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Palpigradi

January 01, 1970

Palpigradi is an order of very small arachnids commonly known as microwhip scorpion or palpigrades.

Palpigradi
Temporal range: Cenomanian–Recent
Eukoenenia spelaea
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Palpigradi
Thorell, 1888[1]
Families
Synonyms

Microthelyphonida[2] Palpigradida[citation needed]

Description edit

Palpigrades belong to the arachnid class.[3] They are the sister group to Solifugae,[4] no more than 3 millimetres (0.12 in) in length,[3] and averaging 1–1.5 mm (0.04–0.06 in).[5] They have a thin, pale, segmented integument, and a segmented abdomen that terminates in a whip-like flagellum. This is made up of 15 segment-like parts, or "articles", and may make up as much as half the animal's length.[6] Each article of the flagellum bears bristles, giving the whole flagellum the appearance of a bottle brush.[6] The carapace is divided into two plates between the third and fourth leg pair of legs. They have no eyes.

As in some other arachnids, the first pair of legs is modified to serve as sensory organs, and are held clear of the ground while walking. Often, however, palpigrades use their pedipalps for locomotion, so that the animal appears to be walking on five pairs of legs.[6] But they do not swing in phase with the walking legs, and are mostly used as legs in rough terrain.[7] Both the nine-segmented pedipalps and the four pairs of legs end in three claws each. The first pair of legs are 11-segmented, the second and third pairs seven-segmented and the fourth pair eight-segmented.[8][9]

The family Prokoeneniidae have three pairs of lung-sacs on the fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments, although these are not true book lungs as there is no trace of the characteristic leaflike lamellae which defines book lungs. Family Eukoeneniidae have no respiratory organs at all and breathe directly through the cuticle.[10]

Their Exoskeleton is very weakly sclerotized compared to other arachnids, which is the reason why fossils are so rare, and go no further back than 99 million years ago in Burmese Amber.[11]

Ecology and behavior edit

Species of Palpigradi live interstitially in wet tropical and subtropical soils.[5] A few species have been found in shallow coral sands and on tropical beaches.[12] In Europe, they have been found in caves and underground spaces.[13] There is one endemic species on the island of Malta, in the Mediterranean Sea, which exists only in one specific cave.[3] They need a damp environment to survive, and they always hide from light, so they are commonly found in the moist earth under buried stones and rocks. They can be found on every continent, except in Arctic and Antarctic regions. Terrestrial Palpigradi have hydrophobic cuticles, but littoral (beach-dwelling) species are able to pass through the water surface easily.[12]

Very little is known about palpigrade behavior.[6] They are generally believed to be predators like their larger relatives, feeding on minuscule animals in their habitat.[6] However, their chelicerae have been described as "more like a comb or brush than the forceps of a predator", and the species Eukoenenia spelaea has been shown to feed on cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae").[13] Their mating habits are unknown, except that they lay only a few relatively large eggs at a time.[6]

Classification edit

Palpigradi is split into two families, differentiated by the presence of ventral sacs on sternites IV–VI in Prokoeneniidae, and their absence in Eukoeneniidae.[14]

Two fossil palpigrade species have been described. The first one is from the Onyx Marble of Arizona, which is probably of Pliocene age.[15] Its familial position is uncertain. The second one (Electrokoenenia yaksha), belonging to the family Eukoeneniidae, is known from Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Burmese amber from northern Myanmar.[16] Older publications refer to a fossil palpigrade (or palpigrade-like animal) from the Jurassic of the Solnhofen limestone in Germany,[17] but this has now been shown to be a misidentified fossil insect.[18]

Genera edit

As of September 2022, the World Palpigradi Catalog accepts the following eight genera:[19]

See also edit

References edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Palpigradi.
  1. ^ Thorell, Tamerlan (1888). "Pedipalpi e Scorpioni dell'Arcipelago Malese conservati nel Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova". Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. 26: 327–428.
  2. ^ Van der Hammen, L. (1982). Comparative studies in Chelicerata II. Epimerata (Palpigradi and Actinotrichida). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 196(1), 1-70.
  3. ^ a b c Schembri, Patrick J.; Baldacchino, Alfred E. (2011). Ilma, Blat u Hajja: Is-Sisien tal-Ambjent Naturali Malti (in Maltese). Malta University Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-99909-44-48-8.
  4. ^ Ballesteros, Jesús A.; López, Carlos E. Santibáñez; Kováč, Ľubomír; Gavish-Regev, Efrat; Sharma, Prashant P. (2019). "Ordered phylogenomic subsampling enables diagnosis of systematic errors in the placement of the enigmatic arachnid order Palpigradi". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 286 (1917): e20192426. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2426. PMC 6939912. PMID 31847768.
  5. ^ a b Peter Ax (2000). "Palpigradi – Holotracheata". Multicellular animals. The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa. Volume II. Springer. pp. 120–121. ISBN 978-3-540-67406-1.
  6. ^ a b c d e f James B. Nardi (2007). Life in the soil: a guide for naturalists and gardeners. Chicago Lectures in Mathematics Series. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-56852-2.
  7. ^ Palpigradi: Behaviour - International Society of Arachnology
  8. ^ Microscopic anatomy of Eukoenenia spelaea (Palpigradi)
  9. ^ Character states and evolution of the chelicerate claws
  10. ^ Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders College. p. 614. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
  11. ^ When the Invasion of Land Failed: The Legacy of the Devonian Extinctions
  12. ^ a b Olav Geire (2009). "Palpigradi (Arachnidae)". Meiobenthology: the microscopic motile fauna of aquatic sediments. Springer. pp. 205–206. ISBN 978-3-540-68657-6.
  13. ^ a b Smrž, Jaroslav; Kováč, Ľubomír; Mikeš, Jaromír & Lukešová, Alena (2013). "Microwhip Scorpions (Palpigradi) Feed on Heterotrophic Cyanobacteria in Slovak Caves – A Curiosity among Arachnida". PLOS ONE. 8 (10): e75989. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875989S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075989. PMC 3797709. PMID 24146804.
  14. ^ Joel Cracraft & Michael J. Donoghue (2004). "Palpigrades (Palpigradi)". Assembling the tree of life. Oxford University Press. pp. 302. ISBN 978-0-19-517234-8.
  15. ^ J. Mark Rowland & W. David Sissom (1980). "Report on a fossil palpigrade from the Tertiary of Arizona, and a review of the morphology and systematics of the order (Arachnida: Palpigradida)". Journal of Arachnology. 8 (1): 69–86. JSTOR 3705206.
  16. ^ Michael S. Engel; Laura C. V. Breitkreuz; Chenyang Cai; Mabel Alvarado; Dany Azar; Diying Huang (2016). "The first Mesozoic microwhip scorpion (Palpigradi): a new genus and species in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar". The Science of Nature. 103 (3–4): 19. Bibcode:2016SciNa.103...19E. doi:10.1007/s00114-016-1345-4. PMID 26879963. S2CID 14816297.
  17. ^ Haase, E (1890). "Beitrag zur Kenntniss der fossilen Arachniden". Zeitschrift der Deutsche geologische Gesellschaft. 1890: 629–657.
  18. ^ Xavier Delclòs; André Nel; Dany Azar; Günter Bechly; Jason A. Dunlop; Michael S. Engel; Sam W. Heads (2008). "The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae (Polyneoptera): New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data, with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil" (PDF). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen. 247 (3): 353–381. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0247-0353.
  19. ^ "World Palpigradi Catalog". World Palpigradi Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.

January 01, 1970
palpigradi, order, very, small, arachnids, commonly, known, microwhip, scorpion, palpigrades, temporal, range, cenomanian, recent, preꞒ, eukoenenia, spelaea, scientific, classification, domain, eukaryota, kingdom, animalia, phylum, arthropoda, subphylum, cheli. Palpigradi is an order of very small arachnids commonly known as microwhip scorpion or palpigrades PalpigradiTemporal range Cenomanian Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Eukoenenia spelaea Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida Order PalpigradiThorell 1888 1 Families Eukoeneniidae Prokoeneniidae Synonyms Microthelyphonida 2 Palpigradida citation needed Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology and behavior 3 Classification 3 1 Genera 4 See also 5 ReferencesDescription editPalpigrades belong to the arachnid class 3 They are the sister group to Solifugae 4 no more than 3 millimetres 0 12 in in length 3 and averaging 1 1 5 mm 0 04 0 06 in 5 They have a thin pale segmented integument and a segmented abdomen that terminates in a whip like flagellum This is made up of 15 segment like parts or articles and may make up as much as half the animal s length 6 Each article of the flagellum bears bristles giving the whole flagellum the appearance of a bottle brush 6 The carapace is divided into two plates between the third and fourth leg pair of legs They have no eyes As in some other arachnids the first pair of legs is modified to serve as sensory organs and are held clear of the ground while walking Often however palpigrades use their pedipalps for locomotion so that the animal appears to be walking on five pairs of legs 6 But they do not swing in phase with the walking legs and are mostly used as legs in rough terrain 7 Both the nine segmented pedipalps and the four pairs of legs end in three claws each The first pair of legs are 11 segmented the second and third pairs seven segmented and the fourth pair eight segmented 8 9 The family Prokoeneniidae have three pairs of lung sacs on the fourth fifth and sixth abdominal segments although these are not true book lungs as there is no trace of the characteristic leaflike lamellae which defines book lungs Family Eukoeneniidae have no respiratory organs at all and breathe directly through the cuticle 10 Their Exoskeleton is very weakly sclerotized compared to other arachnids which is the reason why fossils are so rare and go no further back than 99 million years ago in Burmese Amber 11 Ecology and behavior editSpecies of Palpigradi live interstitially in wet tropical and subtropical soils 5 A few species have been found in shallow coral sands and on tropical beaches 12 In Europe they have been found in caves and underground spaces 13 There is one endemic species on the island of Malta in the Mediterranean Sea which exists only in one specific cave 3 They need a damp environment to survive and they always hide from light so they are commonly found in the moist earth under buried stones and rocks They can be found on every continent except in Arctic and Antarctic regions Terrestrial Palpigradi have hydrophobic cuticles but littoral beach dwelling species are able to pass through the water surface easily 12 Very little is known about palpigrade behavior 6 They are generally believed to be predators like their larger relatives feeding on minuscule animals in their habitat 6 However their chelicerae have been described as more like a comb or brush than the forceps of a predator and the species Eukoenenia spelaea has been shown to feed on cyanobacteria blue green algae 13 Their mating habits are unknown except that they lay only a few relatively large eggs at a time 6 Classification editPalpigradi is split into two families differentiated by the presence of ventral sacs on sternites IV VI in Prokoeneniidae and their absence in Eukoeneniidae 14 Two fossil palpigrade species have been described The first one is from the Onyx Marble of Arizona which is probably of Pliocene age 15 Its familial position is uncertain The second one Electrokoenenia yaksha belonging to the family Eukoeneniidae is known from Cretaceous Cenomanian Burmese amber from northern Myanmar 16 Older publications refer to a fossil palpigrade or palpigrade like animal from the Jurassic of the Solnhofen limestone in Germany 17 but this has now been shown to be a misidentified fossil insect 18 Genera edit As of September 2022 update the World Palpigradi Catalog accepts the following eight genera 19 Allokoenenia Silvestri 1913 Eukoenenia Borner 1901 Koeneniodes Silvestri 1913 Leptokoenenia Conde 1965 Prokoenenia Borner 1901 Triadokoenenia Conde 1991 Electrokoenenia Engel amp Huang 2016 Paleokoenenia Rowland amp Sissom 1980See also edit nbsp Arthropods portal Maltese palpigradeReferences edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Palpigradi Thorell Tamerlan 1888 Pedipalpi e Scorpioni dell Arcipelago Malese conservati nel Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 26 327 428 Van der Hammen L 1982 Comparative studies in Chelicerata II Epimerata Palpigradi and Actinotrichida Zoologische Verhandelingen 196 1 1 70 a b c Schembri Patrick J Baldacchino Alfred E 2011 Ilma Blat u Hajja Is Sisien tal Ambjent Naturali Malti in Maltese Malta University Press p 66 ISBN 978 99909 44 48 8 Ballesteros Jesus A Lopez Carlos E Santibanez Kovac Ľubomir Gavish Regev Efrat Sharma Prashant P 2019 Ordered phylogenomic subsampling enables diagnosis of systematic errors in the placement of the enigmatic arachnid order Palpigradi Proceedings of the Royal Society B 286 1917 e20192426 doi 10 1098 rspb 2019 2426 PMC 6939912 PMID 31847768 a b Peter Ax 2000 Palpigradi Holotracheata Multicellular animals The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa Volume II Springer pp 120 121 ISBN 978 3 540 67406 1 a b c d e f James B Nardi 2007 Life in the soil a guide for naturalists and gardeners Chicago Lectures in Mathematics Series University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 56852 2 Palpigradi Behaviour International Society of Arachnology Microscopic anatomy of Eukoenenia spelaea Palpigradi Character states and evolution of the chelicerate claws Barnes Robert D 1982 Invertebrate Zoology Philadelphia PA Saunders College p 614 ISBN 0 03 056747 5 When the Invasion of Land Failed The Legacy of the Devonian Extinctions a b Olav Geire 2009 Palpigradi Arachnidae Meiobenthology the microscopic motile fauna of aquatic sediments Springer pp 205 206 ISBN 978 3 540 68657 6 a b Smrz Jaroslav Kovac Ľubomir Mikes Jaromir amp Lukesova Alena 2013 Microwhip Scorpions Palpigradi Feed on Heterotrophic Cyanobacteria in Slovak Caves A Curiosity among Arachnida PLOS ONE 8 10 e75989 Bibcode 2013PLoSO 875989S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0075989 PMC 3797709 PMID 24146804 Joel Cracraft amp Michael J Donoghue 2004 Palpigrades Palpigradi Assembling the tree of life Oxford University Press pp 302 ISBN 978 0 19 517234 8 J Mark Rowland amp W David Sissom 1980 Report on a fossil palpigrade from the Tertiary of Arizona and a review of the morphology and systematics of the order Arachnida Palpigradida Journal of Arachnology 8 1 69 86 JSTOR 3705206 Michael S Engel Laura C V Breitkreuz Chenyang Cai Mabel Alvarado Dany Azar Diying Huang 2016 The first Mesozoic microwhip scorpion Palpigradi a new genus and species in mid Cretaceous amber from Myanmar The Science of Nature 103 3 4 19 Bibcode 2016SciNa 103 19E doi 10 1007 s00114 016 1345 4 PMID 26879963 S2CID 14816297 Haase E 1890 Beitrag zur Kenntniss der fossilen Arachniden Zeitschrift der Deutsche geologische Gesellschaft 1890 629 657 Xavier Delclos Andre Nel Dany Azar Gunter Bechly Jason A Dunlop Michael S Engel Sam W Heads 2008 The enigmatic Mesozoic insect taxon Chresmodidae Polyneoptera New palaeobiological and phylogenetic data with the description of a new species from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil PDF Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 247 3 353 381 doi 10 1127 0077 7749 2008 0247 0353 World Palpigradi Catalog World Palpigradi Catalog Natural History Museum Bern 2022 Retrieved 25 September 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Palpigradi amp oldid 1224973088, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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