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Millennium Challenge 2002

January 01, 1970

"Millennium Challenge" redirects here. For the corporation, see Millennium Challenge Corporation.

Millennium Challenge 2002 (MC02) was a major war game exercise conducted by the United States Armed Forces under JFCOM in mid-2002, running from 24 July to 15 August. The exercise involved both live exercises and computer simulations, costing US$250 million (equivalent to about $423M in 2023), the most expensive war game in US military history.[1] MC02 was set in 2007, intended to be a test of future military "transformation"—a transition towards new technologies that enabled network-centric warfare, and providing a more effective command and control of current and future weaponry and tactics. The simulated combatants were the United States, referred to as "Blue", and a fictitious state in the Persian Gulf, "Red", often characterized as Iran or Iraq.[2][3]

MC02 was an experiment mandated by Congress in 2000 to "explore critical war fighting challenges at the operational level of war that will confront United States joint military forces after 2010."[4] The simulation took two years of planning and involved 13,000 troops. The Red force, led by retired Marine Corps Lieutenant General Paul K. Van Riper, used numerous asymmetrical tactics unanticipated by the Blue force, resulting in initial major successes. Over the course of the simulation, constraints were placed on the Red force's ability to free-play "to the point where the end state was scripted",[4] resulting in a Blue victory.

Constraints edit

Since the war game allowed for a ship-to-shore landing of ground troops at some (unknown) point during the 14 day exercise, and because their naval force was substantial, the Blue force was positioned on the shore-side of the region's active shipping lanes to keep them from impacting commerce during the exercise. This placed them near the Red shore rather than at a "standoff" distance. Conducting the war games during peacetime also meant that there were a large number of friendly/unaligned ships and aircraft in the zone, restricting the use of automated defense systems and more cautious Rules of Engagement. Red's tactics took full advantage of these factors, and to great effect.

Exercise action edit

 
Lt. Gen. Paul Van Riper

Red, commanded by retired Marine Corps Lieutenant General Paul K. Van Riper, adopted an asymmetric strategy, in particular, simulating using old methods to evade Blue's sophisticated electronic surveillance network. Van Riper simulated using motorcycle messengers to transmit orders to front-line troops and World-War-II-style light signals to launch airplanes without radio communications in the model.

Red received an ultimatum from Blue, essentially a surrender document, demanding a response within 24 hours. Thus warned of Blue's approach, Red used a fleet of small boats to determine the position of Blue's fleet by the second day of the exercise. In a preemptive strike, Red launched a massive salvo of cruise missiles that overwhelmed the Blue forces' electronic sensors and destroyed sixteen warships: one aircraft carrier, ten cruisers and five of Blue's six amphibious ships. An equivalent success in a real conflict would have resulted in the deaths of over 20,000 service personnel. Soon after the cruise missile offensive, another significant portion of Blue's navy was "sunk" by an armada of small Red boats, which carried out both conventional and suicide attacks that capitalized on Blue's inability to detect them as well as expected.

Such defeat can be attributed to various shortfall in simulation capabilities and design that significantly hindered Blueforce fighting and command capabilities. Examples include: a time lag in intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance information being forwarded to the Blueforce by the simulation master, various glitches that limited Blue ships point-defense capabilities and error in the simulation which placed ships unrealistically close to Red assets.[5][6]

Exercise suspension and restart edit

At this point, the exercise was suspended, Blue's ships were "re-floated", and the rules of engagement were changed; this was later justified by General Peter Pace as follows: "You kill me in the first day and I sit there for the next 13 days doing nothing, or you put me back to life and you get 13 more days' worth of experiment out of me. Which is a better way to do it?"[2]

After the war game was restarted, its participants were forced to follow a script drafted to ensure a Blue Force victory. Among other rules imposed by this script, Red Force was ordered to turn on their anti-aircraft radar in order for them to be destroyed, and during a combined parachute assault by the 82nd Airborne Division and Marines air assaulting on the then new and still controversial CV-22, Van Riper's forces were ordered not to shoot down any of the approaching aircraft.[7][8] Van Riper also claimed that exercise officials denied him the opportunity to use his own tactics and ideas against Blue Force, and that they also ordered Red Force not to use certain weapons systems against Blue Force and even ordered the location of Red Force units to be revealed.[9] The postmortem JFCOM report on MC02 would say "As the exercise progressed, the OPFOR free-play was eventually constrained to the point where the end state was scripted. This scripting ensured a blue team operational victory and established conditions in the exercise for transition operations."[10]

Aftermath edit

The rule changes following the restart led to accusations that the war game had turned from an honest, open, free playtest of U.S. war-fighting capabilities into a rigidly controlled and scripted exercise intended to end in an overwhelming U.S. victory,[8] alleging that "$250 million was wasted".[11] Van Riper was extremely critical of the scripted nature of the new exercise and resigned from the exercise in the middle of the war game.[12] Van Riper later said that Vice Admiral Marty Mayer altered the exercise's purpose to reinforce existing doctrine and notions within the U.S. military rather than serving as a learning experience.

Van Riper also stated that the war game was rigged so that it appeared to validate the modern, joint-service war-fighting concepts it was supposed to be testing.[9] He was quoted in the ZDF–New York Times documentary The Perfect War (2004)[13] as saying that what he saw in MC02 echoed the same view promoted by the Department of Defense under Robert McNamara before and during the Vietnam War, namely that the U.S. military could not and would not be defeated.

Responding to Van Riper's criticism, Vice Admiral Mayer, who ran the war game and who was charged with developing the military's joint concepts and requirements, stated the following:[9]

Gen. Van Riper apparently feels he was too constrained. I can only say there were certain parts where he was not constrained, and then there were parts where he was in order to facilitate the conduct of the experiment and certain exercise pieces that were being done.

— Vice Admiral Marty Mayer

Navy Captain John Carman, Joint Forces Command spokesman, said the war game had properly validated all the major concepts which were tested by Blue Force, ignoring the restrictions placed on Van Riper's Red Force that led them to succeed. Based on these findings, Carman stated that recommendations based on the war game's result on areas such as doctrine, training, and procurement would be forwarded to General Richard Myers, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[9]

References edit

  1. ^ Borger, Julian (2002-08-21). "War game was fixed to ensure American victory, claims general". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  2. ^ a b Borger, Julian (6 September 2002). "Wake-up call". the Guardian. from the original on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  3. ^ Shanker, Thom (12 January 2008). "Iran Encounter Grimly Echoes '02 War Game". The New York Times. from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  4. ^ a b Zenko, Micah. "MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE: THE REAL STORY OF A CORRUPTED MILITARY EXERCISE AND ITS LEGACY". War on the Rocks. from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  5. ^ U.S. Joint Forces Command Millennium Challenge 2002: Experiment Report (PDF). pp. 59–60. (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
  6. ^ "Gen. Kernan And Maj. Gen. Cash Discuss Millennium Challenge's Lessons Learned". GlobalSecurity.org. September 17, 2002. from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  7. ^ "The lost lesson of Millennium Challenge 2002, the Pentagon's embarrassing post-9/11 war game". 6 November 2019. from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  8. ^ a b Joe Galloway (April 26, 2006). . Military.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2006. Retrieved 2012-01-03.
  9. ^ a b c d Sean D. Naylor (August 26, 2002). "War games rigged? General says Millennium Challenge 02 'was almost entirely scripted'". Army Times.
  10. ^ Zenko, Micah (2015-11-05). "Millennium Challenge: The Real Story of a Corrupted Military Exercise and its Legacy". War on the Rocks. from the original on 2023-12-24. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  11. ^ "The Immutable Nature of War". Nova. PBS. from the original on 2018-11-16. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
  12. ^ Gal Perl Finkel, The IDF that Eisenkot leaves behind is ready 2020-11-10 at the Wayback Machine, The Jerusalem Post, January 1, 2019.
  13. ^ . Business Wire. 2004-03-23. Archived from the original on 2010-04-06. A version of the documentary aired in the US as Nova: Battle Plan Under Fire 2020-12-31 at the Wayback Machine (2004).

Further reading edit

  • . USJFCOM. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
  • "Battle Plan Under Fire". Nova. PBS. from the original on 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
  • Naylor, Sean D. (2002-08-16). "War Games Rigged?". Army Times.
  • Kaplan, Fred (2003-03-28). "The Officer Who Predicted Saddam's Moves". Slate. from the original on 2011-08-25. Retrieved 2006-04-30.
  • Borger, Julian (2002-08-21). "War game was fixed to ensure American victory, claims general". Guardian Online. London.
  • Brecher, Gary (2002-12-11). "U Sank My Carrier!". The Exile. from the original on 2010-08-18. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
  • TV documentary: The Perfect War
  • Gladwell, Malcolm (2005). Blink. Little, Brown. pp. 99–146. ISBN 978-0-316-17232-5.
  • Introduced by, Roger Strother (2006-11-04). "Post-Saddam Iraq: The War Game". National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 207. from the original on 2007-08-09. Retrieved 2012-01-30. When it looked like we were going in [to the 2003 invasion of Iraq], I called back down to CENTCOM and said, 'You need to dust off Desert Crossing.' They said, 'What's that? Never heard of it.'

January 01, 1970
millennium, challenge, 2002, millennium, challenge, redirects, here, corporation, millennium, challenge, corporation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourc. Millennium Challenge redirects here For the corporation see Millennium Challenge Corporation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Millennium Challenge 2002 news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2023 Learn how and when to remove this message Millennium Challenge 2002 MC02 was a major war game exercise conducted by the United States Armed Forces under JFCOM in mid 2002 running from 24 July to 15 August The exercise involved both live exercises and computer simulations costing US 250 million equivalent to about 423M in 2023 the most expensive war game in US military history 1 MC02 was set in 2007 intended to be a test of future military transformation a transition towards new technologies that enabled network centric warfare and providing a more effective command and control of current and future weaponry and tactics The simulated combatants were the United States referred to as Blue and a fictitious state in the Persian Gulf Red often characterized as Iran or Iraq 2 3 MC02 was an experiment mandated by Congress in 2000 to explore critical war fighting challenges at the operational level of war that will confront United States joint military forces after 2010 4 The simulation took two years of planning and involved 13 000 troops The Red force led by retired Marine Corps Lieutenant General Paul K Van Riper used numerous asymmetrical tactics unanticipated by the Blue force resulting in initial major successes Over the course of the simulation constraints were placed on the Red force s ability to free play to the point where the end state was scripted 4 resulting in a Blue victory Contents 1 Constraints 2 Exercise action 3 Exercise suspension and restart 4 Aftermath 5 References 6 Further readingConstraints editSince the war game allowed for a ship to shore landing of ground troops at some unknown point during the 14 day exercise and because their naval force was substantial the Blue force was positioned on the shore side of the region s active shipping lanes to keep them from impacting commerce during the exercise This placed them near the Red shore rather than at a standoff distance Conducting the war games during peacetime also meant that there were a large number of friendly unaligned ships and aircraft in the zone restricting the use of automated defense systems and more cautious Rules of Engagement Red s tactics took full advantage of these factors and to great effect Exercise action edit nbsp Lt Gen Paul Van Riper Red commanded by retired Marine Corps Lieutenant General Paul K Van Riper adopted an asymmetric strategy in particular simulating using old methods to evade Blue s sophisticated electronic surveillance network Van Riper simulated using motorcycle messengers to transmit orders to front line troops and World War II style light signals to launch airplanes without radio communications in the model Red received an ultimatum from Blue essentially a surrender document demanding a response within 24 hours Thus warned of Blue s approach Red used a fleet of small boats to determine the position of Blue s fleet by the second day of the exercise In a preemptive strike Red launched a massive salvo of cruise missiles that overwhelmed the Blue forces electronic sensors and destroyed sixteen warships one aircraft carrier ten cruisers and five of Blue s six amphibious ships An equivalent success in a real conflict would have resulted in the deaths of over 20 000 service personnel Soon after the cruise missile offensive another significant portion of Blue s navy was sunk by an armada of small Red boats which carried out both conventional and suicide attacks that capitalized on Blue s inability to detect them as well as expected Such defeat can be attributed to various shortfall in simulation capabilities and design that significantly hindered Blueforce fighting and command capabilities Examples include a time lag in intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance information being forwarded to the Blueforce by the simulation master various glitches that limited Blue ships point defense capabilities and error in the simulation which placed ships unrealistically close to Red assets 5 6 Exercise suspension and restart editAt this point the exercise was suspended Blue s ships were re floated and the rules of engagement were changed this was later justified by General Peter Pace as follows You kill me in the first day and I sit there for the next 13 days doing nothing or you put me back to life and you get 13 more days worth of experiment out of me Which is a better way to do it 2 After the war game was restarted its participants were forced to follow a script drafted to ensure a Blue Force victory Among other rules imposed by this script Red Force was ordered to turn on their anti aircraft radar in order for them to be destroyed and during a combined parachute assault by the 82nd Airborne Division and Marines air assaulting on the then new and still controversial CV 22 Van Riper s forces were ordered not to shoot down any of the approaching aircraft 7 8 Van Riper also claimed that exercise officials denied him the opportunity to use his own tactics and ideas against Blue Force and that they also ordered Red Force not to use certain weapons systems against Blue Force and even ordered the location of Red Force units to be revealed 9 The postmortem JFCOM report on MC02 would say As the exercise progressed the OPFOR free play was eventually constrained to the point where the end state was scripted This scripting ensured a blue team operational victory and established conditions in the exercise for transition operations 10 Aftermath editThe rule changes following the restart led to accusations that the war game had turned from an honest open free playtest of U S war fighting capabilities into a rigidly controlled and scripted exercise intended to end in an overwhelming U S victory 8 alleging that 250 million was wasted 11 Van Riper was extremely critical of the scripted nature of the new exercise and resigned from the exercise in the middle of the war game 12 Van Riper later said that Vice Admiral Marty Mayer altered the exercise s purpose to reinforce existing doctrine and notions within the U S military rather than serving as a learning experience Van Riper also stated that the war game was rigged so that it appeared to validate the modern joint service war fighting concepts it was supposed to be testing 9 He was quoted in the ZDF New York Times documentary The Perfect War 2004 13 as saying that what he saw in MC02 echoed the same view promoted by the Department of Defense under Robert McNamara before and during the Vietnam War namely that the U S military could not and would not be defeated Responding to Van Riper s criticism Vice Admiral Mayer who ran the war game and who was charged with developing the military s joint concepts and requirements stated the following 9 Gen Van Riper apparently feels he was too constrained I can only say there were certain parts where he was not constrained and then there were parts where he was in order to facilitate the conduct of the experiment and certain exercise pieces that were being done Vice Admiral Marty Mayer Navy Captain John Carman Joint Forces Command spokesman said the war game had properly validated all the major concepts which were tested by Blue Force ignoring the restrictions placed on Van Riper s Red Force that led them to succeed Based on these findings Carman stated that recommendations based on the war game s result on areas such as doctrine training and procurement would be forwarded to General Richard Myers the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 9 References edit Borger Julian 2002 08 21 War game was fixed to ensure American victory claims general The Guardian ISSN 0261 3077 Archived from the original on 2023 06 02 Retrieved 2023 12 24 a b Borger Julian 6 September 2002 Wake up call the Guardian Archived from the original on 1 December 2016 Retrieved 15 December 2016 Shanker Thom 12 January 2008 Iran Encounter Grimly Echoes 02 War Game The New York Times Archived from the original on 24 June 2019 Retrieved 25 June 2019 a b Zenko Micah MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE THE REAL STORY OF A CORRUPTED MILITARY EXERCISE AND ITS LEGACY War on the Rocks Archived from the original on 24 December 2023 Retrieved 28 December 2023 U S Joint Forces Command Millennium Challenge 2002 Experiment Report PDF pp 59 60 Archived PDF from the original on 2021 11 23 Retrieved 2022 01 10 Gen Kernan And Maj Gen Cash Discuss Millennium Challenge s Lessons Learned GlobalSecurity org September 17 2002 Archived from the original on January 10 2022 Retrieved January 10 2022 The lost lesson of Millennium Challenge 2002 the Pentagon s embarrassing post 9 11 war game 6 November 2019 Archived from the original on 30 August 2021 Retrieved 20 August 2021 a b Joe Galloway April 26 2006 Rumsfeld s War Games Military com Archived from the original on May 4 2006 Retrieved 2012 01 03 a b c d Sean D Naylor August 26 2002 War games rigged General says Millennium Challenge 02 was almost entirely scripted Army Times Zenko Micah 2015 11 05 Millennium Challenge The Real Story of a Corrupted Military Exercise and its Legacy War on the Rocks Archived from the original on 2023 12 24 Retrieved 2023 12 24 The Immutable Nature of War Nova PBS Archived from the original on 2018 11 16 Retrieved 2017 09 05 Gal Perl Finkel The IDF that Eisenkot leaves behind is ready Archived 2020 11 10 at the Wayback Machine The Jerusalem Post January 1 2019 The New York Times Television Co Produces News Documentary The Perfect War with Germany s ZDF Business Wire 2004 03 23 Archived from the original on 2010 04 06 A version of the documentary aired in the US as Nova Battle Plan Under Fire Archived 2020 12 31 at the Wayback Machine 2004 Further reading edit Millennium Challenge 2002 USJFCOM Archived from the original on 2007 09 28 Battle Plan Under Fire Nova PBS Archived from the original on 2017 06 15 Retrieved 2017 09 05 Military transformation Naylor Sean D 2002 08 16 War Games Rigged Army Times Kaplan Fred 2003 03 28 The Officer Who Predicted Saddam s Moves Slate Archived from the original on 2011 08 25 Retrieved 2006 04 30 Borger Julian 2002 08 21 War game was fixed to ensure American victory claims general Guardian Online London Brecher Gary 2002 12 11 U Sank My Carrier The Exile Archived from the original on 2010 08 18 Retrieved 2010 02 16 TV documentary The Perfect War Gladwell Malcolm 2005 Blink Little Brown pp 99 146 ISBN 978 0 316 17232 5 Introduced by Roger Strother 2006 11 04 Post Saddam Iraq The War Game National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No 207 Archived from the original on 2007 08 09 Retrieved 2012 01 30 When it looked like we were going in to the 2003 invasion of Iraq I called back down to CENTCOM and said You need to dust off Desert Crossing They said What s that Never heard of it Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Millennium Challenge 2002 amp oldid 1218443330, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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