built 12,228
Developed from Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet
Developed into Mitsubishi Shinten, Mitsubishi Zuisei, Mitsubishi Kasei, Ha-43(Ha-211)

Design and development edit

Early Kinsei models (1 and 2) had A4 internal designation and their cylinder and detail design was based on the single-row, 9-cylinder air-cooled Pratt and Whitney R-1690 Hornet.[3]

In 1933 engine underwent a major redesign and redesignated A8. Head layout was reversed to allow exhaust exit to the rear, reducing back-pressure and allowing for a cleaner installation. Compression ratio increased from 5.3:1 to 6.0:1. These changes resulted in a significant performance uplift, compared to previous variants.[4]

Kinsei 41 saw ever further increase in compression ratio from 6.0:1 to 6.6:1, and a larger supercharger. It's also the first variant to receive a two-digit model numbers. 40 series remained in production from 1936 till the end of the war.

Kinsei 50 series saw the final compression ratio increase to 7.0:1. Indirect fuel injection was fitted as well as a larger two-speed supercharger.

Kinsei 60 series was introduction of direct injection and later, a turbo-supercharger. Its development was run parallel to 50 series. Production started in 1940 and lasted till the end of the war.[5]

Variants edit

Early (A4) variants edit

Data from Goodwin[6]

Kinsei 1
820 hp (610 kW) at 2300 rpm at takeoff
650 hp (480 kW) at 2100 rpm at sea level
Kinsei 2
830 hp (620 kW) at 2350 rpm at takeoff
630 hp (470 kW) at 2100 rpm at 1,000 m (3,300 ft)

Late (A8) variants edit

Data from Goodwin[7]

Kinsei 3
790 hp (590 kW) at 2150 rpm at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
Kinsei 41
1,075 hp (802 kW) at 2500 rpm at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
990 hp (740 kW) at 2500 rpm at 2,800 m (9,200 ft)
Higher compression ratio, supercharger
Kinsei 42
1,075 hp (802 kW) at 2500 rpm at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
990 hp (740 kW) at 2500 rpm at 2,800 m (9,200 ft)
Air pump
Kinsei 43
1,000 hp (750 kW) at 2400 rpm at sea level
990 hp (740 kW) at 2400 rpm at 2,800 m (9,200 ft)
De-rated for economy
Model 44
1,070 hp (800 kW) at sea level
1,080 hp (810 kW) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
Machine gun synchroniser
Kinsei 45
1,075 hp (802 kW) at sea level
1,000 hp (750 kW) at 4,180 m (13,710 ft)
Kinsei 46
930 hp (690 kW) at sea level
1,070 hp (800 kW) at 4,200 m (13,800 ft)
De-rated for extreme economy
Kinsei 51 (MK8A)
1,200 hp (890 kW) at 2500 rpm at 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
1,100 hp (820 kW) at 2500 rpm at 6,200 m (20,300 ft)
Redesigned cylinder head, added indirect fuel injection, larger two-speed supercharger
Kinsei 52 (MK8B) (Ha-112-I)
1,200 hp (890 kW) at 2500 rpm at 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
1,100 hp (820 kW) at 2500 rpm at 6,200 m (20,300 ft)
Added water injection
Kinsei 53 (MK8C)
1,200 hp (890 kW) at 2500 rpm at 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
1,100 hp (820 kW) at 2500 rpm at 6,200 m (20,300 ft)
Higher pressure oil pump
Kinsei 54 (MK8D)
1,200 hp (890 kW) at 2500 rpm at 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
1,100 hp (820 kW) at 2500 rpm at 6,200 m (20,300 ft)
Added machine gun synchroniser
Model 61 (Ha-112-II)
1,350 hp (1,010 kW) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
1,250 hp (930 kW) at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
Added direct fuel injection
Kinsei 62 (MK8P)
1,350 hp (1,010 kW) at 2600 rpm at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
1,250 hp (930 kW) at 2600 rpm at 5,800 m (19,000 ft)
Kinsei 62 Ru (Ha-112-II Ru)
1,350 hp (1,010 kW) at 2600 rpm at 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
1,370 hp (1,020 kW) at 2600 rpm at 7,700 m (25,300 ft)
1,240 hp (920 kW) at 2600 rpm at 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
Ru-102 turbo-supercharger

Applications edit

Specifications (Kinsei-44) edit

Data from Jane's.[8]

General characteristics

  • Type: 14-cylinder air-cooled twin-row radial engine
  • Bore: 140 mm (5.5 in)
  • Stroke: 150 mm (5.9 in)
  • Displacement: 32.3 L (1,970 cu in)
  • Length: 1,646 mm (64.8 in)
  • Diameter: 1,218 mm (48.0 in)
  • Dry weight: 545 kg (1,202 lb)

Components

  • Valvetrain: Overhead valve, one inlet and one exhaust valve per cylinder, pushrod operated.
  • Supercharger: Centrifugal, single speed.
  • Oil system: Triple section pump, one pressure pump, two scavenge pumps.
  • Cooling system: Air-cooled
  • Reduction gear: Planetary gear, 0.7:1 ratio.

Performance

See also edit

Related development

Comparable engines

Related lists

References edit

  1. ^ Gunston, Bill (1989). World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England: Patrick Stephens Limited. p. 104. ISBN 1-85260-163-9.
  2. ^ Goodwin 2017, p. 101.
  3. ^ Peattie, Mark R. (2001). Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 308. ISBN 1-55750-432-6.
  4. ^ Goodwin 2017, p. 90.
  5. ^ Goodwin 2017, p. 103.
  6. ^ Goodwin 2017, p. 89.
  7. ^ Goodwin 2017, p. 119-121.
  8. ^ Gunston, Bill (1989). Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio Editions Ltd. p. 298. ISBN 0-517-67964-7.

Bibliography edit

  • Goodwin, Mike & Starkings, Peter (2017). Japanese Aero-Engines 1910-1945. Sandomierz, Poland: MMPBooks. ISBN 978-83-65281-32-6.
  • Matsuoka Hisamitsu, Nakanishi Masayoshi. The History of Mitsubishi Aero Engines 1915–1945. Miki Press, Japan, 2005. ISBN 4-89522-461-9
  • Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. ISBN 1-85260-163-9
  • Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London. Studio Editions Ltd, 1989. ISBN 0-517-67964-7
  • Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, ISBN 1-55750-432-6

March 04, 2024
mitsubishi, kinsei, 金星, venus, cylinder, cooled, twin, radial, aircraft, engine, developed, mitsubishi, heavy, industries, japan, 1934, imperial, japanese, navy, mitsubishi, model, designation, this, engine, while, experimental, project, service, known, kinsei. The Mitsubishi Kinsei 金星 Venus was a 14 cylinder air cooled twin row radial aircraft engine developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Japan in 1934 for the Imperial Japanese Navy The Mitsubishi model designation for this engine was A8 while it was an experimental project in service it was known as the MK8 Kinsei by the Navy In 1941 the engine was adopted by Army receiving designation Ha 112 1 later Ha 112 I 1 300hp Army Type 1 In May 1943 it received Ha 33 unified designation code 2 KinseiType Radial engineNational origin JapanManufacturer Mitsubishi Heavy IndustriesFirst run 1932Major applications Aichi D3AYokosuka D4Y3 D4Y4Kawasaki Ki 100Number built 12 228Developed from Pratt amp Whitney R 1690 HornetDeveloped into Mitsubishi Shinten Mitsubishi Zuisei Mitsubishi Kasei Ha 43 Ha 211 Contents 1 Design and development 2 Variants 2 1 Early A4 variants 2 2 Late A8 variants 3 Applications 4 Specifications Kinsei 44 4 1 General characteristics 4 2 Components 4 3 Performance 5 See also 6 References 7 BibliographyDesign and development editEarly Kinsei models 1 and 2 had A4 internal designation and their cylinder and detail design was based on the single row 9 cylinder air cooled Pratt and Whitney R 1690 Hornet 3 In 1933 engine underwent a major redesign and redesignated A8 Head layout was reversed to allow exhaust exit to the rear reducing back pressure and allowing for a cleaner installation Compression ratio increased from 5 3 1 to 6 0 1 These changes resulted in a significant performance uplift compared to previous variants 4 Kinsei 41 saw ever further increase in compression ratio from 6 0 1 to 6 6 1 and a larger supercharger It s also the first variant to receive a two digit model numbers 40 series remained in production from 1936 till the end of the war Kinsei 50 series saw the final compression ratio increase to 7 0 1 Indirect fuel injection was fitted as well as a larger two speed supercharger Kinsei 60 series was introduction of direct injection and later a turbo supercharger Its development was run parallel to 50 series Production started in 1940 and lasted till the end of the war 5 Variants editEarly A4 variants edit Data from Goodwin 6 Kinsei 1 820 hp 610 kW at 2300 rpm at takeoff 650 hp 480 kW at 2100 rpm at sea level Kinsei 2 830 hp 620 kW at 2350 rpm at takeoff 630 hp 470 kW at 2100 rpm at 1 000 m 3 300 ft Late A8 variants edit Data from Goodwin 7 Kinsei 3 790 hp 590 kW at 2150 rpm at 2 000 m 6 600 ft Kinsei 41 1 075 hp 802 kW at 2500 rpm at 2 000 m 6 600 ft 990 hp 740 kW at 2500 rpm at 2 800 m 9 200 ft Higher compression ratio supercharger Kinsei 42 1 075 hp 802 kW at 2500 rpm at 2 000 m 6 600 ft 990 hp 740 kW at 2500 rpm at 2 800 m 9 200 ft Air pump Kinsei 43 1 000 hp 750 kW at 2400 rpm at sea level 990 hp 740 kW at 2400 rpm at 2 800 m 9 200 ft De rated for economy Model 44 1 070 hp 800 kW at sea level 1 080 hp 810 kW at 2 000 m 6 600 ft Machine gun synchroniser Kinsei 45 1 075 hp 802 kW at sea level 1 000 hp 750 kW at 4 180 m 13 710 ft Kinsei 46 930 hp 690 kW at sea level 1 070 hp 800 kW at 4 200 m 13 800 ft De rated for extreme economy Kinsei 51 MK8A 1 200 hp 890 kW at 2500 rpm at 3 000 m 9 800 ft 1 100 hp 820 kW at 2500 rpm at 6 200 m 20 300 ft Redesigned cylinder head added indirect fuel injection larger two speed supercharger Kinsei 52 MK8B Ha 112 I 1 200 hp 890 kW at 2500 rpm at 3 000 m 9 800 ft 1 100 hp 820 kW at 2500 rpm at 6 200 m 20 300 ft Added water injection Kinsei 53 MK8C 1 200 hp 890 kW at 2500 rpm at 3 000 m 9 800 ft 1 100 hp 820 kW at 2500 rpm at 6 200 m 20 300 ft Higher pressure oil pump Kinsei 54 MK8D 1 200 hp 890 kW at 2500 rpm at 3 000 m 9 800 ft 1 100 hp 820 kW at 2500 rpm at 6 200 m 20 300 ft Added machine gun synchroniser Model 61 Ha 112 II 1 350 hp 1 010 kW at 2 000 m 6 600 ft 1 250 hp 930 kW at 5 800 m 19 000 ft Added direct fuel injection Kinsei 62 MK8P 1 350 hp 1 010 kW at 2600 rpm at 2 000 m 6 600 ft 1 250 hp 930 kW at 2600 rpm at 5 800 m 19 000 ft Kinsei 62 Ru Ha 112 II Ru 1 350 hp 1 010 kW at 2600 rpm at 2 000 m 6 600 ft 1 370 hp 1 020 kW at 2600 rpm at 7 700 m 25 300 ft 1 240 hp 920 kW at 2600 rpm at 11 000 m 36 000 ft Ru 102 turbo superchargerApplications editAichi D3A Aichi E13A Aichi E16A Aichi M6A2 Kawanishi H6K Kawanishi N1K5 J Kawasaki Ki 96 Kawasaki Ki 100 Kawasaki Ki 102 Mitsubishi A6M8 Mitsubishi B5M Mitsubishi G3M Mitsubishi Ki 46 III Nakajima Mahshu Ki 116 Showa Nakajima L2D2 L2D5 Yokosuka D4Y3 D4Y4Specifications Kinsei 44 editData from Jane s 8 General characteristics Type 14 cylinder air cooled twin row radial engine Bore 140 mm 5 5 in Stroke 150 mm 5 9 in Displacement 32 3 L 1 970 cu in Length 1 646 mm 64 8 in Diameter 1 218 mm 48 0 in Dry weight 545 kg 1 202 lb Components Valvetrain Overhead valve one inlet and one exhaust valve per cylinder pushrod operated Supercharger Centrifugal single speed Oil system Triple section pump one pressure pump two scavenge pumps Cooling system Air cooled Reduction gear Planetary gear 0 7 1 ratio Performance Power output 1 075 hp 802 kW at 2 500 rpm at 2 000 m 6 560 ft maximum Specific power 24 8 kW L 0 56 hp cu in Compression ratio 6 6 1 Power to weight ratio 1 5 kW kg 0 9 hp lb See also editRelated development Mitsubishi Shinten Mitsubishi Kasei Pratt amp Whitney R 1690 HornetComparable engines BMW 801 Bristol Hercules Bristol Taurus Fiat A 74 Gnome Rhone 14N Nakajima Sakae Piaggio P XI Piaggio P XIX Pratt amp Whitney R 1830 Shvetsov ASh 82 Wright R 2600Related lists List of aircraft enginesReferences edit Gunston Bill 1989 World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines Cambridge England Patrick Stephens Limited p 104 ISBN 1 85260 163 9 Goodwin 2017 p 101 Peattie Mark R 2001 Sunburst The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909 1941 Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press p 308 ISBN 1 55750 432 6 Goodwin 2017 p 90 Goodwin 2017 p 103 Goodwin 2017 p 89 Goodwin 2017 p 119 121 Gunston Bill 1989 Jane s Fighting Aircraft of World War II London Studio Editions Ltd p 298 ISBN 0 517 67964 7 Goodwin Mike 2017 Japanese Aero Engines 1910 1945 Sandomierz Poland MMPBooks ISBN 978 83 65281 32 6 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint date and year link Bibliography editGoodwin Mike amp Starkings Peter 2017 Japanese Aero Engines 1910 1945 Sandomierz Poland MMPBooks ISBN 978 83 65281 32 6 Matsuoka Hisamitsu Nakanishi Masayoshi The History of Mitsubishi Aero Engines 1915 1945 Miki Press Japan 2005 ISBN 4 89522 461 9 Gunston Bill World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines Cambridge England Patrick Stephens Limited 1989 ISBN 1 85260 163 9 Jane s Fighting Aircraft of World War II London Studio Editions Ltd 1989 ISBN 0 517 67964 7 Peattie Mark R Sunburst The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909 1941 Annapolis Maryland Naval Institute Press 2001 ISBN 1 55750 432 6 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mitsubishi Kinsei amp oldid 1125259453, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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