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Miami River (Florida)

October 03, 2023

For other uses, see Miami River (disambiguation).

The Miami River is a river in the United States state of Florida that drains out of the Everglades and runs through the city of Miami, including Downtown. The 5.5-mile (8.9 km) long river flows from the terminus of the Miami Canal at Miami International Airport to Biscayne Bay. It was originally a natural river inhabited at its mouth by the Tequesta Indians, but it was dredged and is now polluted throughout its route through Miami-Dade County. The mouth of the river is home to the Port of Miami and many other businesses whose pressure to maintain it has helped to improve the river's condition.

Miami River
The mouth of the Miami River at Brickell Key
Location
CountryUnited States
Physical characteristics
Source 
 • locationThe Everglades
 • elevationSea level
Mouth 
 • location
Brickell Point
 • coordinates
25°46′14″N 80°11′06″W / 25.7705°N 80.1851°W / 25.7705; -80.1851
Length5.5 mi (8.9 km)
Basin size2,800 sq mi (7,300 km2)
Discharge 
 • average50 cu ft/s (1.4 m3/s)

Etymology Edit

Although it is widely believed that the name is derived from a Native American word that means "sweet water," the earliest mention of the name comes from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, a captive of Indians in southern Florida for 17 years, when he referred to what is now Lake Okeechobee as the "Lake of Mayaimi, which is called Mayaimi because it is very large".[1] The Mayaimi people were named after the lake around which they lived. Spanish records include the cacique of "Maimi" in a group of 280 Florida Indians that arrived in Cuba in 1710.[2] Reports on a Spanish Mission to the Biscayne Bay area in 1743 mention "Maymies" or "Maimíes" living nearby.[3] The river has also been known as the Garband River, Rio Ratones, Fresh Water River, Sweetwater River, and Lemon River. It has been known as the Miami River since the Second Seminole War of 1835–42.[4]

Natural river Edit

 
Map of Miami, Florida with the river in blue

In its original natural state, the river started at rapids formed by water from the Everglades flowing over a rocky ledge four miles (6.4 km) from its mouth. Frederick H. Gerdes of the U.S. Coast Survey reported in 1849 that "[f]rom the upper falls to near its entrance into Key Biscayne Bay… water in the Glades was 6 feet 2.5 inches (1.892 m) above low tide."[5] The rapids were removed when the Miami Canal was dredged in an attempt to drain the wetland.[6]

The river divided into a North Fork and a South Fork about three miles (4.8 km) above its mouth. Each fork extended only one mile (1.6 km) to rapids marking the edge of the Everglades. The North Fork had a greater flow and higher drop over its rapids. One- and one-half miles (2.4 km) above the mouth of the river there was a tributary on the north side, called Wagner Creek, which was about two miles (3.2 km) long. The Miami River was also fed by several springs, including some in the bed of the river. The river's flow was variable and in times of drought the river did not flow.[7]

History Edit

 
The mouth of the Miami River at Brickell Point, August 1935

The earliest known inhabitants of the area around the Miami River were the Tequestas. Their major town at the time of first European contact was on the north bank of the river near the mouth. Before the intensive development of Miami in the 20th century, mounds built by the Tequesta were located along the river.[8] Spanish missions were briefly established beside the river in 1567–70 and in 1743, but the area was abandoned when Spain turned Florida over to Britain in 1765.[9]

The area around the Miami River attracted settlers throughout the 19th century with the major exception of the years of the Seminole Wars, but those years had little effect on the river. The United States Army attempted to dig a channel through the sandbar at the mouth of the river in 1856, but stopped when it was decided that Fort Dallas would not be made permanent.[10]

Dredging and pollution Edit

 
The Miami River in 2007

Modification of the river began in earnest with the arrival of the Florida East Coast Railway in Miami in 1896. There was much dredging and filling along the river. The rapids at the head of the South Fork were removed in 1908. From 1909 to 1912, the Miami Canal was dug, bypassing the rapids at the head of the North Fork. The canal was dammed off from the river for most of the construction period. When the canal was opened to the river in March 1912, large amounts of Everglades muck and finely ground stone from the dredging were washed down the river, silting it. As a result, the lower river had to be dredged three times in two years.[6]

Dredging of the river and of the canals connecting to the river continued into the 1930s. Deepening the Miami River (and other streams and canals draining into Biscayne Bay), as well as the drainage of the Everglades, which was a major purpose of the dredging, led to saltwater intrusion in the area, ultimately forcing the abandonment of drinking water wells on several occasions. By the 1940s, dams were being installed on the canals leading into the Miami River to prevent salt water from traveling inland.[11]

The Miami River also became polluted. In 1897, Miami's first sewer line started emptying directly into the river. By the 1950s, 29 sewers were dumping untreated sewage into the river. Miami-Dade County constructed a sewage treatment plant on Virginia Key in the 1950s and connected sewer lines to it, routing the raw sewage away from the river.[12]

Artifact discoveries Edit

At a site next to the river, archeologists in 2023 discovered numerous artifacts, "dating back to the dawn of human civilization 7,000 years ago."[13] The discoveries included prehistoric tools and preserved animals and plants.[13] Development of a residential property was put on hold during legal proceedings to determine if the site would be preserved as a protected archeological site.[14]

Commercial use Edit

The Miami River is likely the shortest working river in the United States. The Center for Urban & Environmental Solutions reported in 2008: "Waterborne commerce through the Miami River port doubled between an annual level of about 250,000 short tons in the early 1970s to about 500,000 in the early years of the new century. Foreign trade accounts for most of the commerce through the Miami River Port. Exports dominate the Port's commerce, accounting for over 75 percent of the total. In the 1970s, exports had averaged 56 percent of the total. Most of the Miami River's foreign trade is with the nearby countries of the Caribbean, especially the Dominican Republic, Haiti and the Bahamas. This reflects the suitability of the Miami River for shallow draft vessels which serve the many shallow draft ports in the Caribbean."[15]

The Miami River has long been home to many small cargo terminals where smaller ships (up to about 230 feet (70 m) in length) call to load cargo, most of which is destined for ports in the Bahamas and various Caribbean nations. It is also an area where all manner of contraband—illegal drugs, undocumented immigrants—have been discharged into the United States.[16] Because of continuing efforts by the United States Coast Guard, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), DEA and other agencies, the illicit trade has been minimized in recent years.[17][18][19][20]

Although the part of the river from Northwest 36th Street to its mouth is still polluted, this has been mitigated considerably by rigid enforcement of both international and U.S. laws regarding discharge of oil and sewage by ships, as well as of laws addressing industrial dumping. The muddy bottom, however, is still reported to contain undesirable substances in significant quantities.[21]

In years past, many vessels docked in the river at the ends of their last voyages were abandoned and sank alongside the docks, creating eyesores and hazards for navigation. Those derelicts have been removed.[22][23]

Invoking the authority of Port State Control, the U.S. Coast Guard strongly enforces the numerous international and national regulations regarding safety equipment, construction, maintenance and manning of ships entering all U.S. ports, including the Miami River, and virtually eliminating the many dangerously substandard vessels that had sailed from the U.S. in previous years.[24][25]

In recent years, realizing they had common interests, various business entities along the river formed the Miami River Marine Group. The group works closely with local law enforcement agencies, the U.S. Coast Guard, ICE, and others to maintain clear channels of communication and cooperation. It now acts much as one port with numerous port facilities and support entities such as agents, surveyors, consultants, naval architects and engineers, and ship and machinery repair businesses.[26]

Many of the ships sailing from the Miami River carry cargo to ports in Haiti including Port-au-Prince, Miragoâne, Cap-Haïtien, Port-de-Paix, Saint-Marc, Gonaïves, and Jacmel. Their cargo typically consist of dry foodstuffs such as beans and rice, canned goods, clothing, household goods and appliances, and used cars, trucks, and buses.[27]

In times past, some of the cargo terminals on the river were areas of lawlessness. Law enforcement and regulatory agencies have eliminated most of that sort of activity. When the International Ship and Port Security Code and the U.S. Maritime Transportation Act of 2002 came into force (and in the prior runup) on July 1, 2004, most opportunities for crime were eliminated.[28]

Redevelopment Edit

 
The new Miami Riverwalk as of May 2008, where pedestrians can walk along the river, dine at various cafes and shop at various boutiques

Some of the terminals and other business related to cargo shipping on the "lower end" of the river near downtown Miami have been eliminated or moved farther upstream because of illicit shipping activities. The "lower end" of the river has been the subject of much renovation and building of high rise offices, hotels, and living structures.

A number of residential and mixed-use projects have been constructed along the Miami River. They include Latitude on the River, Mint at Riverfront, Neo Vertika, River Oaks Marina and Tower, and Terrazas Miami.

Starting in the 2000s, two urban greenway projects known as the Miami Riverwalk and Miami River Greenway were started.[citation needed]

Gallery Edit

  •  

    Miami River NW 5th Street Bridge

  •  

    View upriver of the Miami River from NW 5th Street Bridge

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Milanich 1995, pp. 39–40.
  2. ^ Sturtevant 1978, pp. 143.
  3. ^ Sturtevant 1978, pp. 147.
  4. ^ Gaby 1993, p. 1.
  5. ^ Blank 1996, pp. 69–70.
  6. ^ a b Gaby 1993, p. 8.
  7. ^ Gaby 1993, pp. 1–3.
  8. ^ Milanich 1995, pp. 54–53.
  9. ^ Sturtevant 1978, p. 141.
  10. ^ Gaby 1993, p. 7.
  11. ^ Gaby 1993, pp. 14–15.
  12. ^ Gaby 1993, pp. 17–19.
  13. ^ a b Viglucci, Andres (2023-04-01). "A major archaeological discovery was made on the Miami River. Was it kept 'under wraps'?". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
  14. ^ Viglucci, Andres (2023-07-10). "City leaders recommend preserving Miami River site, after discovery of ancient artifacts". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2023-07-11.
  15. ^ Stronge, William B., Alpert, Lenore, and Lauren Schild (April 2008). "Final Report: An Economic Analysis of the Miami River Marine Industry, Prepared for the Miami River Commission" (PDF). Center for Urban & Environmental Solutions. Retrieved September 20, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Nordheimer, Jon (1 August 1987). "Miami's 6-Mile River: Pollution, Aliens and Drugs". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  17. ^ "Coast Guard Discovers Over 30 Pounds of Cocaine on Miami River Ship". NBC6 South Florida. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  18. ^ "CBP's Enforcement Efforts Lead to String of Cocaine Seizures Along Miami River". U.S. Customs and Border Protection. 21 December 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  19. ^ "550 Pounds of Cocaine Found on Cargo Ship at Miami Seaport". NBC6 South Florida. 17 January 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  20. ^ "Drilling finds cocaine in vessel on Miami River". U.S. Customs and Border Protection. 3 April 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  21. ^ Staletovich, Jenny (14 February 2015). "Polluted waterway on the mend in Miami". Miami Herald. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  22. ^ Ingram, Julia. "On the Miami River, boats are abandoned and fall into disrepair. What can be done?". Miami Herald. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  23. ^ Ingram, Julia; Ortega Guifarro, Charlie (July 10, 2019). "Boat gets removed from Miami River" (Video). Miami Herald. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  24. ^ "Coast Guard halts illegal charter on Miami River". Coast Guard News. 9 December 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  25. ^ "USCG stops 4 more weekend illegal charters in Miami area". Safety4Sea. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  26. ^ "About Us". Miami River Marine Group. 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  27. ^ Stronge, Ph.D., William; Alpert, Ph.D., Lenore (April 2008). "An Economic Analysis of the Miami River Marine Industry" (PDF). Miami River Commission. Florida Atlantic University Center for Urban & Environmental Solutions. pp. 17–25. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  28. ^ Valdemoro, Tania (2 July 2004). "MIAMI POLICE BOOST RIVER PATROLS". Sun-Sentinel. South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 25 September 2020.

References Edit

  • Blank, Joan Gill (1996), Key Biscayne, Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc, ISBN 1-56164-096-4
  • Gaby, Donald C. (1993), The Miami River and its Tributaries, Miami: The Historical Association of Southern Florida, ISBN 0-935761-04-7
  • Milanich, Jerald T. (1995), Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe, Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, ISBN 0-8130-1360-7
  • Sturtevant, William C. (1978), "The Last of the South Florida Aborigines", in Milanich, Jerald; Proctor, Samuel (eds.), Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period, Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida, ISBN 0-8130-0535-3

External links Edit

  • Miami River Commission
  • Water Quality Report
  • City of Miami's Miami River Development Plan

October 03, 2023
miami, river, florida, other, uses, miami, river, disambiguation, miami, river, river, united, states, state, florida, that, drains, everglades, runs, through, city, miami, including, downtown, mile, long, river, flows, from, terminus, miami, canal, miami, int. For other uses see Miami River disambiguation The Miami River is a river in the United States state of Florida that drains out of the Everglades and runs through the city of Miami including Downtown The 5 5 mile 8 9 km long river flows from the terminus of the Miami Canal at Miami International Airport to Biscayne Bay It was originally a natural river inhabited at its mouth by the Tequesta Indians but it was dredged and is now polluted throughout its route through Miami Dade County The mouth of the river is home to the Port of Miami and many other businesses whose pressure to maintain it has helped to improve the river s condition Miami RiverThe mouth of the Miami River at Brickell KeyLocationCountryUnited StatesPhysical characteristicsSource locationThe Everglades elevationSea levelMouth locationBrickell Point coordinates25 46 14 N 80 11 06 W 25 7705 N 80 1851 W 25 7705 80 1851Length5 5 mi 8 9 km Basin size2 800 sq mi 7 300 km2 Discharge average50 cu ft s 1 4 m3 s Contents 1 Etymology 2 Natural river 3 History 3 1 Dredging and pollution 3 2 Artifact discoveries 4 Commercial use 5 Redevelopment 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksEtymology EditAlthough it is widely believed that the name is derived from a Native American word that means sweet water the earliest mention of the name comes from Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda a captive of Indians in southern Florida for 17 years when he referred to what is now Lake Okeechobee as the Lake of Mayaimi which is called Mayaimi because it is very large 1 The Mayaimi people were named after the lake around which they lived Spanish records include the cacique of Maimi in a group of 280 Florida Indians that arrived in Cuba in 1710 2 Reports on a Spanish Mission to the Biscayne Bay area in 1743 mention Maymies or Maimies living nearby 3 The river has also been known as the Garband River Rio Ratones Fresh Water River Sweetwater River and Lemon River It has been known as the Miami River since the Second Seminole War of 1835 42 4 Natural river Edit nbsp Map of Miami Florida with the river in blueIn its original natural state the river started at rapids formed by water from the Everglades flowing over a rocky ledge four miles 6 4 km from its mouth Frederick H Gerdes of the U S Coast Survey reported in 1849 that f rom the upper falls to near its entrance into Key Biscayne Bay water in the Glades was 6 feet 2 5 inches 1 892 m above low tide 5 The rapids were removed when the Miami Canal was dredged in an attempt to drain the wetland 6 The river divided into a North Fork and a South Fork about three miles 4 8 km above its mouth Each fork extended only one mile 1 6 km to rapids marking the edge of the Everglades The North Fork had a greater flow and higher drop over its rapids One and one half miles 2 4 km above the mouth of the river there was a tributary on the north side called Wagner Creek which was about two miles 3 2 km long The Miami River was also fed by several springs including some in the bed of the river The river s flow was variable and in times of drought the river did not flow 7 History Edit nbsp The mouth of the Miami River at Brickell Point August 1935The earliest known inhabitants of the area around the Miami River were the Tequestas Their major town at the time of first European contact was on the north bank of the river near the mouth Before the intensive development of Miami in the 20th century mounds built by the Tequesta were located along the river 8 Spanish missions were briefly established beside the river in 1567 70 and in 1743 but the area was abandoned when Spain turned Florida over to Britain in 1765 9 The area around the Miami River attracted settlers throughout the 19th century with the major exception of the years of the Seminole Wars but those years had little effect on the river The United States Army attempted to dig a channel through the sandbar at the mouth of the river in 1856 but stopped when it was decided that Fort Dallas would not be made permanent 10 Dredging and pollution Edit nbsp The Miami River in 2007Modification of the river began in earnest with the arrival of the Florida East Coast Railway in Miami in 1896 There was much dredging and filling along the river The rapids at the head of the South Fork were removed in 1908 From 1909 to 1912 the Miami Canal was dug bypassing the rapids at the head of the North Fork The canal was dammed off from the river for most of the construction period When the canal was opened to the river in March 1912 large amounts of Everglades muck and finely ground stone from the dredging were washed down the river silting it As a result the lower river had to be dredged three times in two years 6 Dredging of the river and of the canals connecting to the river continued into the 1930s Deepening the Miami River and other streams and canals draining into Biscayne Bay as well as the drainage of the Everglades which was a major purpose of the dredging led to saltwater intrusion in the area ultimately forcing the abandonment of drinking water wells on several occasions By the 1940s dams were being installed on the canals leading into the Miami River to prevent salt water from traveling inland 11 The Miami River also became polluted In 1897 Miami s first sewer line started emptying directly into the river By the 1950s 29 sewers were dumping untreated sewage into the river Miami Dade County constructed a sewage treatment plant on Virginia Key in the 1950s and connected sewer lines to it routing the raw sewage away from the river 12 Artifact discoveries Edit At a site next to the river archeologists in 2023 discovered numerous artifacts dating back to the dawn of human civilization 7 000 years ago 13 The discoveries included prehistoric tools and preserved animals and plants 13 Development of a residential property was put on hold during legal proceedings to determine if the site would be preserved as a protected archeological site 14 Commercial use EditThe Miami River is likely the shortest working river in the United States The Center for Urban amp Environmental Solutions reported in 2008 Waterborne commerce through the Miami River port doubled between an annual level of about 250 000 short tons in the early 1970s to about 500 000 in the early years of the new century Foreign trade accounts for most of the commerce through the Miami River Port Exports dominate the Port s commerce accounting for over 75 percent of the total In the 1970s exports had averaged 56 percent of the total Most of the Miami River s foreign trade is with the nearby countries of the Caribbean especially the Dominican Republic Haiti and the Bahamas This reflects the suitability of the Miami River for shallow draft vessels which serve the many shallow draft ports in the Caribbean 15 The Miami River has long been home to many small cargo terminals where smaller ships up to about 230 feet 70 m in length call to load cargo most of which is destined for ports in the Bahamas and various Caribbean nations It is also an area where all manner of contraband illegal drugs undocumented immigrants have been discharged into the United States 16 Because of continuing efforts by the United States Coast Guard U S Customs and Border Protection CBP DEA and other agencies the illicit trade has been minimized in recent years 17 18 19 20 Although the part of the river from Northwest 36th Street to its mouth is still polluted this has been mitigated considerably by rigid enforcement of both international and U S laws regarding discharge of oil and sewage by ships as well as of laws addressing industrial dumping The muddy bottom however is still reported to contain undesirable substances in significant quantities 21 In years past many vessels docked in the river at the ends of their last voyages were abandoned and sank alongside the docks creating eyesores and hazards for navigation Those derelicts have been removed 22 23 Invoking the authority of Port State Control the U S Coast Guard strongly enforces the numerous international and national regulations regarding safety equipment construction maintenance and manning of ships entering all U S ports including the Miami River and virtually eliminating the many dangerously substandard vessels that had sailed from the U S in previous years 24 25 In recent years realizing they had common interests various business entities along the river formed the Miami River Marine Group The group works closely with local law enforcement agencies the U S Coast Guard ICE and others to maintain clear channels of communication and cooperation It now acts much as one port with numerous port facilities and support entities such as agents surveyors consultants naval architects and engineers and ship and machinery repair businesses 26 Many of the ships sailing from the Miami River carry cargo to ports in Haiti including Port au Prince Miragoane Cap Haitien Port de Paix Saint Marc Gonaives and Jacmel Their cargo typically consist of dry foodstuffs such as beans and rice canned goods clothing household goods and appliances and used cars trucks and buses 27 In times past some of the cargo terminals on the river were areas of lawlessness Law enforcement and regulatory agencies have eliminated most of that sort of activity When the International Ship and Port Security Code and the U S Maritime Transportation Act of 2002 came into force and in the prior runup on July 1 2004 most opportunities for crime were eliminated 28 Redevelopment Edit nbsp The new Miami Riverwalk as of May 2008 where pedestrians can walk along the river dine at various cafes and shop at various boutiquesThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Miami River Florida news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Some of the terminals and other business related to cargo shipping on the lower end of the river near downtown Miami have been eliminated or moved farther upstream because of illicit shipping activities The lower end of the river has been the subject of much renovation and building of high rise offices hotels and living structures A number of residential and mixed use projects have been constructed along the Miami River They include Latitude on the River Mint at Riverfront Neo Vertika River Oaks Marina and Tower and Terrazas Miami Starting in the 2000s two urban greenway projects known as the Miami Riverwalk and Miami River Greenway were started citation needed Gallery Edit nbsp Miami River NW 5th Street Bridge nbsp View upriver of the Miami River from NW 5th Street BridgeSee also EditHistory of MiamiNotes Edit Milanich 1995 pp 39 40 Sturtevant 1978 pp 143 Sturtevant 1978 pp 147 Gaby 1993 p 1 Blank 1996 pp 69 70 a b Gaby 1993 p 8 Gaby 1993 pp 1 3 Milanich 1995 pp 54 53 Sturtevant 1978 p 141 Gaby 1993 p 7 Gaby 1993 pp 14 15 Gaby 1993 pp 17 19 a b Viglucci Andres 2023 04 01 A major archaeological discovery was made on the Miami River Was it kept under wraps Miami Herald Retrieved 2023 07 11 Viglucci Andres 2023 07 10 City leaders recommend preserving Miami River site after discovery of ancient artifacts Miami Herald Retrieved 2023 07 11 Stronge William B Alpert Lenore and Lauren Schild April 2008 Final Report An Economic Analysis of the Miami River Marine Industry Prepared for the Miami River Commission PDF Center for Urban amp Environmental Solutions Retrieved September 20 2013 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Nordheimer Jon 1 August 1987 Miami s 6 Mile River Pollution Aliens and Drugs The New York Times Retrieved 25 September 2020 Coast Guard Discovers Over 30 Pounds of Cocaine on Miami River Ship NBC6 South Florida 16 September 2020 Retrieved 25 September 2020 CBP s Enforcement Efforts Lead to String of Cocaine Seizures Along Miami River U S Customs and Border Protection 21 December 2017 Retrieved 25 September 2020 550 Pounds of Cocaine Found on Cargo Ship at Miami Seaport NBC6 South Florida 17 January 2018 Retrieved 25 September 2020 Drilling finds cocaine in vessel on Miami River U S Customs and Border Protection 3 April 2020 Retrieved 25 September 2020 Staletovich Jenny 14 February 2015 Polluted waterway on the mend in Miami Miami Herald Retrieved 25 September 2020 Ingram Julia On the Miami River boats are abandoned and fall into disrepair What can be done Miami Herald Retrieved 25 September 2020 Ingram Julia Ortega Guifarro Charlie July 10 2019 Boat gets removed from Miami River Video Miami Herald Retrieved 25 September 2020 Coast Guard halts illegal charter on Miami River Coast Guard News 9 December 2019 Retrieved 25 September 2020 USCG stops 4 more weekend illegal charters in Miami area Safety4Sea 4 January 2019 Retrieved 25 September 2020 About Us Miami River Marine Group 2012 Retrieved 25 September 2020 Stronge Ph D William Alpert Ph D Lenore April 2008 An Economic Analysis of the Miami River Marine Industry PDF Miami River Commission Florida Atlantic University Center for Urban amp Environmental Solutions pp 17 25 Retrieved 25 September 2020 Valdemoro Tania 2 July 2004 MIAMI POLICE BOOST RIVER PATROLS Sun Sentinel South Florida Sun Sentinel Retrieved 25 September 2020 References EditBlank Joan Gill 1996 Key Biscayne Sarasota Florida Pineapple Press Inc ISBN 1 56164 096 4 Gaby Donald C 1993 The Miami River and its Tributaries Miami The Historical Association of Southern Florida ISBN 0 935761 04 7 Milanich Jerald T 1995 Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe Gainesville Florida University Press of Florida ISBN 0 8130 1360 7 Sturtevant William C 1978 The Last of the South Florida Aborigines in Milanich Jerald Proctor Samuel eds Tacachale Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period Gainesville Florida The University Presses of Florida ISBN 0 8130 0535 3External links EditMiami Dade History U S Army Corps of Engineers Dredging Page Miami River Commission Water Quality Report City of Miami s Miami River Development Plan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Miami River Florida amp oldid 1171848787, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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