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Metal tetranorbornyl

April 14, 2024

In organometallic chemistry, metal tetranorbornyls are compounds with the formula M(nor)4 (M = a metal in a +4 oxidation state) (1-nor = 4bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yl) and are one of the largest series of tetraalkyl complexes derived from identical ligands.[1][2] Metal tetranorbornyls display uniform stoichiometry, low-spin configurations, and high stability, which can be attributed to their +4 oxidation state metal center. The stability of metal tetranorbornyls is predominately considered to be derived from the unfavorable β-hydride elimination. Computational calculations have determined that London dispersion effects significantly contribute to the stability of metal tetranorbornyls. Specifically, Fe(nor)4 has a stabilization of 45.9 kcal/mol−1. Notable metal tetranorbornyls are those synthesized with metal centers of cobalt, manganese, or iron.[3]

Preparation edit

Traditionally, metal tetranorbornyls are prepared by a reaction of alkyllithiums, such as 1-norbornyllithium, with transition-metal halides while tumbling with glass beads in pentane. This is followed by a filtration step using a column of alumina to remove pentane byproducts. Lastly, a recrystallization step from pentane to obtain the crystalline compound.[1]

Alternative methods for the preparation of metal tetranorbornyls have been proposed. Specifically, the tetrakis(1-norbornyl)chromium complex can be prepared in inert atmosphere conditions with 1-norbornyllithium dissolved in hexane. An addition of CrCl3(THF)3 is made and allowed to stir for 48 hours. After, the solution is centrifuged for the removal of LiCl. The resulting supernatant is applied to an alumina column with hexane being used as the elution solvent. The use of the alumina column allows for the collection of a purple fraction that undergoes solvent evaporation and sublimation to obtain the desired Cr(nor)4 complex.[4]

The tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV) complex can be prepared by the following:

CoCl2·THF + 4norLi → [pentane] [Co(nor)4] + CO + 4 LiCl + 2THF[5]
 
1-norbornyllithium

The tetrakis(1-norbornyl)molybdenum(IV) complex was prepared by William M. Davis, Richard R. Schrock, and Richard M. Kolodziej by the following:

MoCl3(THF)3 + 4norLi → [Ether/ THF (30/1)] Mo(nor)4[6]

The MoCl3(THF)3 was stirred with 1-norbornyllithium in a mixture of THF and diethyl ether at  . The reaction mixture was then warmed to   and after approximately 90 minutes it was observed as a red color with a blue precipitate. The reaction mixture was then filtered to remove the blue precipitate. The red filtrate was then reduced via a vacuum to yield red crystals of Mo(nor)4.[6]

Structure and bonding edit

The stability of metal tetranorbornyls is generally considered to be a result of unfavorable β-hydrogen elimination. Metal alkyl species with β-hydrogen atoms present on the alkyl group are disfavored due to β-hydrogen migration to the metal center, which results in an olefin being eliminated and the production of the corresponding metal hydride. 1-norbornyl does not undergo β-hydrogen migration even though it possesses 6 β-hydrogen atoms due to the unfavorable formation of the olefin, 1-norbornene. According to Bredt's rule, one of the sp2 carbons of the double-bonded carbon atoms would be located at the bridgehead, which would cause 1-norbornene to be highly strained.[7] β-hydrogen elimination does not explain the formation of metal tetranorbornyls complexes that are synthesized from lower valent metal center precursors, shortened bond lengths between the metal center and 1-norbornyl ligand carbons, or the resulting low-spin tetrahedral molecular geometry.[1][3]

 
Unfavorable β-hydrogen migration resulting in the formation of 1-norbornene from a 1-norbornyl metal complex[7]

Quantum mechanical calculations have elucidated that London dispersion forces between the norbornyl ligands are accountable for the stability and molecular geometry of the homoleptic tetranorbornyl metal complexes.[3][7]

Metal tetranorbornyls complexes consisting of the divalent and trivalent metal center species of Cr, Mn, Fe and Co halides undergo formation of negatively charged complexes followed by oxidation that is induced by other transition-metal species in the reaction. Factors that lead to disproportionation are traditionally considered to be derived from the tertiary carbanion ligand, 1-norbornyllithium, and the lack of potential for the pentane solvent to act as a ligand. Therefore, metal tetranorbornyls composed of first-row transition metals are not accessible to be penetrated by small reagents due to the metal center's coordination sphere.[1]

Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV) edit

Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV) is a thermally stable homoleptic complex observed with σ-bonding ligands. The metal tetranorbornyl complex was the first isolated low-spin complex with tetrahedral molecular geometry. The tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV) complex was first synthesized by Barton K. Bower and Howard G. Tennent in 1972.[1][8][9]

The tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV) oxidation state is a reversible reaction using O2 as the oxidizing agent.[10] The coordination environment of the cobalt metal center has a distorted tetrahedron structure. When examined by x-ray crystallography, the metal tetranorbornyl has a crystallographic Cs symmetry due to the presence of six carbons laid on the mirror plane. However, the four carbons atoms bonded to the cobalt metal center resembled a tetragonally compressed tetrahedron, which appeared as a pseudo D2d symmetry.

 
Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV)

The cobalt metal center in the +4 oxidation state has a d5 configuration.[11] Typically, the d5 configuration is expected to result in the high spin complex containing 5 unpaired electrons and only 1 unpaired electron in the low spin tetrahedral complex. The single unpaired electron resides in the antibonding t2 orbital, which would cause the structure to experience a Jahn-Teller distortion. However, Theopold and co-workers speculated that the slight tetragonal compression could have been a result of steric interactions between norbornyl ligands and crystal packing forces.[10]

Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)iron(IV) edit

The tetrakis(1-norbornyl)iron(IV) complex was first synthesized by Barton K. Bower and Howard G. Tennent in 1972.[1] The 1-norbornyl ligands on the complex have a strong dispersion attraction and high ring strain, which as a consequence hinders the α- and β-hydride elimination reactions. Additionally, the identical ligands cause a reduced chemical reactivity due to a crowded chemical environment that impedes the interaction of small molecules with the Fe-C bonds.[12]

Synthesized complexes edit

Barton K. Bower and Howard G. Tennent were able to successfully synthesize and characterize the following metal tetranorbornyls derived from the first-, second-, and third-row transition metals:[1]

  • tetrakis(1-norbornyl)hafnium
  • tetrakis(1-norbornyl)zirconium
  • tetrakis(1-norbornyl)titanium
  • tetrakis(1-norbornyl)vanadium
  • tetrakis(1-norbornyl)chromium
  • tetrakis(1-norbornyl)manganese
  • tetrakis(1-norbornyl)iron
  • tetrakis(1-norbornyl)molybdenum

The metal tetranorbornyls complexes of hafnium, zirconium, titanium, and vanadium display a tetrahedral molecular geometry, which is analogous to the tetrachloride form of the metals. In comparison, the cobalt, manganese, and iron complexes display a tetragonal molecular geometry.[1] A combination of London dispersion force and steric effects from the 1-norbornyl ligands results in the stability observed for the metal center.[3]

Characterization edit

Magnetic measurements edit

The resulting molecular geometry of the metal tetranorbornyls complexes is due to the unpaired and paired d electrons. Magnetic measurements have indicated that the d electrons of tetrakis(1-norbornyl)chromium (d2) and tetrakis(1-norbornyl)manganese (d3) are not spin paired. The four d electrons of tetrakis(1-norbornyl)iron and tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt are spin paired.[1]

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy edit

Metal tetranorbornyls are commonly characterized via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)molybdenum was observed as a room temperature EPR signal that originated from a d2 metal center, which was considered to have two unpaired electrons in the eg orbital. In addition, the resulting EPR signal of tetrakis(1-norbornyl)chromium was comparable.[6][13]

Cyclic voltammetry edit

In 1988, Klaus H. Theopold and Erin K. Byrne performed the electrochemical experiment, cyclic voltammetry, to determine how oxidizing was the metal center of the tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt(IV) complex. Two reversible electron transfer waves at -0.65 and -2.02 V were observed in THF, which elucidated that the difference in peak potentials were consistent with two one-electron transfer processes when being compared to the ferricenium/ ferrocene couple.[5] In the same year, William M. Davis, Richard R. Schrock, and Richard M. Kolodziej produced a cyclic voltammogram for tetrakis(1-norbornyl)molybdenum. Two oxidation waves were observed at -0.15 and +1.25 V in DCM. The oxidation at -0.15 V was considered to be reversible. In comparison, the second oxidation at +1.25 V was considered to be irreversible.[6]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bower, Barton K.; Tennent, Howard G. (April 1972). "Transition metal bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-1-yls". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 94 (7): 2512–2514. doi:10.1021/ja00762a056. ISSN 0002-7863.
  2. ^ Abrahamson, Harmon B.; Brandenburg, Kathryn L.; Lucero, Barbara; Martin, Mary E.; Dennis, Eleonore (September 1984). "Spectroscopy and photochemistry of the tetranorbornyl complexes of titanium and chromium". Organometallics. 3 (9): 1379–1386. doi:10.1021/om00087a010. ISSN 0276-7333.
  3. ^ a b c d Liptrot, David J.; Guo, Jing‐Dong; Nagase, Shigeru; Power, Philip P. (2016-11-14). "Dispersion Forces, Disproportionation, and Stable High‐Valent Late Transition Metal Alkyls". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 55 (47): 14766–14769. doi:10.1002/anie.201607360. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 27778428.
  4. ^ Brandenburg, Kathryn Lynn. Photoinduced reactions of group VI organotransition metal complexes. OCLC 83966357.
  5. ^ a b Byrne, Erin K.; Theopold, Klaus H. (February 1987). "Redox chemistry of tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt. Synthesis and characterization of a cobalt(V) alkyl and self-exchange rate of a Co(III)/Co(IV) couple". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 109 (4): 1282–1283. doi:10.1021/ja00238a066. ISSN 0002-7863.
  6. ^ a b c d Kolodziej, R. M.; Schrock, R. R.; Davis, W. M. (1988-12-27). "ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Mo(nor)4 (nor: 1-Norbornyl)". ChemInform. 19 (52). doi:10.1002/chin.198852222. ISSN 0931-7597.
  7. ^ a b c "Dispersion Effects in Stabilizing Organometallic Compounds: Tetra-1-norbornyl Derivatives of the First-Row Transition Metals as Exceptional Examples". doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06769.s001. Retrieved 2023-03-12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Byrne, Erin K.; Richeson, Darrin S.; Theopold, Klaus H. (1986). "Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt, a low spin tetrahedral complex of a first row transition metal". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (19): 1491–1492. doi:10.1039/c39860001491. ISSN 0022-4936.
  9. ^ Byrne, Erin K.; Theopold, Klaus H. (May 1989). "Synthesis, characterization, and electron-transfer reactivity of norbornyl complexes of cobalt in unusually high oxidation states". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 111 (11): 3887–3896. doi:10.1021/ja00193a021. ISSN 0002-7863.
  10. ^ a b Byrne, Erin K.; Richeson, Darrin S.; Theopold, Klaus H. (1986). "Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)cobalt, a low spin tetrahedral complex of a first row transition metal". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (19): 1491. doi:10.1039/c39860001491. ISSN 0022-4936.
  11. ^ Green, Malcolm L. H.; Parkin, Gerard (2014-04-28). "Application of the Covalent Bond Classification Method for the Teaching of Inorganic Chemistry". Journal of Chemical Education. 91 (6): 807–816. Bibcode:2014JChEd..91..807G. doi:10.1021/ed400504f. ISSN 0021-9584.
  12. ^ Li, Huidong; Wang, Linshen; Hu, Yucheng; Zhang, Ze; Wan, Di; Fan, Qunchao; King, R. Bruce; Schaefer, Henry F. (2020-08-27). "Comparative Study of the Thermal Stabilities of the Experimentally Known High-Valent Fe(IV) Compounds Fe(1-norbornyl) 4 and Fe(cyclohexyl) 4". The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 124 (34): 6867–6876. Bibcode:2020JPCA..124.6867L. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04055. ISSN 1089-5639. PMID 32786998. S2CID 221127617.
  13. ^ Ward, G. A.; Bower, B. K.; Findlay, M.; Chien, James C. W. (1974-05-07). "ChemInform Abstract: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Tetrakis(1-norbornyl)Chromium". Chemischer Informationsdienst. 5 (18). doi:10.1002/chin.197418348. ISSN 0009-2975.

April 14, 2024
metal, tetranorbornyl, organometallic, chemistry, metal, tetranorbornyls, compounds, with, formula, metal, oxidation, state, 4bicyclo, hept, largest, series, tetraalkyl, complexes, derived, from, identical, ligands, display, uniform, stoichiometry, spin, confi. In organometallic chemistry metal tetranorbornyls are compounds with the formula M nor 4 M a metal in a 4 oxidation state 1 nor 4bicyclo 2 2 1 hept 1 yl and are one of the largest series of tetraalkyl complexes derived from identical ligands 1 2 Metal tetranorbornyls display uniform stoichiometry low spin configurations and high stability which can be attributed to their 4 oxidation state metal center The stability of metal tetranorbornyls is predominately considered to be derived from the unfavorable b hydride elimination Computational calculations have determined that London dispersion effects significantly contribute to the stability of metal tetranorbornyls Specifically Fe nor 4 has a stabilization of 45 9 kcal mol 1 Notable metal tetranorbornyls are those synthesized with metal centers of cobalt manganese or iron 3 Contents 1 Preparation 2 Structure and bonding 2 1 Tetrakis 1 norbornyl cobalt IV 2 2 Tetrakis 1 norbornyl iron IV 2 3 Synthesized complexes 3 Characterization 3 1 Magnetic measurements 3 2 Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy 3 3 Cyclic voltammetry 4 ReferencesPreparation editTraditionally metal tetranorbornyls are prepared by a reaction of alkyllithiums such as 1 norbornyllithium with transition metal halides while tumbling with glass beads in pentane This is followed by a filtration step using a column of alumina to remove pentane byproducts Lastly a recrystallization step from pentane to obtain the crystalline compound 1 Alternative methods for the preparation of metal tetranorbornyls have been proposed Specifically the tetrakis 1 norbornyl chromium complex can be prepared in inert atmosphere conditions with 1 norbornyllithium dissolved in hexane An addition of CrCl3 THF 3 is made and allowed to stir for 48 hours After the solution is centrifuged for the removal of LiCl The resulting supernatant is applied to an alumina column with hexane being used as the elution solvent The use of the alumina column allows for the collection of a purple fraction that undergoes solvent evaporation and sublimation to obtain the desired Cr nor 4 complex 4 The tetrakis 1 norbornyl cobalt IV complex can be prepared by the following CoCl2 THF 4norLi pentane Co nor 4 CO 4 LiCl 2THF 5 nbsp 1 norbornyllithiumThe tetrakis 1 norbornyl molybdenum IV complex was prepared by William M Davis Richard R Schrock and Richard M Kolodziej by the following MoCl3 THF 3 4norLi Ether THF 30 1 Mo nor 4 6 The MoCl3 THF 3 was stirred with 1 norbornyllithium in a mixture of THF and diethyl ether at 46 C displaystyle 46 circ C nbsp The reaction mixture was then warmed to 25 C displaystyle 25 circ C nbsp and after approximately 90 minutes it was observed as a red color with a blue precipitate The reaction mixture was then filtered to remove the blue precipitate The red filtrate was then reduced via a vacuum to yield red crystals of Mo nor 4 6 Structure and bonding editThe stability of metal tetranorbornyls is generally considered to be a result of unfavorable b hydrogen elimination Metal alkyl species with b hydrogen atoms present on the alkyl group are disfavored due to b hydrogen migration to the metal center which results in an olefin being eliminated and the production of the corresponding metal hydride 1 norbornyl does not undergo b hydrogen migration even though it possesses 6 b hydrogen atoms due to the unfavorable formation of the olefin 1 norbornene According to Bredt s rule one of the sp2 carbons of the double bonded carbon atoms would be located at the bridgehead which would cause 1 norbornene to be highly strained 7 b hydrogen elimination does not explain the formation of metal tetranorbornyls complexes that are synthesized from lower valent metal center precursors shortened bond lengths between the metal center and 1 norbornyl ligand carbons or the resulting low spin tetrahedral molecular geometry 1 3 nbsp Unfavorable b hydrogen migration resulting in the formation of 1 norbornene from a 1 norbornyl metal complex 7 Quantum mechanical calculations have elucidated that London dispersion forces between the norbornyl ligands are accountable for the stability and molecular geometry of the homoleptic tetranorbornyl metal complexes 3 7 Metal tetranorbornyls complexes consisting of the divalent and trivalent metal center species of Cr Mn Fe and Co halides undergo formation of negatively charged complexes followed by oxidation that is induced by other transition metal species in the reaction Factors that lead to disproportionation are traditionally considered to be derived from the tertiary carbanion ligand 1 norbornyllithium and the lack of potential for the pentane solvent to act as a ligand Therefore metal tetranorbornyls composed of first row transition metals are not accessible to be penetrated by small reagents due to the metal center s coordination sphere 1 Tetrakis 1 norbornyl cobalt IV edit Tetrakis 1 norbornyl cobalt IV is a thermally stable homoleptic complex observed with s bonding ligands The metal tetranorbornyl complex was the first isolated low spin complex with tetrahedral molecular geometry The tetrakis 1 norbornyl cobalt IV complex was first synthesized by Barton K Bower and Howard G Tennent in 1972 1 8 9 The tetrakis 1 norbornyl cobalt IV oxidation state is a reversible reaction using O2 as the oxidizing agent 10 The coordination environment of the cobalt metal center has a distorted tetrahedron structure When examined by x ray crystallography the metal tetranorbornyl has a crystallographic Cs symmetry due to the presence of six carbons laid on the mirror plane However the four carbons atoms bonded to the cobalt metal center resembled a tetragonally compressed tetrahedron which appeared as a pseudo D2d symmetry nbsp Tetrakis 1 norbornyl cobalt IV The cobalt metal center in the 4 oxidation state has a d5 configuration 11 Typically the d5 configuration is expected to result in the high spin complex containing 5 unpaired electrons and only 1 unpaired electron in the low spin tetrahedral complex The single unpaired electron resides in the antibonding t2 orbital which would cause the structure to experience a Jahn Teller distortion However Theopold and co workers speculated that the slight tetragonal compression could have been a result of steric interactions between norbornyl ligands and crystal packing forces 10 Tetrakis 1 norbornyl iron IV edit The tetrakis 1 norbornyl iron IV complex was first synthesized by Barton K Bower and Howard G Tennent in 1972 1 The 1 norbornyl ligands on the complex have a strong dispersion attraction and high ring strain which as a consequence hinders the a and b hydride elimination reactions Additionally the identical ligands cause a reduced chemical reactivity due to a crowded chemical environment that impedes the interaction of small molecules with the Fe C bonds 12 Synthesized complexes edit Barton K Bower and Howard G Tennent were able to successfully synthesize and characterize the following metal tetranorbornyls derived from the first second and third row transition metals 1 tetrakis 1 norbornyl hafnium tetrakis 1 norbornyl zirconium tetrakis 1 norbornyl titanium tetrakis 1 norbornyl vanadium tetrakis 1 norbornyl chromium tetrakis 1 norbornyl manganese tetrakis 1 norbornyl iron tetrakis 1 norbornyl molybdenumThe metal tetranorbornyls complexes of hafnium zirconium titanium and vanadium display a tetrahedral molecular geometry which is analogous to the tetrachloride form of the metals In comparison the cobalt manganese and iron complexes display a tetragonal molecular geometry 1 A combination of London dispersion force and steric effects from the 1 norbornyl ligands results in the stability observed for the metal center 3 Characterization editMagnetic measurements edit The resulting molecular geometry of the metal tetranorbornyls complexes is due to the unpaired and paired d electrons Magnetic measurements have indicated that the d electrons of tetrakis 1 norbornyl chromium d2 and tetrakis 1 norbornyl manganese d3 are not spin paired The four d electrons of tetrakis 1 norbornyl iron and tetrakis 1 norbornyl cobalt are spin paired 1 Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy edit Metal tetranorbornyls are commonly characterized via electron paramagnetic resonance EPR spectroscopy Tetrakis 1 norbornyl molybdenum was observed as a room temperature EPR signal that originated from a d2 metal center which was considered to have two unpaired electrons in the eg orbital In addition the resulting EPR signal of tetrakis 1 norbornyl chromium was comparable 6 13 Cyclic voltammetry edit In 1988 Klaus H Theopold and Erin K Byrne performed the electrochemical experiment cyclic voltammetry to determine how oxidizing was the metal center of the tetrakis 1 norbornyl cobalt IV complex Two reversible electron transfer waves at 0 65 and 2 02 V were observed in THF which elucidated that the difference in peak potentials were consistent with two one electron transfer processes when being compared to the ferricenium ferrocene couple 5 In the same year William M Davis Richard R Schrock and Richard M Kolodziej produced a cyclic voltammogram for tetrakis 1 norbornyl molybdenum Two oxidation waves were observed at 0 15 and 1 25 V in DCM The oxidation at 0 15 V was considered to be reversible In comparison the second oxidation at 1 25 V was considered to be irreversible 6 References edit a b c d e f g h i Bower Barton K Tennent Howard G April 1972 Transition metal bicyclo 2 2 1 hept 1 yls Journal of the American Chemical Society 94 7 2512 2514 doi 10 1021 ja00762a056 ISSN 0002 7863 Abrahamson Harmon B Brandenburg Kathryn L Lucero Barbara Martin Mary E Dennis Eleonore September 1984 Spectroscopy and photochemistry of the tetranorbornyl complexes of titanium and chromium Organometallics 3 9 1379 1386 doi 10 1021 om00087a010 ISSN 0276 7333 a b c d Liptrot David J Guo Jing Dong Nagase Shigeru Power Philip P 2016 11 14 Dispersion Forces Disproportionation and Stable High Valent Late Transition Metal Alkyls Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55 47 14766 14769 doi 10 1002 anie 201607360 ISSN 1433 7851 PMID 27778428 Brandenburg Kathryn Lynn Photoinduced reactions of group VI organotransition metal complexes OCLC 83966357 a b Byrne Erin K Theopold Klaus H February 1987 Redox chemistry of tetrakis 1 norbornyl cobalt Synthesis and characterization of a cobalt V alkyl and self exchange rate of a Co III Co IV couple Journal of the American Chemical Society 109 4 1282 1283 doi 10 1021 ja00238a066 ISSN 0002 7863 a b c d Kolodziej R M Schrock R R Davis W M 1988 12 27 ChemInform Abstract Synthesis and Characterization of Mo nor 4 nor 1 Norbornyl ChemInform 19 52 doi 10 1002 chin 198852222 ISSN 0931 7597 a b c Dispersion Effects in Stabilizing Organometallic Compounds Tetra 1 norbornyl Derivatives of the First Row Transition Metals as Exceptional Examples doi 10 1021 acs jpca 9b06769 s001 Retrieved 2023 03 12 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Byrne Erin K Richeson Darrin S Theopold Klaus H 1986 Tetrakis 1 norbornyl cobalt a low spin tetrahedral complex of a first row transition metal Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications 19 1491 1492 doi 10 1039 c39860001491 ISSN 0022 4936 Byrne Erin K Theopold Klaus H May 1989 Synthesis characterization and electron transfer reactivity of norbornyl complexes of cobalt in unusually high oxidation states Journal of the American Chemical Society 111 11 3887 3896 doi 10 1021 ja00193a021 ISSN 0002 7863 a b Byrne Erin K Richeson Darrin S Theopold Klaus H 1986 Tetrakis 1 norbornyl cobalt a low spin tetrahedral complex of a first row transition metal Journal of the Chemical Society Chemical Communications 19 1491 doi 10 1039 c39860001491 ISSN 0022 4936 Green Malcolm L H Parkin Gerard 2014 04 28 Application of the Covalent Bond Classification Method for the Teaching of Inorganic Chemistry Journal of Chemical Education 91 6 807 816 Bibcode 2014JChEd 91 807G doi 10 1021 ed400504f ISSN 0021 9584 Li Huidong Wang Linshen Hu Yucheng Zhang Ze Wan Di Fan Qunchao King R Bruce Schaefer Henry F 2020 08 27 Comparative Study of the Thermal Stabilities of the Experimentally Known High Valent Fe IV Compounds Fe 1 norbornyl 4 and Fe cyclohexyl 4 The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 124 34 6867 6876 Bibcode 2020JPCA 124 6867L doi 10 1021 acs jpca 0c04055 ISSN 1089 5639 PMID 32786998 S2CID 221127617 Ward G A Bower B K Findlay M Chien James C W 1974 05 07 ChemInform Abstract Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Tetrakis 1 norbornyl Chromium Chemischer Informationsdienst 5 18 doi 10 1002 chin 197418348 ISSN 0009 2975 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Metal tetranorbornyl amp oldid 1214921457, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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