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Mike Tyson's tattoos

March 18, 2023

The American former boxer Mike Tyson has four tattoos that have received significant attention. Three—portraits of tennis player Arthur Ashe, Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara, and Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong—are prison tattoos he received in the early 1990s, reflecting Tyson's respect for the three men. The fourth, a face tattoo influenced by the Māori style tā moko, was designed and inked by S. Victor Whitmill in 2003. Tyson associates it with the Māori being warriors and has called it his "warrior tattoo", a name that has also been used in the news media.

Tyson's face tattoo quickly proved iconic and has become strongly associated with him. Its Māori influence has been controversial, spurring claims of cultural appropriation. In 2011, Whitmill filed a copyright suit against Warner Bros. for using the design on the character Stu Price in The Hangover Part II. After initial comments by Judge Catherine D. Perry denying an injunction but affirming that tattoos are copyrightable (a matter which has never been fully resolved in the United States), Whitmill and Warner Bros. settled for undisclosed terms, without disruption to the release of the film. The legal action renewed claims of cultural appropriation but also saw some Māori tā moko artists defend Whitmill. Legal scholars have highlighted how the case juxtaposes Maōri and Anglo-American attitudes on ownership of images.

Portraits of Ashe, Guevara, and Mao

 
Tyson's tattoo of Che Guevara is derived from the photograph Guerrillero Heroico by Alberto Korda.

From 1992 to 1995, while in prison for the rape of Desiree Washington, Tyson read a large number of books, including works by Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong.[1] Spike Lee sent Tyson a copy of tennis player Arthur Ashe's deathbed memoir, Days of Grace. Tyson was moved by the book and respected Ashe's ability to be nonconfrontational[2] and admired his political views and his success as a black athlete in a white-dominated world.[3] Tyson got prison tattoos of both men on his biceps: A portrait of Mao, captioned with "Mao" in all-caps, on the left; a portrait of Ashe beneath the words "Days of Grace" on the right.[4] Gerald Early views the Mao and Ashe tattoos as together "symboliz[ing] both [Tyson's] newfound self-control and his revision of black cool", with Mao representing strength and authority.[5]

Tyson chose tattoos of Mao and Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara to reflect his anger at society and the government while in prison.[6] The Guevara tattoo, located on the left side of Tyson's abdomen, is derived from Alberto Korda's iconic Guerrillero Heroico photograph.[7] In Tyson, Tyson brags that the tattoo predated the widespread commodification of Guevara's image.[6] Tyson maintained positive views of both revolutionaries after leaving prison: In 1999 he described Guevara as "Someone who had so much but sacrificed it all for the benefit of other people."[8] In 2006 he visited the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall and said that he "felt really insignificant" in the presence of Mao's body.[9]

Face tattoo

The tattoo process
  Whitmill tattooing Tyson
  Tyson looking in the mirror
 
Tyson's face tattoo, photographed in 2013

Tyson got his face tattoo from artist S. Victor Whitmill[a] of Las Vegas, Nevada, shortly before Tyson's 2003 fight with Clifford Etienne, which would be his 50th and last victory.[11] Tyson had originally wanted hearts, but, according to Tyson, Whitmill refused and worked for a few days on a new design.[12] Whitmill proposed a tribal design[13] inspired by tā moko,[b] a Māori tattoo style reserved for those of high status.[14] The design is not based on any specific moko.[15] Tyson saw the tattoo as representing the Māori, whom he described as a "warrior tribe", and approved of the design,[16] which consists of monochrome spiral shapes above and below his left eye.[17] According to Tyson, it was his idea to use two curved figures rather than one.[18]

The tattoo drew significant attention before the fight. Tyson took time off of training to get it, which trainer Jeff Fenech would later say was a contributing factor to the fight being rescheduled by a week.[19] Experts including dermatologist Robert A. Weiss expressed concerns about Tyson boxing while the tattoo healed; Etienne said that he would not go after the tattoo.[20] (Tyson ultimately knocked out Etienne in under a minute.[2]) The work—which Tyson[21] and others[22] have referred to as his "warrior tattoo"—was also met with criticism from the outset by Māori activists who saw it as cultural appropriation.[17]

Rachael A. Carmen et al. in the Review of General Psychology posit that Tyson's face tattoo may be an example of "body ornamentation as a form of intimidation".[23] Charlie Connell and Edmund Sullivan in Inked describe it as having become "instantly iconic".[2] Its prominence has increased over time, aided by Tyson and the 2009 comedy The Hangover, in which Tyson appears as a fictionalized version of himself.[24] The tattoo has become strongly associated with Tyson and has made his persona more distinctive.[23]

The Hangover Part II copyright suit

When Tyson got the face tattoo, he agreed in writing that all drawings, artwork, and photographs of it belonged to Whitmill. In The Hangover's 2011 sequel, The Hangover Part II, the character Stu Price gets a face tattoo almost identical to Tyson's. After seeing a poster depicting the tattooed Stu, Whitmill sued Warner Bros. under the Copyright Act of 1976 on April 28, 2011, seeking to enjoin them from using the tattoo in the movie or its promotional materials.[25] Describing the face tattoo as "one of the most distinctive tattoos in the nation",[26] Whitmill did not challenge "Tyson's right to use or control his identity"[27] but challenged Warner Bros.' use of the design itself, without having asked his permission or given him credit.[25] Warner Bros. acknowledged that the tattoos were similar but denied that theirs was a copy, and furthermore argued that "tattoos on the skin are not copyrightable".[28] The question of a tattoo's copyrightability had never been determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.[29] Warner Bros. also said that, by allowing them to use his likeness and not objecting to the plot device in The Hangover Part II, Tyson had given them an implied license.[30]

 
Judge Catherine D. Perry of the Eastern District of Missouri (shown in 2021) presided.

On May 24, 2011, Judge Catherine D. Perry denied Whitmill's request to enjoin the film's release, citing a potential $100 million in damages to Warner Bros. and disruption to related businesses. However, she found that Whitmill had "a strong likelihood of success" on his copyright claim and characterized most of Warner Bros.' arguments as "just silly", saying "Of course tattoos can be copyrighted. I don't think there is any reasonable dispute about that." She also described the tattoo used in the movie as "an exact copy" rather than a parody.[30] On June 6, Warner Bros. told the court that, in the event the dispute was not resolved, it would alter the appearance of the tattoo in the movie's home release;[31] on June 20 it announced a settlement with Whitmill under undisclosed terms.[32]

Many Māori took issue with Whitmill suing for copyright infringement when the work was, in their view, appropriative of moko. Ngahuia Te Awekotuku, an expert on Māori tattoos, told The New Zealand Herald that "It is astounding that a Pākehā tattooist who inscribes an African American's flesh with what he considers to be a Māori design has the gall to claim ... that design as his intellectual property"[33] and accused Whitman of having "never consulted with Maōri" and having "stole[n] the design".[34] Some tā moko artists differed, seeing it not as appropriative of moko but rather a hybrid of several tattoo styles; Rangi Kipa saw no Māori elements at all.[35] The perspective of those like Te Awekotuku highlights the conflict between Māori conception of tā moko—which reflect a person's genealogy—as collective property and the Anglo-American view of copyright as belonging to a single person.[36] While Warner Bros. initially said they would investigate whether the tattoo was a derivative of any Māori works, there was no further discussion of the matter prior to the case settling.[15]

Notes

  1. ^ Tyson often refers to Whitmill as "Victor Paradox" or similar.[10]
  2. ^ Tā moko is the style of tattoo; an individual tattoo is a moko.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Hoffer 1998, p. 36: "Of his prison belongings, the only things that returned home to Ohio with him were more than 20 banana boxes full of books—Voltaire, Maya Angelou, Machiavelli, Alexandre Dumas." Cashmore 2005, pp. 91, 242: "a newfound appetite for reading literature. Diverse literature too: from the works of Tolstoy to that of Mao Zedong, the latter the inspiration for a new tattoo."
  2. ^ a b c Connell & Sullivan 2022.
  3. ^ Early 1996, p. 59. Early says that Ashe was, according to Tyson, "not a man [Tyson] would have liked personally". In Connell & Sullivan 2022, Tyson describes a respect and kinship felt for Ashe.
  4. ^ Hoffer 1998, pp. 36, 266; Roche 2020.
  5. ^ Early 1996, p. 59.
  6. ^ a b Toback 2008, 58:51.
  7. ^ Cambre 2012, p. 84.
  8. ^ Williams 1999.
  9. ^ Chicago Tribune 2006.
  10. ^ Reuters 2003, 2:37; Toback 2008, 59:32; Bensinger 2016, 0:22.
  11. ^ Toback 2008; Inked 2020; Connell & Sullivan 2022.
  12. ^ Bensinger 2016; Connell & Sullivan 2022.
  13. ^ Zhitny, Iftekhar & Sombilon 2021, p. 79.
  14. ^ Hadley 2019, p. 401. "In Māori culture, facial moko is a privilege reserved for respected cultural insiders, and it represents and embodies the wearer's sacred genealogy and social status."
  15. ^ a b Hadley 2019, p. 402.
  16. ^ Toback 2008, 59:46; Tan 2013, p. 64.
  17. ^ a b Hadley 2019, p. 401.
  18. ^ Bensinger 2016, 0:52.
  19. ^ AP 2003. Hamdani 2020, quoting Fenech: "'We sat down and spoke and he didn’t really want to fight and he wasn’t prepared to and that was one of the reasons he got the tattoo. ...'"
  20. ^ Glier 2003a; Glier 2003b.
  21. ^ AP 2003.
  22. ^ Anderson 2003; Rea 2009; Choi 2012; Hadley 2019, pp. 401, 407.
  23. ^ a b Carmen, Guitar & Dillon 2012, p. 141.
  24. ^ Tan 2013, p. 64.
  25. ^ a b Cummings 2013, p. 280; Grassi 2016, pp. 57–58.
  26. ^ Cummings 2013, p. 280, quoting Whitmill complaint 2011, p. 1.
  27. ^ Whitmill complaint 2011, p. 1.
  28. ^ Cummings 2013, p. 281, quoting Whitmill answer 2011, p. 8.
  29. ^ Cummings 2013, p. 281.
  30. ^ a b McNary 2011.
  31. ^ Labreque 2011, citing Whitmill memo in opposition 2011
  32. ^ Belloni 2011.
  33. ^ Tan 2013, p. 66, quoting NZ Herald 2011. Ellipses original to Herald.
  34. ^ NZ Herald 2011.
  35. ^ Hadley 2019, pp. 402–403.
  36. ^ Tan 2013, pp. 66–67; Hadley 2019, p. 403.

Sources

Book and journal sources

  • Cambre, Carolina (October 1, 2012). "The Efficacy Of The Virtual: From Che As Sign To Che As Agent". Public Journal of Semiotics. 4 (1): 83–107. doi:10.37693/pjos.2012.4.8839.
  • Carmen, Rachael A.; Guitar, Amanda E.; Dillon, Haley M. (June 2012). "Ultimate Answers to Proximate Questions: The Evolutionary Motivations behind Tattoos and Body Piercings in Popular Culture". Review of General Psychology. 16 (2): 134–143. doi:10.1037/a0027908. S2CID 8078573.
  • Cashmore, Ellis (2005). Tyson: Nurture of the Beast. Cambridge, England: Polity. ISBN 9780745630700. OL 3434892M.
  • Cummings, David M. (2013). "Creative Expression and the Human Canvas: An Examination of Tattoos as a Copyrightable Art Form" (PDF). University of Illinois Law Review. 2013: 279–318. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  • Early, Gerald (1996). "Mike's Brilliant Career". Transition. Indiana University Press (71): 46–59. doi:10.2307/2935271. JSTOR 2935271.
  • Grassi, Brayndi (January 1, 2016). "Copyrighting Tattoos: Artist vs. Client in the Battle of the (Waiver) Forms". Mitchell Hamline Law Review. 42 (1): 43–69. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  • Hadley, Marie (April 17, 2019). "Mike Tyson Tattoo". In Op den Kamp, Claudy; Hunter, Dan (eds.). A History of Intellectual Property in 50 Objects. Cambridge University Press. pp. 400–407. doi:10.1017/9781108325806.050. ISBN 9781108325806. S2CID 198060965. SSRN 3654612.  .
  • Hoffer, Richard (1998). A Savage Business: The Comeback and Comedown of Mike Tyson. New York City: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780684809083. OL 689533M.
  • Tan, Leon (May 2013). "Intellectual Property Law and the Globalization of Indigenous Cultural Expressions: Māori Tattoo and the Whitmill versus Warner Bros. Case". Theory, Culture & Society. 30 (3): 61–81. doi:10.1177/0263276412474328. S2CID 144418522.
  • Zhitny, Vladislav Pavlovich; Iftekhar, Noama; Sombilon, Elizabeth Viernes (2021). "History, Folklore, and Current Significance of Facial Tattooing". Dermatology. 237 (1): 79–80. doi:10.1159/000505647. PMID 31972563. S2CID 210883478.

News coverage

  • Anderson, Dave (February 24, 2003). "Translating Tyson Raises More Questions". Sports of The Times. The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  • "Tyson displays old power in first-round KO of Etienne". Boxing. ESPN. Associated Press. February 23, 2003 [2003-02-22]. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  • Belloni, Matthew (June 21, 2011). "Hangover tattoo lawsuit settled". Reuters. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  • "Chairman Mao humbles Tyson". Chicago Tribune. April 4, 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  • Choi, Christy (September 13, 2012). "Mike Tyson tells his tales of redemption in Hong Kong". South China Morning Post. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  • Glier, Ray (February 20, 2003a). "Tattooed Tyson At Center Of Storm". Boxing. The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  • Glier, Ray (February 22, 2003b). "With Luster Faded, Tyson Places Career On the Line Tonight". Boxing. The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  • Hamdani, Adam (April 10, 2020). "The controversial reason behind Mike Tyson's face tattoo". The Independent. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  • "Mike Tyson's planning to tattoo it all". Inked. April 20, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  • Labreque, Jeff (June 10, 2011). "Warner Bros. plans to alter Hangover tattoo for video". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 2, 2023 – via CNN.
  • McNary, Dave (May 24, 2011). "Judge OKs release of Hangover 2". Variety. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  • "Tyson's moko draws fire from Māori". The New Zealand Herald. May 24, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
  • Roche, Calum (November 29, 2020). "Mike Tyson Mao tattoo: what does it mean and why did he get it?". Diario AS. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  • Williams, Richard (January 13, 1999). "Tyson does Las Vegas". The Independent. Retrieved March 2, 2023.

Interviews and profiles

  • Bensinger, Graham (March 3, 2016). "Mike Tyson: The real story behind my tattoo". In Depth with Graham Bensinger (Video interview). Retrieved February 28, 2023 – via YouTube.
  • Connell, Charlie; Sullivan, Edmund (November 15, 2022). "The Tao of Tyson". Inked (Profile). Photos by Mark Clennon. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
  • "USA: Boxing—Mike Tyson and Clifford Etienne weigh in for heavyweight fight" (Interview and raw footage). Reuters. February 25, 2003. Retrieved February 28, 2023 – via Screenocean.
  • Toback, James (director) (2008). Tyson (Documentary film). Sony Classics.

Other sources

  • Rea, Steven (May 7, 2009). "Engrossing portrait, not entirely credible". The Philadelphia Inquirer (Film review).
  • S. Victor Whitmill v. Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc., No. 4:11-CV-752 (E.D. Mo.).
    • "Complaint Verified for Injunctive and Other Relief". April 28, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2023 – via Justia.
    • "Verified Answer to Complaint". May 20, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2023 – via Justia.
    • "Warner Bros.' Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiff's Proposed Scheduling Plan". May 20, 2011. Retrieved March 2, 2023 – via Justia.

March 18, 2023
mike, tyson, tattoos, american, former, boxer, mike, tyson, four, tattoos, that, have, received, significant, attention, three, portraits, tennis, player, arthur, ashe, marxist, revolutionary, guevara, chinese, communist, leader, zedong, prison, tattoos, recei. The American former boxer Mike Tyson has four tattoos that have received significant attention Three portraits of tennis player Arthur Ashe Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara and Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong are prison tattoos he received in the early 1990s reflecting Tyson s respect for the three men The fourth a face tattoo influenced by the Maori style ta moko was designed and inked by S Victor Whitmill in 2003 Tyson associates it with the Maori being warriors and has called it his warrior tattoo a name that has also been used in the news media Tyson s face tattoo quickly proved iconic and has become strongly associated with him Its Maori influence has been controversial spurring claims of cultural appropriation In 2011 Whitmill filed a copyright suit against Warner Bros for using the design on the character Stu Price in The Hangover Part II After initial comments by Judge Catherine D Perry denying an injunction but affirming that tattoos are copyrightable a matter which has never been fully resolved in the United States Whitmill and Warner Bros settled for undisclosed terms without disruption to the release of the film The legal action renewed claims of cultural appropriation but also saw some Maori ta moko artists defend Whitmill Legal scholars have highlighted how the case juxtaposes Maōri and Anglo American attitudes on ownership of images Contents 1 Portraits of Ashe Guevara and Mao 2 Face tattoo 2 1 The Hangover Part II copyright suit 3 Notes 4 References 4 1 Citations 4 2 SourcesPortraits of Ashe Guevara and Mao Edit Tyson s tattoo of Che Guevara is derived from the photograph Guerrillero Heroico by Alberto Korda From 1992 to 1995 while in prison for the rape of Desiree Washington Tyson read a large number of books including works by Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong 1 Spike Lee sent Tyson a copy of tennis player Arthur Ashe s deathbed memoir Days of Grace Tyson was moved by the book and respected Ashe s ability to be nonconfrontational 2 and admired his political views and his success as a black athlete in a white dominated world 3 Tyson got prison tattoos of both men on his biceps A portrait of Mao captioned with Mao in all caps on the left a portrait of Ashe beneath the words Days of Grace on the right 4 Gerald Early views the Mao and Ashe tattoos as together symboliz ing both Tyson s newfound self control and his revision of black cool with Mao representing strength and authority 5 Tyson chose tattoos of Mao and Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara to reflect his anger at society and the government while in prison 6 The Guevara tattoo located on the left side of Tyson s abdomen is derived from Alberto Korda s iconic Guerrillero Heroico photograph 7 In Tyson Tyson brags that the tattoo predated the widespread commodification of Guevara s image 6 Tyson maintained positive views of both revolutionaries after leaving prison In 1999 he described Guevara as Someone who had so much but sacrificed it all for the benefit of other people 8 In 2006 he visited the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall and said that he felt really insignificant in the presence of Mao s body 9 Face tattoo EditThe tattoo process Whitmill tattooing Tyson Tyson looking in the mirror Tyson s face tattoo photographed in 2013 Tyson got his face tattoo from artist S Victor Whitmill a of Las Vegas Nevada shortly before Tyson s 2003 fight with Clifford Etienne which would be his 50th and last victory 11 Tyson had originally wanted hearts but according to Tyson Whitmill refused and worked for a few days on a new design 12 Whitmill proposed a tribal design 13 inspired by ta moko b a Maori tattoo style reserved for those of high status 14 The design is not based on any specific moko 15 Tyson saw the tattoo as representing the Maori whom he described as a warrior tribe and approved of the design 16 which consists of monochrome spiral shapes above and below his left eye 17 According to Tyson it was his idea to use two curved figures rather than one 18 The tattoo drew significant attention before the fight Tyson took time off of training to get it which trainer Jeff Fenech would later say was a contributing factor to the fight being rescheduled by a week 19 Experts including dermatologist Robert A Weiss expressed concerns about Tyson boxing while the tattoo healed Etienne said that he would not go after the tattoo 20 Tyson ultimately knocked out Etienne in under a minute 2 The work which Tyson 21 and others 22 have referred to as his warrior tattoo was also met with criticism from the outset by Maori activists who saw it as cultural appropriation 17 Rachael A Carmen et al in the Review of General Psychology posit that Tyson s face tattoo may be an example of body ornamentation as a form of intimidation 23 Charlie Connell and Edmund Sullivan in Inked describe it as having become instantly iconic 2 Its prominence has increased over time aided by Tyson and the 2009 comedy The Hangover in which Tyson appears as a fictionalized version of himself 24 The tattoo has become strongly associated with Tyson and has made his persona more distinctive 23 The Hangover Part II copyright suit Edit When Tyson got the face tattoo he agreed in writing that all drawings artwork and photographs of it belonged to Whitmill In The Hangover s 2011 sequel The Hangover Part II the character Stu Price gets a face tattoo almost identical to Tyson s After seeing a poster depicting the tattooed Stu Whitmill sued Warner Bros under the Copyright Act of 1976 on April 28 2011 seeking to enjoin them from using the tattoo in the movie or its promotional materials 25 Describing the face tattoo as one of the most distinctive tattoos in the nation 26 Whitmill did not challenge Tyson s right to use or control his identity 27 but challenged Warner Bros use of the design itself without having asked his permission or given him credit 25 Warner Bros acknowledged that the tattoos were similar but denied that theirs was a copy and furthermore argued that tattoos on the skin are not copyrightable 28 The question of a tattoo s copyrightability had never been determined by the Supreme Court of the United States 29 Warner Bros also said that by allowing them to use his likeness and not objecting to the plot device in The Hangover Part II Tyson had given them an implied license 30 Judge Catherine D Perry of the Eastern District of Missouri shown in 2021 presided On May 24 2011 Judge Catherine D Perry denied Whitmill s request to enjoin the film s release citing a potential 100 million in damages to Warner Bros and disruption to related businesses However she found that Whitmill had a strong likelihood of success on his copyright claim and characterized most of Warner Bros arguments as just silly saying Of course tattoos can be copyrighted I don t think there is any reasonable dispute about that She also described the tattoo used in the movie as an exact copy rather than a parody 30 On June 6 Warner Bros told the court that in the event the dispute was not resolved it would alter the appearance of the tattoo in the movie s home release 31 on June 20 it announced a settlement with Whitmill under undisclosed terms 32 Many Maori took issue with Whitmill suing for copyright infringement when the work was in their view appropriative of moko Ngahuia Te Awekotuku an expert on Maori tattoos told The New Zealand Herald that It is astounding that a Pakeha tattooist who inscribes an African American s flesh with what he considers to be a Maori design has the gall to claim that design as his intellectual property 33 and accused Whitman of having never consulted with Maōri and having stole n the design 34 Some ta moko artists differed seeing it not as appropriative of moko but rather a hybrid of several tattoo styles Rangi Kipa saw no Maori elements at all 35 The perspective of those like Te Awekotuku highlights the conflict between Maori conception of ta moko which reflect a person s genealogy as collective property and the Anglo American view of copyright as belonging to a single person 36 While Warner Bros initially said they would investigate whether the tattoo was a derivative of any Maori works there was no further discussion of the matter prior to the case settling 15 Notes Edit Tyson often refers to Whitmill as Victor Paradox or similar 10 Ta moko is the style of tattoo an individual tattoo is a moko References EditCitations Edit Hoffer 1998 p 36 Of his prison belongings the only things that returned home to Ohio with him were more than 20 banana boxes full of books Voltaire Maya Angelou Machiavelli Alexandre Dumas Cashmore 2005 pp 91 242 a newfound appetite for reading literature Diverse literature too from the works of Tolstoy to that of Mao Zedong the latter the inspiration for a new tattoo a b c Connell amp Sullivan 2022 Early 1996 p 59 Early says that Ashe was according to Tyson not a man Tyson would have liked personally In Connell amp Sullivan 2022 Tyson describes a respect and kinship felt for Ashe Hoffer 1998 pp 36 266 Roche 2020 Early 1996 p 59 a b Toback 2008 58 51 Cambre 2012 p 84 Williams 1999 Chicago Tribune 2006 Reuters 2003 2 37 Toback 2008 59 32 Bensinger 2016 0 22 Toback 2008 Inked 2020 Connell amp Sullivan 2022 Bensinger 2016 Connell amp Sullivan 2022 Zhitny Iftekhar amp Sombilon 2021 p 79 Hadley 2019 p 401 In Maori culture facial moko is a privilege reserved for respected cultural insiders and it represents and embodies the wearer s sacred genealogy and social status a b Hadley 2019 p 402 Toback 2008 59 46 Tan 2013 p 64 a b Hadley 2019 p 401 Bensinger 2016 0 52 AP 2003 Hamdani 2020 quoting Fenech We sat down and spoke and he didn t really want to fight and he wasn t prepared to and that was one of the reasons he got the tattoo Glier 2003a Glier 2003b AP 2003 Anderson 2003 Rea 2009 Choi 2012 Hadley 2019 pp 401 407 a b Carmen Guitar amp Dillon 2012 p 141 Tan 2013 p 64 a b Cummings 2013 p 280 Grassi 2016 pp 57 58 Cummings 2013 p 280 quoting Whitmill complaint 2011 p 1 Whitmill complaint 2011 p 1 Cummings 2013 p 281 quoting Whitmill answer 2011 p 8 Cummings 2013 p 281 a b McNary 2011 Labreque 2011 citing Whitmill memo in opposition 2011 Belloni 2011 Tan 2013 p 66 quoting NZ Herald 2011 Ellipses original to Herald NZ Herald 2011 Hadley 2019 pp 402 403 Tan 2013 pp 66 67 Hadley 2019 p 403 Sources Edit Book and journal sources Cambre Carolina October 1 2012 The Efficacy Of The Virtual From Che As Sign To Che As Agent Public Journal of Semiotics 4 1 83 107 doi 10 37693 pjos 2012 4 8839 Carmen Rachael A Guitar Amanda E Dillon Haley M June 2012 Ultimate Answers to Proximate Questions The Evolutionary Motivations behind Tattoos and Body Piercings in Popular Culture Review of General Psychology 16 2 134 143 doi 10 1037 a0027908 S2CID 8078573 Cashmore Ellis 2005 Tyson Nurture of the Beast Cambridge England Polity ISBN 9780745630700 OL 3434892M Cummings David M 2013 Creative Expression and the Human Canvas An Examination of Tattoos as a Copyrightable Art Form PDF University of Illinois Law Review 2013 279 318 Retrieved March 1 2023 Early Gerald 1996 Mike s Brilliant Career Transition Indiana University Press 71 46 59 doi 10 2307 2935271 JSTOR 2935271 Grassi Brayndi January 1 2016 Copyrighting Tattoos Artist vs Client in the Battle of the Waiver Forms Mitchell Hamline Law Review 42 1 43 69 Retrieved March 1 2023 Hadley Marie April 17 2019 Mike Tyson Tattoo In Op den Kamp Claudy Hunter Dan eds A History of Intellectual Property in 50 Objects Cambridge University Press pp 400 407 doi 10 1017 9781108325806 050 ISBN 9781108325806 S2CID 198060965 SSRN 3654612 Hoffer Richard 1998 A Savage Business The Comeback and Comedown of Mike Tyson New York City Simon amp Schuster ISBN 9780684809083 OL 689533M Tan Leon May 2013 Intellectual Property Law and the Globalization of Indigenous Cultural Expressions Maori Tattoo and the Whitmill versus Warner Bros Case Theory Culture amp Society 30 3 61 81 doi 10 1177 0263276412474328 S2CID 144418522 Zhitny Vladislav Pavlovich Iftekhar Noama Sombilon Elizabeth Viernes 2021 History Folklore and Current Significance of Facial Tattooing Dermatology 237 1 79 80 doi 10 1159 000505647 PMID 31972563 S2CID 210883478 News coverage Anderson Dave February 24 2003 Translating Tyson Raises More Questions Sports of The Times The New York Times Retrieved March 2 2023 Tyson displays old power in first round KO of Etienne Boxing ESPN Associated Press February 23 2003 2003 02 22 Retrieved March 2 2023 Belloni Matthew June 21 2011 Hangover tattoo lawsuit settled Reuters Retrieved March 1 2023 Chairman Mao humbles Tyson Chicago Tribune April 4 2006 Retrieved March 2 2023 Choi Christy September 13 2012 Mike Tyson tells his tales of redemption in Hong Kong South China Morning Post Retrieved March 2 2023 Glier Ray February 20 2003a Tattooed Tyson At Center Of Storm Boxing The New York Times Retrieved March 1 2023 Glier Ray February 22 2003b With Luster Faded Tyson Places Career On the Line Tonight Boxing The New York Times Retrieved March 1 2023 Hamdani Adam April 10 2020 The controversial reason behind Mike Tyson s face tattoo The Independent Retrieved March 2 2023 Mike Tyson s planning to tattoo it all Inked April 20 2020 Retrieved February 26 2023 Labreque Jeff June 10 2011 Warner Bros plans to alter Hangover tattoo for video Entertainment Weekly Retrieved March 2 2023 via CNN McNary Dave May 24 2011 Judge OKs release of Hangover 2 Variety Retrieved March 1 2023 Tyson s moko draws fire from Maori The New Zealand Herald May 24 2011 Retrieved March 1 2023 Roche Calum November 29 2020 Mike Tyson Mao tattoo what does it mean and why did he get it Diario AS Retrieved February 26 2023 Williams Richard January 13 1999 Tyson does Las Vegas The Independent Retrieved March 2 2023 Interviews and profiles Bensinger Graham March 3 2016 Mike Tyson The real story behind my tattoo In Depth with Graham Bensinger Video interview Retrieved February 28 2023 via YouTube Connell Charlie Sullivan Edmund November 15 2022 The Tao of Tyson Inked Profile Photos by Mark Clennon Retrieved February 28 2023 USA Boxing Mike Tyson and Clifford Etienne weigh in for heavyweight fight Interview and raw footage Reuters February 25 2003 Retrieved February 28 2023 via Screenocean Toback James director 2008 Tyson Documentary film Sony Classics Other sources Rea Steven May 7 2009 Engrossing portrait not entirely credible The Philadelphia Inquirer Film review S Victor Whitmill v Warner Bros Entertainment Inc No 4 11 CV 752 E D Mo Complaint Verified for Injunctive and Other Relief April 28 2011 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Justia Verified Answer to Complaint May 20 2011 Retrieved March 1 2023 via Justia Warner Bros Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiff s Proposed Scheduling Plan May 20 2011 Retrieved March 2 2023 via Justia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mike Tyson 27s tattoos amp oldid 1145282678, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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