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Mesozoic–Cenozoic radiation

December 20, 2023

The Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiation is the third major extended increase of biodiversity in the Phanerozoic,[1] after the Cambrian Explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, which appeared to exceeded the equilibrium reached after the Ordovician radiation. Made known by its identification in marine invertebrates, this evolutionary radiation began in the Mesozoic, after the Permian extinctions, and continues to this date. This spectacular radiation affected both terrestrial and marine flora and fauna,[2] during which the “modern” fauna came to replace much of the Paleozoic fauna.[1] Notably, this radiation event was marked by the rise of angiosperms during the mid-Cretaceous,[3] and the K-Pg extinction, which initiated the rapid increase in mammalian biodiversity.[4][5]

This image shows the biodiversity during the Phanerozoic. Note the marked increase in biodiversity after the Permian extinction
The fragmentation of Pangea resulted in allopatric speciation and an increase in overall biodiversity.

Causes and significance edit

The exact causes of this extended increase in biodiversity are still being debated, however, the Mesozoic-Cenozoic radiation has often been related to large-scale paleogeographical changes.[6][2][7] The fragmentation of the supercontinent Pangaea has been related to an increase in both marine and terrestrial biodiversity.[8][9][10] The link between the fragmentation of supercontinents and biodiversity was first proposed by Valentine and Moores in 1972. They hypothesized that the isolation of terrestrial environments and the partitioning of oceanic water masses, as a result of the breaking up of Pangaea, resulted in an increase in allopatric speciation, which led to an increased biodiversity.[11] These smaller landmasses, while individually being less diverse than a supercontinent, contain a high degree of endemic species, resulting in an overall higher biodiversity than a single landmass of equivalent size.[8] It is therefore argued that, similarly to the Ordovician bio-diversification, the differentiation of biotas along environmental gradients caused by the fragmentation of a supercontinent, was a driving force behind the Mesozoic-Cenozoic radiation.[6][7]

Part of the dramatic increase in biodiversity during this time was caused by the evolutionary radiation of flowering plants, or angiosperms, during the mid-Cretaceous.[3] Characteristics of this clade associated with reproduction have served as a key innovation for an entire clade, and led to a burst of evolution known as the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution.[12] These later diversified further and co-radiated with pollinating insects, increasing biodiversity.[13]

A third factor which played a role in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic radiation was the K-Pg extinction, which marked the end of the dinosaurs and, surprisingly, resulted in a massive increase in biodiversity of terrestrial tetrapods, which can almost entirely be attributed to the radiation of mammals. There are multiple things which could have caused this deviation from the equilibrium, one of which is that the before the K-Pg extinction an equilibrium was reached which limited biodiversity.[4][5] The extinction event reorganized the fundamental ecology, on which diversity is built and maintained. After these reorganized ecosystems stabilized a new, higher, equilibrium was reached, which was maintained during the Cenozoic.[14]

Pull of the recent edit

One effect which has to be taken into account when estimating past biodiversity levels is the pull of the recent, which describes a phenomenon in the fossil record which causes biodiversity estimates to be skewed towards modern taxa.[15][16] This bias towards recent taxa is caused by a better availability of more recent fossil records. In mammals it has also been argued that the complexity of teeth, allowing for precise taxonomic identification of fragmentary fossils, increases their perceived diversity when compared to other clades at the time.[4][5] The contribution of this effect to the apparent increase in biodiversity is still unclear and heavily debated.[17][5][6]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Sepkoski, J. John (8 February 2016). "A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record". Paleobiology. 7 (1): 36–53. doi:10.1017/S0094837300003778. S2CID 133114885.
  2. ^ a b Owen, A.W.; Crame, J.A. (2002). "Palaeobiogeography and the Ordovician and Mesozoic-Cenozoic biotic radiations". Geological Society, London. Special Publications. 194 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2002GSLSP.194....1O. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.194.01.01. S2CID 130743665.
  3. ^ a b Crame, J. Alistair (July 2001). "Taxonomic diversity gradients through geological time". Diversity & Distributions. 7 (4): 175–189. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2001.00106.x. S2CID 86824779.
  4. ^ a b c Benson, Roger B.J.; Butler, Richard J.; Alroy, John; Mannion, Philip D.; Carrano, Matthew T.; Lloyd, Graeme T.; Barnosky, Anthony D. (25 January 2016). "Near-Stasis in the Long-Term Diversification of Mesozoic Tetrapods". PLOS Biology. 14 (1): e1002359. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002359. PMC 4726655. PMID 26807777.
  5. ^ a b c d Close, Roger A.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Alroy, John; Behrensmeyer, Anna K.; Benito, Juan; Carrano, Matthew T.; Cleary, Terri J.; Dunne, Emma M.; Mannion, Philip D.; Uhen, Mark D.; Butler, Richard J. (18 February 2019). "Diversity dynamics of Phanerozoic terrestrial tetrapods at the local-community scale" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (4): 590–597. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0811-8. PMID 30778186. S2CID 66884562.
  6. ^ a b c Crame, J.A.; Rosen, B.R. (2002). "Cenozoic palaeogeography and the rise of modern biodiversity patterns". Geological Society, London. Special Publications. 194 (1): 153–168. Bibcode:2002GSLSP.194..153C. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.194.01.12. S2CID 128674404.
  7. ^ a b Servais, Thomas; Harper, David A.T.; Munnecke, Axel; Owen, Alan W.; Sheehan, Peter M. (2009). "Understanding the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE): Influences of paleogeography, paleoclimate, or paleoecology". GSA Today. 19 (4): 4. doi:10.1130/GSATG37A.1.
  8. ^ a b Vavrek, Matthew J. (September 2016). "The fragmentation of Pangaea and Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity". Biology Letters. 12 (9): 20160528. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0528. PMC 5046932. PMID 27651536.
  9. ^ Zaffos, Andrew; Finnegan, Seth; Peters, Shanan E. (30 May 2017). "Plate tectonic regulation of global marine animal diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (22): 5653–5658. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.5653Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.1702297114. PMC 5465924. PMID 28507147.
  10. ^ Cermeño, Pedro; García-Comas, Carmen; Pohl, Alexandre; Williams, Simon; Benton, Michael J.; Chaudhary, Chhaya; Le Gland, Guillaume; Müller, R. Dietmar; Ridgwell, Andy; Vallina, Sergio M. (13 July 2022). "Post-extinction recovery of the Phanerozoic oceans and biodiversity hotspots". Nature. 607 (7919): 507–511. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04932-6. ISSN 1476-4687. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  11. ^ Valentine, James W.; Moores, Eldridge M. (1972). "Global Tectonics and the Fossil Record". The Journal of Geology. 80 (2): 167–184. Bibcode:1972JG.....80..167V. doi:10.1086/627723. ISSN 0022-1376. JSTOR 30059313. S2CID 129364140.
  12. ^ Soltis, Pamela S.; Folk, Ryan A.; Soltis, Douglas E. (27 March 2019). "Darwin review: Angiosperm phylogeny and evolutionary radiations". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1899): 20190099. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0099. PMC 6452062.
  13. ^ Grimaldi, David (Spring 1999). "The Co-Radiations of Pollinating Insects and Angiosperms in the Cretaceous". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 86 (2): 373–406. doi:10.2307/2666181. JSTOR 2666181.
  14. ^ Bambach, R.K.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Sepkoski, J.J. (14 May 2002). "Anatomical and ecological constraints on Phanerozoic animal diversity in the marine realm". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (10): 6854–6859. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.6854B. doi:10.1073/pnas.092150999. PMC 124493. PMID 12011444.
  15. ^ Alroy, J.; Aberhan, M.; Bottjer, D.J.; Foote, M.; Fursich, F.T.; Harries, P.J.; et al. (4 July 2008). "Phanerozoic Trends in the Global Diversity of Marine Invertebrates". Science. 321 (5885): 97–100. Bibcode:2008Sci...321...97A. doi:10.1126/science.1156963. PMID 18599780. S2CID 35793274.
  16. ^ Ivany, Linda C.; Czekanski-Moir, Jesse (25 March 2019). "Reined-in richness". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (4): 520–521. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0863-9. PMID 30911149.
  17. ^ Alroy, J.; Marshall, C.R.; Bambach, R.K.; Bezusko, K.; Foote, M.; Fursich, F.T.; et al. (15 May 2001). "Effects of sampling standardization on estimates of Phanerozoic marine diversification". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (11): 6261–6266. doi:10.1073/pnas.111144698. PMC 33456. PMID 11353852.

December 20, 2023
mesozoic, cenozoic, radiation, mesozoic, cenozoic, radiation, third, major, extended, increase, biodiversity, phanerozoic, after, cambrian, explosion, great, ordovician, biodiversification, event, which, appeared, exceeded, equilibrium, reached, after, ordovic. The Mesozoic Cenozoic Radiation is the third major extended increase of biodiversity in the Phanerozoic 1 after the Cambrian Explosion and the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event which appeared to exceeded the equilibrium reached after the Ordovician radiation Made known by its identification in marine invertebrates this evolutionary radiation began in the Mesozoic after the Permian extinctions and continues to this date This spectacular radiation affected both terrestrial and marine flora and fauna 2 during which the modern fauna came to replace much of the Paleozoic fauna 1 Notably this radiation event was marked by the rise of angiosperms during the mid Cretaceous 3 and the K Pg extinction which initiated the rapid increase in mammalian biodiversity 4 5 This image shows the biodiversity during the Phanerozoic Note the marked increase in biodiversity after the Permian extinctionThe fragmentation of Pangea resulted in allopatric speciation and an increase in overall biodiversity Contents 1 Causes and significance 2 Pull of the recent 3 See also 4 ReferencesCauses and significance editThe exact causes of this extended increase in biodiversity are still being debated however the Mesozoic Cenozoic radiation has often been related to large scale paleogeographical changes 6 2 7 The fragmentation of the supercontinent Pangaea has been related to an increase in both marine and terrestrial biodiversity 8 9 10 The link between the fragmentation of supercontinents and biodiversity was first proposed by Valentine and Moores in 1972 They hypothesized that the isolation of terrestrial environments and the partitioning of oceanic water masses as a result of the breaking up of Pangaea resulted in an increase in allopatric speciation which led to an increased biodiversity 11 These smaller landmasses while individually being less diverse than a supercontinent contain a high degree of endemic species resulting in an overall higher biodiversity than a single landmass of equivalent size 8 It is therefore argued that similarly to the Ordovician bio diversification the differentiation of biotas along environmental gradients caused by the fragmentation of a supercontinent was a driving force behind the Mesozoic Cenozoic radiation 6 7 Part of the dramatic increase in biodiversity during this time was caused by the evolutionary radiation of flowering plants or angiosperms during the mid Cretaceous 3 Characteristics of this clade associated with reproduction have served as a key innovation for an entire clade and led to a burst of evolution known as the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution 12 These later diversified further and co radiated with pollinating insects increasing biodiversity 13 A third factor which played a role in the Mesozoic Cenozoic radiation was the K Pg extinction which marked the end of the dinosaurs and surprisingly resulted in a massive increase in biodiversity of terrestrial tetrapods which can almost entirely be attributed to the radiation of mammals There are multiple things which could have caused this deviation from the equilibrium one of which is that the before the K Pg extinction an equilibrium was reached which limited biodiversity 4 5 The extinction event reorganized the fundamental ecology on which diversity is built and maintained After these reorganized ecosystems stabilized a new higher equilibrium was reached which was maintained during the Cenozoic 14 Pull of the recent editOne effect which has to be taken into account when estimating past biodiversity levels is the pull of the recent which describes a phenomenon in the fossil record which causes biodiversity estimates to be skewed towards modern taxa 15 16 This bias towards recent taxa is caused by a better availability of more recent fossil records In mammals it has also been argued that the complexity of teeth allowing for precise taxonomic identification of fragmentary fossils increases their perceived diversity when compared to other clades at the time 4 5 The contribution of this effect to the apparent increase in biodiversity is still unclear and heavily debated 17 5 6 See also editEvolutionary faunas the third of which corresponds to the Mesozoic Cenozoic radiationReferences edit a b Sepkoski J John 8 February 2016 A factor analytic description of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record Paleobiology 7 1 36 53 doi 10 1017 S0094837300003778 S2CID 133114885 a b Owen A W Crame J A 2002 Palaeobiogeography and the Ordovician and Mesozoic Cenozoic biotic radiations Geological Society London Special Publications 194 1 1 11 Bibcode 2002GSLSP 194 1O doi 10 1144 GSL SP 2002 194 01 01 S2CID 130743665 a b Crame J Alistair July 2001 Taxonomic diversity gradients through geological time Diversity amp Distributions 7 4 175 189 doi 10 1111 j 1472 4642 2001 00106 x S2CID 86824779 a b c Benson Roger B J Butler Richard J Alroy John Mannion Philip D Carrano Matthew T Lloyd Graeme T Barnosky Anthony D 25 January 2016 Near Stasis in the Long Term Diversification of Mesozoic Tetrapods PLOS Biology 14 1 e1002359 doi 10 1371 journal pbio 1002359 PMC 4726655 PMID 26807777 a b c d Close Roger A Benson Roger B J Alroy John Behrensmeyer Anna K Benito Juan Carrano Matthew T Cleary Terri J Dunne Emma M Mannion Philip D Uhen Mark D Butler Richard J 18 February 2019 Diversity dynamics of Phanerozoic terrestrial tetrapods at the local community scale PDF Nature Ecology amp Evolution 3 4 590 597 doi 10 1038 s41559 019 0811 8 PMID 30778186 S2CID 66884562 a b c Crame J A Rosen B R 2002 Cenozoic palaeogeography and the rise of modern biodiversity patterns Geological Society London Special Publications 194 1 153 168 Bibcode 2002GSLSP 194 153C doi 10 1144 GSL SP 2002 194 01 12 S2CID 128674404 a b Servais Thomas Harper David A T Munnecke Axel Owen Alan W Sheehan Peter M 2009 Understanding the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event GOBE Influences of paleogeography paleoclimate or paleoecology GSA Today 19 4 4 doi 10 1130 GSATG37A 1 a b Vavrek Matthew J September 2016 The fragmentation of Pangaea and Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity Biology Letters 12 9 20160528 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2016 0528 PMC 5046932 PMID 27651536 Zaffos Andrew Finnegan Seth Peters Shanan E 30 May 2017 Plate tectonic regulation of global marine animal diversity Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 22 5653 5658 Bibcode 2017PNAS 114 5653Z doi 10 1073 pnas 1702297114 PMC 5465924 PMID 28507147 Cermeno Pedro Garcia Comas Carmen Pohl Alexandre Williams Simon Benton Michael J Chaudhary Chhaya Le Gland Guillaume Muller R Dietmar Ridgwell Andy Vallina Sergio M 13 July 2022 Post extinction recovery of the Phanerozoic oceans and biodiversity hotspots Nature 607 7919 507 511 doi 10 1038 s41586 022 04932 6 ISSN 1476 4687 Retrieved 1 October 2023 Valentine James W Moores Eldridge M 1972 Global Tectonics and the Fossil Record The Journal of Geology 80 2 167 184 Bibcode 1972JG 80 167V doi 10 1086 627723 ISSN 0022 1376 JSTOR 30059313 S2CID 129364140 Soltis Pamela S Folk Ryan A Soltis Douglas E 27 March 2019 Darwin review Angiosperm phylogeny and evolutionary radiations Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 286 1899 20190099 doi 10 1098 rspb 2019 0099 PMC 6452062 Grimaldi David Spring 1999 The Co Radiations of Pollinating Insects and Angiosperms in the Cretaceous Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 86 2 373 406 doi 10 2307 2666181 JSTOR 2666181 Bambach R K Knoll Andrew H Sepkoski J J 14 May 2002 Anatomical and ecological constraints on Phanerozoic animal diversity in the marine realm Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99 10 6854 6859 Bibcode 2002PNAS 99 6854B doi 10 1073 pnas 092150999 PMC 124493 PMID 12011444 Alroy J Aberhan M Bottjer D J Foote M Fursich F T Harries P J et al 4 July 2008 Phanerozoic Trends in the Global Diversity of Marine Invertebrates Science 321 5885 97 100 Bibcode 2008Sci 321 97A doi 10 1126 science 1156963 PMID 18599780 S2CID 35793274 Ivany Linda C Czekanski Moir Jesse 25 March 2019 Reined in richness Nature Ecology amp Evolution 3 4 520 521 doi 10 1038 s41559 019 0863 9 PMID 30911149 Alroy J Marshall C R Bambach R K Bezusko K Foote M Fursich F T et al 15 May 2001 Effects of sampling standardization on estimates of Phanerozoic marine diversification Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 11 6261 6266 doi 10 1073 pnas 111144698 PMC 33456 PMID 11353852 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mesozoic Cenozoic radiation amp oldid 1189201921, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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