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Anazarbus

June 19, 2023

Anazarbus, also known as Justinopolis (Ancient Greek: Ἀναζαρβός/ Ίουστινούπολις, medieval Ain Zarba; modern Anavarza; Arabic: عَيْنُ زَرْبَة), was an ancient Cilician city. Under the late Roman Empire, it was the capital of Cilicia Secunda. Roman emperor Justinian I rebuilt the city in 527 after a strong earthquake hit it. It was destroyed in 1374 by the forces of the Mamluk Empire, after their conquest of Cilician Armenia.

Anazarbus
Anavarza (in Turkish)
The triumphal arch of Anazarbus was later converted to the city's South Gate.
Shown within Turkey
Alternative nameCaesarea, Justinopolis
LocationAdana Province, Turkey
RegionCilicia
Coordinates37°15′50″N 35°54′20″E / 37.26389°N 35.90556°E / 37.26389; 35.90556
TypeSettlement
History
Abandoned1374
General view of the site
Anazarbus West Gate

Location

It was situated in Anatolia in modern Turkey, in the present Çukurova (or classical Aleian plain) about 15 km west of the main stream of the present Ceyhan River (or classical Pyramus river) and near its tributary the Sempas Su.

A lofty isolated ridge formed its acropolis. Though some of the masonry in the ruins is certainly pre-Roman, the Suda's identification of it with Cyinda, famous as a treasure city in the wars of Eumenes of Cardia, cannot be accepted in the face of Strabo's express location of Cyinda in western Cilicia.[1]

History

According to the Suda, the original name of the place was Cyinda or Kyinda or Quinda (Greek: Κύϊνδα); and that it was next called Diocaesarea (Διοκαισάρεια).[2] A city in Cilicia called Kundu rebelled against the Assyrian king Esarhaddon in 7th century BC, but it's unclear if there is a connection. At least it's known a city called Anazarbus (Ἀνάζαρβος) and Anazarba (Ἀνάζαρβα) and Anazarbon (Ἀνάζαρβον),[3] situated on the river Pyramus, existed in the first century BC and was a part of the small client-kingdom of Tarcondimotus I until it was annexed by Rome.[4] How the city obtained the name is a matter of conjecture. According to Stephanus of Byzantium, after the city was destroyed by an earthquake, the emperor Nerva sent thither one Anazarbus, a man of senatorial rank, who rebuilt the city, and gave to it his own name.[5] This account cannot be accurate, as Valesius remarks,[6] for it was called Anazarbus in Pliny's time.[7] Dioscorides is called a native of Anazarbus; but the period of Dioscorides is not certain. It was also the home of the poet Oppian. Its later name was Caesarea ad Anazarbum, and there are many medals of the place in which it is both named Anazarbus and Caesarea at or under Anazarbus. On the division of Cilicia it became the chief place of the Roman province of Cilicia Secunda, with the title of Metropolis. Early in the sixth century, in the reign of Eastern Roman emperor Justin I, it was named Justinopolis or Ioustinoupolis (Ἰουστινούπολις). The city suffered from an earthquake in 526 and was rebuilt by Justinian I and renamed Justinianopolis or Ioustinianoupolis (Ἰουστινιανούπολις);[8] but the old name persisted, and when Thoros I, king of Lesser Armenia, made it his capital early in the 12th century, it was known as Anazarva.

 
Digital reconstruction of the main gate of the city

Its great natural strength and situation, not far from the mouth of the Sis pass, and near the great road which debouched from the Cilician Gates, made Anazarbus play a considerable part in the struggles between the Eastern Roman Empire and the early Muslim invaders. It had been rebuilt by Harun al-Rashid in 796, refortified at great expense by the Hamdanid Sayf al-Dawla[1] (mid-10th century) and again destroyed in 962 by Nikephoros II Phokas. In the 11th century it was again a major fortress, comparable to Tarsos and Marash, and belonged to the realm of Philaretos Brachamios before it was captured around 1084 by the Seljuk Turks.[9] In late 1097 or early 1098 it was captured by the armies of the First Crusade and after the conquest of Antioch it was incorporated into Bohemond of Taranto's Principality of Antioch. The site briefly exchanged hands between the Byzantine Empire and Armenians, until it was formally part of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Anazarbus was one of a chain of Armenian fortifications stretching through Cilicia. The castle of Sis (modern Kozan, Adana) lies to the north while Tumlu Castle and Yilankale are to the south, and the fortresses of Amouda and Sarvandikar are to the east. The Mamluk Empire of Egypt finally destroyed the city in 1374.

Remains

 
Anavarza's upper city
 
Anavarza's upper city
 
In the foreground: Some remains of the burial church of the Armenian kings, 12th century
 
Anavarza's castle

The Crusaders are probably responsible for the construction of an impressive donjon atop the center of the outcrop. Most of the remaining fortifications, including the curtain walls, massive horseshoe-shaped towers, undercrofts, cisterns, and free-standing structures date from the Armenian periods of occupation, which began with the arrival of the Rubenid Baron T‛oros I, c. 1111.[10] Within the fortress are two Armenian chapels and the magnificent (but severely damaged) three-aisle church built by T‛oros I to celebrate his conquests.[11][12] The church was once surrounded by a continuous, well-executed dedicatory inscription in Armenian.

The present wall of the lower city is of late construction. It encloses a mass of ruins conspicuous in which are a fine triumphal arch, the colonnades of two streets, a gymnasium, etc. A stadium and a theatre lie outside the walls to the south. The remains of the acropolis fortifications are very interesting, including roads and ditches hewn in the rock. There are no notable structures in the upper town. For picturesqueness the site is not equaled in Cilicia, and it is worthwhile to trace the three fine aqueducts to their sources.[1] A necropolis on the escarpment to the south of the curtain wall can also be seen complete with signs of illegal modern excavations.

A modest Turkish farming village (Dilekkaya) lies to the southwest of the ancient city. A small outdoor museum with some of the artifacts collected in the area can be viewed for a small fee. Also nearby are some beautiful mosaics discovered in a farmers field.

A visit in December 2002 showed that the three aqueducts mentioned above have been nearly completely destroyed. Only small, isolated sections are left standing with the largest portion lying in a pile of rubble that stretches the length of where the aqueducts once stood. A powerful earthquake that struck the area in 1945 is thought to be responsible for the destruction.

In 2013, excavations uncovered the first known colonnaded double-lane road of the ancient world, 34 meters wide and 2700 meters long, also uncovered the ruins of a church and a bathhouse.[13]

In 2017, archaeologists discovered a limestone statue of the goddess Hygieia and the god Eros. The statue is thought to date to the third or fourth century B.C.[13]

Ecclesiastical history

Anazarbus was the capital and so also from 553 (the date of the Second Council of Constantinople) the metropolitan see of the Late Roman province of Cilicia Secunda.[14][15]

In the 4th century, one of the bishops of Anazarbus was Athanasius, a "consistent expounder of the theology of Arius." His theological opponent, Athanasius of Alexandria, in De Synodis 17, 1 refers to Anazarbus as Ναζαρβῶν.[16]

Maximin of Anazarbus attended the Council of Chalcedon.[17][18]

A 6th century Notitia Episcopatuum indicates that it had as suffragan sees Epiphania, Alexandria Minor, Irenopolis, Flavias, Castabala and Aegeae. Rhosus was also subject to Anazarbus, but after the 6th century was made exempt, and Mopsuestia was raised to the rank of autocephalous metropolitan see, though without suffragans.[19][20][21][22]

Latin Catholic titular see

The titular archbishopric was revived in the 18th century as a see of the Latin Catholic church, Anazarbus.[23]

It is vacant, having had the following incumbents, generally of the highest (Metropolitan) rank, with an episcopal (lowest rank) exception:

  • Titular Archbishop Giuseppe Maria Saporiti (1726.04.08 – 1743.12.02)
  • Titular Bishop Isidro Alfonso Cavanillas (1753.04.09 – 1755.05.12)
  • Titular Archbishop Gerolamo Formagliari (1760.07.21 – 1781)
  • Titular Archbishop Romain-Frédéric Gallard (1839.02.21 – 1839.09.28)
  • Titular Archbishop Andon Bedros Hassoun (1842.06.07 – 1846.08.02), as Coadjutor Archeparch of Istanbul of the Armenians (Turkey) (1842.06.07 – 1846.08.02), succeeded as Archeparch of Istanbul of the Armenians (Turkey) (1846.08.02 – 1866.09.14), later Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenians (Lebanon) ([1866.09.14] 1867.07.12 – 1881.06), created Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Vitale, Valeria, Gervasio e Protasio (1880.12.16 – 1884.02.28)
  • Titular Archbishop Giorgio Labella, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (1847.06.04 – 1860.10.27)
  • Titular Archbishop Charles Petre Eyre (1868.12.03 – 1878.03.15)
  • Titular Archbishop John Baptist Salpointe (1884.04.22 – 1885.08.18)
  • Titular Archbishop Michael Logue (1887.04.19 – 1887.12.03) (later Cardinal)*
  • Titular Archbishop François Laurencin (1888.06.01 – 1892.12.18)
  • Titular Archbishop Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas (1893.06.15 – 1897.09.26)
  • Titular Archbishop Raimondo Ingheo (1907.12.16 – 1911.07.08)
  • Titular Archbishop Cláudio José Gonçalves Ponce de Leon, Lazarists (C.M.) (1912.01.09 – 1924.05.26)
  • Titular Archbishop Raymund Netzhammer, Benedictine Order(] O.S.B.) (1924.07.14 – 1945.09.18)
  • Titular Archbishop Michele Akras (1945.10.27 – 1947.02.05)
  • Titular Archbishop Heinrich Döring (ハインリヒ・デーリング), S.J. (1948.01.15 – 1951.12.17)
  • Titular Archbishop Joseph-Marie Le Gouaze (1955.06.24 – 1964.07.31)

Armenian Catholic titular see

In the 19th century, an Armenian Catholic titular bishopric of Anazarbus (of the Armenians) (Anazarbus degli Armeni in Curiate Italian) was established.

It was a suppressed in 1933,[24] having had a single incumbent, of the intermediary (archiepiscopal) rank :

Notable locals

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anazarbus.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hogarth, David George (1911). "Anazarbus". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 944.
  2. ^ Suda, s.v. Κύϊνδα.
  3. ^ Suda Encyclopedia, alpha 1866
  4. ^ Tobin, Jenner (2001). "The Tarcondimotid Dynasty in Smooth Cilicia". Actes de la Table Ronde d'Istanbul, 2-5 novembre 1999: 381–387.
  5. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium. Ethnica. Vol. s.v. Ἀνάζαρβος.
  6. ^ Amm. Marc. 14.8.
  7. ^ Pliny. Naturalis Historia. Vol. 5.27.
  8. ^ Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. 1 January 1996. p. 28.
  9. ^ Oltean, Daniel (2022). "From the Monastery of the Theotokos tou Roudiou to Simanaklay?: Greek and Armenian monks in a Changing World". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 76: 101–116.
  10. ^ Edwards, Robert W. (1987). The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 65–72, 281, pls.9a–18b, 287b–289c. ISBN 0-88402-163-7.
  11. ^ Robert W. Edwards, "Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: First Report, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 36, 1982, pp.156–61, 168, pls.1–7.
  12. ^ Robert W. Edwards, "Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Second Report, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 37, 1983, pp.128–34, pls.2, 18–29, 36–46.
  13. ^ a b Statue of Hygieia and Eros uncovered in southern Turkey
  14. ^ Edwards, Robert W., "Anazarbos" (2016). The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, ed., Paul Corby Finney. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 57–58. ISBN 978-0-8028-9016-0.
  15. ^ Oriens christianus: in quatuor patriarchatus digestus : quo exhibentur ... by Michel Le Quien ((O.P.)), Oriens christianus (ex Typographia Regia, 1740) p40.
  16. ^ R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy 318-381 (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1988), 41-3, quote, 43.
  17. ^ The Cannons of the two hundred Holy and Blessed Fathers who met at Ephesus.
  18. ^ Charles Joseph Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church: from the Original Documents, to the close of the Second Council of Nicaea A.D. 787 (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1 February 2007) page 151.
  19. ^ Michel Le Quien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 885–888
  20. ^ Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica, Vol. 2, pp. 40–41
  21. ^ Siméon Vailhé, v. Anazarbe, in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. II, Paris 1914, coll. 1504–1506
  22. ^ Echos d'Orient 1907, p. 95.
  23. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1).
  24. ^ Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi, Volume 8, Page 99, and Page 328.
  25. ^ Domina of Anazarbus.
  26. ^ St. Theodula of Anazarbus in Cilicia.

General references

  • Entry for Anazarbus from the Suda.

  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Anazarbus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.

External links

  • GCatholic Latin titular see
  • GCatholic Armenian Catholic former titular see
  • Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of Anazarbus Castle

June 19, 2023
anazarbus, also, known, justinopolis, ancient, greek, Ἀναζαρβός, Ίουστινούπολις, medieval, zarba, modern, anavarza, arabic, ancient, cilician, city, under, late, roman, empire, capital, cilicia, secunda, roman, emperor, justinian, rebuilt, city, after, strong,. Anazarbus also known as Justinopolis Ancient Greek Ἀnazarbos Ioystinoypolis medieval Ain Zarba modern Anavarza Arabic ع ي ن ز ر ب ة was an ancient Cilician city Under the late Roman Empire it was the capital of Cilicia Secunda Roman emperor Justinian I rebuilt the city in 527 after a strong earthquake hit it It was destroyed in 1374 by the forces of the Mamluk Empire after their conquest of Cilician Armenia AnazarbusAnavarza in Turkish The triumphal arch of Anazarbus was later converted to the city s South Gate Shown within TurkeyAlternative nameCaesarea JustinopolisLocationAdana Province TurkeyRegionCiliciaCoordinates37 15 50 N 35 54 20 E 37 26389 N 35 90556 E 37 26389 35 90556TypeSettlementHistoryAbandoned1374General view of the site Anazarbus West Gate Contents 1 Location 2 History 3 Remains 4 Ecclesiastical history 4 1 Latin Catholic titular see 4 2 Armenian Catholic titular see 5 Notable locals 6 See also 7 References 7 1 Citations 7 2 General references 8 External linksLocation EditIt was situated in Anatolia in modern Turkey in the present Cukurova or classical Aleian plain about 15 km west of the main stream of the present Ceyhan River or classical Pyramus river and near its tributary the Sempas Su A lofty isolated ridge formed its acropolis Though some of the masonry in the ruins is certainly pre Roman the Suda s identification of it with Cyinda famous as a treasure city in the wars of Eumenes of Cardia cannot be accepted in the face of Strabo s express location of Cyinda in western Cilicia 1 History EditAccording to the Suda the original name of the place was Cyinda or Kyinda or Quinda Greek Kyinda and that it was next called Diocaesarea Diokaisareia 2 A city in Cilicia called Kundu rebelled against the Assyrian king Esarhaddon in 7th century BC but it s unclear if there is a connection At least it s known a city called Anazarbus Ἀnazarbos and Anazarba Ἀnazarba and Anazarbon Ἀnazarbon 3 situated on the river Pyramus existed in the first century BC and was a part of the small client kingdom of Tarcondimotus I until it was annexed by Rome 4 How the city obtained the name is a matter of conjecture According to Stephanus of Byzantium after the city was destroyed by an earthquake the emperor Nerva sent thither one Anazarbus a man of senatorial rank who rebuilt the city and gave to it his own name 5 This account cannot be accurate as Valesius remarks 6 for it was called Anazarbus in Pliny s time 7 Dioscorides is called a native of Anazarbus but the period of Dioscorides is not certain It was also the home of the poet Oppian Its later name was Caesarea ad Anazarbum and there are many medals of the place in which it is both named Anazarbus and Caesarea at or under Anazarbus On the division of Cilicia it became the chief place of the Roman province of Cilicia Secunda with the title of Metropolis Early in the sixth century in the reign of Eastern Roman emperor Justin I it was named Justinopolis or Ioustinoupolis Ἰoystinoypolis The city suffered from an earthquake in 526 and was rebuilt by Justinian I and renamed Justinianopolis or Ioustinianoupolis Ἰoystinianoypolis 8 but the old name persisted and when Thoros I king of Lesser Armenia made it his capital early in the 12th century it was known as Anazarva Digital reconstruction of the main gate of the city Its great natural strength and situation not far from the mouth of the Sis pass and near the great road which debouched from the Cilician Gates made Anazarbus play a considerable part in the struggles between the Eastern Roman Empire and the early Muslim invaders It had been rebuilt by Harun al Rashid in 796 refortified at great expense by the Hamdanid Sayf al Dawla 1 mid 10th century and again destroyed in 962 by Nikephoros II Phokas In the 11th century it was again a major fortress comparable to Tarsos and Marash and belonged to the realm of Philaretos Brachamios before it was captured around 1084 by the Seljuk Turks 9 In late 1097 or early 1098 it was captured by the armies of the First Crusade and after the conquest of Antioch it was incorporated into Bohemond of Taranto s Principality of Antioch The site briefly exchanged hands between the Byzantine Empire and Armenians until it was formally part of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia Anazarbus was one of a chain of Armenian fortifications stretching through Cilicia The castle of Sis modern Kozan Adana lies to the north while Tumlu Castle and Yilankale are to the south and the fortresses of Amouda and Sarvandikar are to the east The Mamluk Empire of Egypt finally destroyed the city in 1374 Remains Edit Anavarza s upper city Anavarza s upper city In the foreground Some remains of the burial church of the Armenian kings 12th century Anavarza s castle The Crusaders are probably responsible for the construction of an impressive donjon atop the center of the outcrop Most of the remaining fortifications including the curtain walls massive horseshoe shaped towers undercrofts cisterns and free standing structures date from the Armenian periods of occupation which began with the arrival of the Rubenid Baron T oros I c 1111 10 Within the fortress are two Armenian chapels and the magnificent but severely damaged three aisle church built by T oros I to celebrate his conquests 11 12 The church was once surrounded by a continuous well executed dedicatory inscription in Armenian The present wall of the lower city is of late construction It encloses a mass of ruins conspicuous in which are a fine triumphal arch the colonnades of two streets a gymnasium etc A stadium and a theatre lie outside the walls to the south The remains of the acropolis fortifications are very interesting including roads and ditches hewn in the rock There are no notable structures in the upper town For picturesqueness the site is not equaled in Cilicia and it is worthwhile to trace the three fine aqueducts to their sources 1 A necropolis on the escarpment to the south of the curtain wall can also be seen complete with signs of illegal modern excavations A modest Turkish farming village Dilekkaya lies to the southwest of the ancient city A small outdoor museum with some of the artifacts collected in the area can be viewed for a small fee Also nearby are some beautiful mosaics discovered in a farmers field A visit in December 2002 showed that the three aqueducts mentioned above have been nearly completely destroyed Only small isolated sections are left standing with the largest portion lying in a pile of rubble that stretches the length of where the aqueducts once stood A powerful earthquake that struck the area in 1945 is thought to be responsible for the destruction In 2013 excavations uncovered the first known colonnaded double lane road of the ancient world 34 meters wide and 2700 meters long also uncovered the ruins of a church and a bathhouse 13 In 2017 archaeologists discovered a limestone statue of the goddess Hygieia and the god Eros The statue is thought to date to the third or fourth century B C 13 Ecclesiastical history EditAnazarbus was the capital and so also from 553 the date of the Second Council of Constantinople the metropolitan see of the Late Roman province of Cilicia Secunda 14 15 In the 4th century one of the bishops of Anazarbus was Athanasius a consistent expounder of the theology of Arius His theological opponent Athanasius of Alexandria in De Synodis 17 1 refers to Anazarbus as Nazarbῶn 16 Maximin of Anazarbus attended the Council of Chalcedon 17 18 A 6th century Notitia Episcopatuum indicates that it had as suffragan sees Epiphania Alexandria Minor Irenopolis Flavias Castabala and Aegeae Rhosus was also subject to Anazarbus but after the 6th century was made exempt and Mopsuestia was raised to the rank of autocephalous metropolitan see though without suffragans 19 20 21 22 Latin Catholic titular see Edit The titular archbishopric was revived in the 18th century as a see of the Latin Catholic church Anazarbus 23 It is vacant having had the following incumbents generally of the highest Metropolitan rank with an episcopal lowest rank exception Titular Archbishop Giuseppe Maria Saporiti 1726 04 08 1743 12 02 Titular Bishop Isidro Alfonso Cavanillas 1753 04 09 1755 05 12 Titular Archbishop Gerolamo Formagliari 1760 07 21 1781 Titular Archbishop Romain Frederic Gallard 1839 02 21 1839 09 28 Titular Archbishop Andon Bedros Hassoun 1842 06 07 1846 08 02 as Coadjutor Archeparch of Istanbul of the Armenians Turkey 1842 06 07 1846 08 02 succeeded as Archeparch of Istanbul of the Armenians Turkey 1846 08 02 1866 09 14 later Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenians Lebanon 1866 09 14 1867 07 12 1881 06 created Cardinal Priest of Ss Vitale Valeria Gervasio e Protasio 1880 12 16 1884 02 28 Titular Archbishop Giorgio Labella Friars Minor O F M 1847 06 04 1860 10 27 Titular Archbishop Charles Petre Eyre 1868 12 03 1878 03 15 Titular Archbishop John Baptist Salpointe 1884 04 22 1885 08 18 Titular Archbishop Michael Logue 1887 04 19 1887 12 03 later Cardinal Titular Archbishop Francois Laurencin 1888 06 01 1892 12 18 Titular Archbishop Joaquin Larrain Gandarillas 1893 06 15 1897 09 26 Titular Archbishop Raimondo Ingheo 1907 12 16 1911 07 08 Titular Archbishop Claudio Jose Goncalves Ponce de Leon Lazarists C M 1912 01 09 1924 05 26 Titular Archbishop Raymund Netzhammer Benedictine Order O S B 1924 07 14 1945 09 18 Titular Archbishop Michele Akras 1945 10 27 1947 02 05 Titular Archbishop Heinrich Doring ハインリヒ デーリング S J 1948 01 15 1951 12 17 Titular Archbishop Joseph Marie Le Gouaze 1955 06 24 1964 07 31 Armenian Catholic titular see Edit In the 19th century an Armenian Catholic titular bishopric of Anazarbus of the Armenians Anazarbus degli Armeni in Curiate Italian was established It was a suppressed in 1933 24 having had a single incumbent of the intermediary archiepiscopal rank Titular Archbishop Avedis Arpiarian 1898 04 05 1911 08 27 previously Eparch of Kharput of the Armenians 1890 09 23 1898 04 05 later Eparch of Marasc of the Armenians 1911 08 27 1928 06 29 Auxiliary Eparch of the patriarchate Cilicia of the Armenians Lebanon 1928 06 29 1931 10 17 Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia Lebanon 1931 10 17 1933 03 13 1937 10 26 Notable locals EditPedanius Dioscorides 1st century Greek physician pharmacologist and botanist St Domnina of Anazarbus 25 St Theodula of Anazarbus 26 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anazarbus See also EditDiocese of AlexandrettaReferences EditCitations Edit a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Hogarth David George 1911 Anazarbus In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 1 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 944 Suda s v Kyinda Suda Encyclopedia alpha 1866 Tobin Jenner 2001 The Tarcondimotid Dynasty in Smooth Cilicia Actes de la Table Ronde d Istanbul 2 5 novembre 1999 381 387 Stephanus of Byzantium Ethnica Vol s v Ἀnazarbos Amm Marc 14 8 Pliny Naturalis Historia Vol 5 27 Southern Europe International Dictionary of Historic Places Routledge 1 January 1996 p 28 Oltean Daniel 2022 From the Monastery of the Theotokos tou Roudiou to Simanaklay Greek and Armenian monks in a Changing World Dumbarton Oaks Papers 76 101 116 Edwards Robert W 1987 The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII Washington D C Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University pp 65 72 281 pls 9a 18b 287b 289c ISBN 0 88402 163 7 Robert W Edwards Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia First Report Dumbarton Oaks Papers 36 1982 pp 156 61 168 pls 1 7 Robert W Edwards Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia Second Report Dumbarton Oaks Papers 37 1983 pp 128 34 pls 2 18 29 36 46 a b Statue of Hygieia and Eros uncovered in southern Turkey Edwards Robert W Anazarbos 2016 The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology ed Paul Corby Finney Grand Rapids Michigan William B Eerdmans Publishing pp 57 58 ISBN 978 0 8028 9016 0 Oriens christianus in quatuor patriarchatus digestus quo exhibentur by Michel Le Quien O P Oriens christianus ex Typographia Regia 1740 p40 R P C Hanson The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God The Arian Controversy 318 381 Edinburgh T amp T Clark 1988 41 3 quote 43 The Cannons of the two hundred Holy and Blessed Fathers who met at Ephesus Charles Joseph Hefele A History of the Councils of the Church from the Original Documents to the close of the Second Council of Nicaea A D 787 Wipf and Stock Publishers 1 February 2007 page 151 Michel Le Quien Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus Paris 1740 Vol II coll 885 888 Gaetano Moroni Dizionario di erudizione storico ecclesiastica Vol 2 pp 40 41 Simeon Vailhe v Anazarbe in Dictionnaire d Histoire et de Geographie ecclesiastiques vol II Paris 1914 coll 1504 1506 Echos d Orient 1907 p 95 Annuario Pontificio 2013 Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978 88 209 9070 1 Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi Volume 8 Page 99 and Page 328 Domina of Anazarbus St Theodula of Anazarbus in Cilicia General references Edit Entry for Anazarbus from the Suda This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Smith William ed 1854 1857 Anazarbus Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography London John Murray External links EditGCatholic Latin titular see GCatholic Armenian Catholic former titular see Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of Anazarbus Castle Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anazarbus amp oldid 1152963737, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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