Many pre-Columbian civilizations established permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, and complex societal hierarchies. In North America, indigenous cultures in the Lower Mississippi Valley during the Middle Archaic period built complexes of multiple mounds, with several in Louisiana dated to 5600–5000 BP (3700 BC–3100 BC). Watson Brake is considered the oldest, multiple mound complex in the Americas, as it has been dated to 3500 BC. It and other Middle Archaic sites were built by pre-ceramic, hunter-gatherer societies. They preceded the better known Poverty Point culture and its elaborate complex by nearly 2,000 years.[1] The Mississippi Valley mound-building tradition extended into the Late Archaic period, longer than what later southeastern mound building dependent on sedentary, agricultural societies.(Russo, 1996:285)[1]
Some of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals (c. late 15th – early 16th centuries), and are known only through archaeological investigations or oral history from nations today. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Olmec, Maya, Mixtec, and Nahua had their own written records. However, most Europeans of the time viewed such texts as heretical and burned most of them. Only a few documents were hidden and thus remain today, leaving modern historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.
From both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter possessed many impressive attributes, having populous cities, and having developed theories of astronomy and mathematics.
Where they persist, the societies and cultures which gave rise to these civilizations continue to adapt and evolve; they also uphold various traditions and practices which relate back to these earlier times, even if combined with those more recently adopted.
Human sacrifice was a religious practice principally characteristic of pre-Columbian Aztec civilization, although other Mesoamerican civilizations like the Maya and the Zapotec practiced it as well. The extent of the practice is debated by modern scholars.
^ abRobert W. Preucel, Stephen A. Mrozowski, Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, p. 177
^ abcdefghij"Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area." 2011-08-05 at the Wayback MachineSoutheast Archaeological Center. (retrieved 9 July 2011)
^"Aboriginal Roots of Cuban Culture." (retrieved 9 July 2011)
^John Albert Bullbrook, The aboriginal remains of Trinidad and the West Indies, A. L. Rhodes, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1941
^John Albert Bullbrook, The Ierian Race, Historical Society of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, Trinidad, 1940
^"Laser mapping reveals oldest Amazonian cities, built 2500 years ago".
Sourcesedit
Pieroni, Agustín (2015). El virreino y los virreyes [The Viceroyalty and the Viceroys] (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. ISBN978-987-02-8164-1. OCLC 936228861.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pre-Columbian cultures.
National Museum of the American Indian, collections search
list, columbian, cultures, this, list, columbian, cultures, pyramid, avenue, dead, viewed, from, pyramid, moon, teotihuacán, mexico, contents, cultural, characteristics, northern, america, caribbean, mesoamerica, isthmo, colombian, area, south, america, also, . This is a list of pre Columbian cultures Pyramid of the Sun and Avenue of The Dead viewed from the top of Pyramid of the Moon Teotihuacan Mexico 100 200 AD Contents 1 Cultural characteristics 2 Northern America 3 Caribbean 4 Mesoamerica 5 Isthmo Colombian area 6 South America 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External linksCultural characteristics edit nbsp Watson Brake Louisiana 3500 BC nbsp Tikal Guatemala Maya civilization Many pre Columbian civilizations established permanent or urban settlements agriculture and complex societal hierarchies In North America indigenous cultures in the Lower Mississippi Valley during the Middle Archaic period built complexes of multiple mounds with several in Louisiana dated to 5600 5000 BP 3700 BC 3100 BC Watson Brake is considered the oldest multiple mound complex in the Americas as it has been dated to 3500 BC It and other Middle Archaic sites were built by pre ceramic hunter gatherer societies They preceded the better known Poverty Point culture and its elaborate complex by nearly 2 000 years 1 The Mississippi Valley mound building tradition extended into the Late Archaic period longer than what later southeastern mound building dependent on sedentary agricultural societies Russo 1996 285 1 Some of these civilizations had long ceased to function by the time of the first permanent European arrivals c late 15th early 16th centuries and are known only through archaeological investigations or oral history from nations today Others were contemporary with this period and are also known from historical accounts of the time A few such as the Olmec Maya Mixtec and Nahua had their own written records However most Europeans of the time viewed such texts as heretical and burned most of them Only a few documents were hidden and thus remain today leaving modern historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge From both indigenous American and European accounts and documents American civilizations at the time of European encounter possessed many impressive attributes having populous cities and having developed theories of astronomy and mathematics Where they persist the societies and cultures which gave rise to these civilizations continue to adapt and evolve they also uphold various traditions and practices which relate back to these earlier times even if combined with those more recently adopted Human sacrifice was a religious practice principally characteristic of pre Columbian Aztec civilization although other Mesoamerican civilizations like the Maya and the Zapotec practiced it as well The extent of the practice is debated by modern scholars Northern America editMain article List of archaeological periods North America Paleo Indians c 18 000 8000 BC Clovis Folsom tradition Plano cultures Cody complex Archaic Period 8000 1000 BC Paleo Arctic tradition 8000 5000 BC Alaska and Yukon Watson Brake and Lower Mississippi Valley mounds sites 3500 BC 2800 BC Louisiana Mississippi and Florida Poverty Point culture 2200 BC 700 BC Lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf coast Post archaic period 1000 BC onward Southwest Ancestral Pueblo culture 1200 BC 1300 AD Utah Arizona Colorado New Mexico one of these cultural groups referred to as Anasazi Fremont culture 1 AD 1300 AD Utah and parts of Nevada Idaho and Colorado Hohokam 1 AD 1450 AD Arizona Eastern Woodlands Woodland period 1000 BC 1000 AD Adena 1000 200 BC Ohio Indiana West Virginia Kentucky and parts of Pennsylvania and New York Hopewell culture 200 BC 500 AD Southeastern Canada and eastern United States Troyville culture 400 700 AD Louisiana and Mississippi Coles Creek culture 700 1200 AD Arkansas Louisiana and Mississippi Plum Bayou culture 700 1200 AD Arkansas Mississippian culture 800 AD 1730 AD Midwestern Eastern and Southeastern United States Caborn Welborn culture 1400 1700 AD Indiana and Kentucky Caddoan Mississippian culture 1000 AD 1650 AD Eastern Oklahoma Western Arkansas Northeast Texas and Northwest Louisiana Fort Walton Culture 1100 1550 AD Florida Leon Jefferson Culture 1100 1550 AD Florida Plaquemine culture 1200 1730 AD Louisiana and Mississippi Upper Mississippian culture Fort Ancient 1000 AD 1650 AD Ohio Kentucky West Virginia Oneota 900 1650 AD Iowa Michigan Minnesota and Missouri Caribbean edit nbsp Early South American cultures Ortoiroid people c 5500 200 BC 2 Krum Bay culture Virgin Islands St Thomas 1500 200 BC 2 Coroso culture Puerto Rico 1000 BC 200 AD 2 Ciboney people Greater Antilles c 1000 301 BC 3 Guanahatabey Cuba 1000 BC Saladoid culture 500 BC 545 AD 2 Ostionoid culture 600 1500 AD 2 Arawak people c 500 1500 AD 2 Taino Lesser Antilles and Guadeloupe 2 Lucayans Greater Antilles and Bahamas 700 AD 1500 AD 2 group encountered by Columbus Nepoya and Suppoya Trinidad 2 4 5 Igneri Dominica 500 AD St Croix 650 AD Puerto Rico 1000 AD 2 Mesoamerica editMain article Mesoamerican chronology In alphabetical order Aztec 1325 1521 AD central Mexico Formative Period 2500 BC 200 AD La Blanca Ujuxte Monte Alto Culture Mokaya Culture Huastec 1000 BC 1500 AD Hidalgo Veracruz San Luis Potosi and Tamaulipas Maya 2600 BC 1697 AD Mexican Southern states Chiapas Tabasco Campeche and Yucatan Peninsula Central America Belize Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Mixe 400 present Mixtec unknown 1600 AD western Oaxaca Nicarao people 700 1622 AD Nicaragua Nicoya Kingdom 500 BC 1600 AD Costa Rica Olmec 1500 400 BC Veracruz and Tabasco Purepecha Empire or Tarascan state 1300 1530 AD Michoacan Teotihuacan 200 BC 800 AD near Mexico City Teuchitlan tradition 300 BC 500 AD north central Jalisco Toltec 900 1100 AD may be mythical Totonac unknown 1500 AD eastern Mexico Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition 1500 300 BC Michoacan Colima Jalisco Nayarit Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition 300 BC 400 AD Jalisco Nayarit and to a lesser extent Colima Zapotec 500 BC 1500 AD OaxacaIsthmo Colombian area editCueva people 1530 AD Panama Diquis culture 700 1530 AD Costa Rica Gran Cocle 1200 BC 1500 AD Panama Huetar people 1600 AD Costa RicaSouth America editPeriod Dates Cultures Ceramic Late Horizon 1476 AD 1534 AD Ecuador Peru Bolivia Argentina Chile and Colombia Inca Empire Brazil Cambeba Colombia Muisca Confederation Argentina Diaguita Late Intermediate 1000 AD 1476 AD Bolivia Aymara kingdoms Colombia Muisca Narino Tairona Ecuador Los Huancavilca Kingdom of Quito Manteno Narino Peru Chimu Chincha Cajamarca Chiribaya Piura Chancay Chachapoyas Chiribaya Chucuito Huaman Huilca Ilo Lupaca Qotu Qotu Pacacocha Palli Marca Piura Sican Tajaraca Huaylas Conchucos Huamachuco Rucanas Chanka Ayabaca Bracamoros Huancabambas Tallan culture Huarco Ichma Parinacota Cuntis Chinchaycochas Huarochiri Kheswas Tarmas Paltas Camanas Argentina Diaguita Middle Horizon 600 AD 1000 AD Bolivia Tiwanaku Brazil Marajoara culture Colombia Cauca culture Herrera Narino Quimbaya Tairona Ecuador Canari culture Narino Peru Chimu Huari Piura Argentina Diaguita Early Intermediate 200 AD 600 AD Bolivia Tiwanaku Colombia Herrera Quimbaya San Agustin Tairona Tierradentro Tolima Ecuador the Upano Valley 6 La Bahia Cara Quitu Peru Moche Nazca Lima Pechiche Piura Early Horizon 900 BC 200 AD Colombia Calima culture 200 BC 400 AD Herrera Ecuador Chorrera La Tolita Peru Chavin Cupisnique Late Chiripa Paracas Pechiche Sechura Xakse Initial Period 1800 1500 BC 900 BC Ecuador Cotocollao Machalilla Peru Early Chiripa Kotosh Chavin Toril The Cumbe Mayo aqueduct was built c 1000 BC Argentina Tehuelches 1820 Preceramic Period VI 2500 BC 1500 1800 BC Ecuador Valdivia Peru Casma Sechin culture Norte Chico Caral Buena Vista Casavilca Culebras Ventarron Viscachani Huaca Prieta Peru Chile Chinchorro Period V 4200 BC 2500 BC Ecuador Valdivia Peru Casma Sechin culture Norte Chico Caral Honda Lauricocha III Viscachani Peru Chile Chinchorro Period IV 6000 BC 4200 BC Peru Ambo Canario Siches Lauricocha II Luz Toquepala II Peru Chile Chinchorro Period III 8000 BC 6000 BC Ecuador Las Vegas 8000 4600 BC Peru Arenal Chivateros II Lauricocha I Playa Chira Puyenca Toquepala I Peru Chile Chinchorro Period II 9500 BC 8000 BC Ecuador El Inga Peru Chivateros I Lauricocha I Period I BC 9500 BC Colombia El Abra 12 500 10 000 BC Peru Oquendo Red Zone central coast Argentina amp Chile PatagoniaSee also edit nbsp Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal Mississippi culture Indigenous peoples of the Americas for coverage on present day indigenous peoples Lithic stage in Canada Cultural periods of Peru Pre Columbian Brazil Pre Columbian Ecuador Pre Columbian cultures of Colombia Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas Marajoara culture Quilmes people Ancestral PuebloansReferences edit a b Robert W Preucel Stephen A Mrozowski Contemporary Archaeology in Theory The New Pragmatism John Wiley and Sons 2010 p 177 a b c d e f g h i j Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area Archived 2011 08 05 at the Wayback Machine Southeast Archaeological Center retrieved 9 July 2011 Aboriginal Roots of Cuban Culture retrieved 9 July 2011 John Albert Bullbrook The aboriginal remains of Trinidad and the West Indies A L Rhodes Port of Spain Trinidad 1941 John Albert Bullbrook The Ierian Race Historical Society of Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain Trinidad 1940 Laser mapping reveals oldest Amazonian cities built 2500 years ago Sources editPieroni Agustin 2015 El virreino y los virreyes The Viceroyalty and the Viceroys in Spanish Buenos Aires ISBN 978 987 02 8164 1 OCLC 936228861 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pre Columbian cultures National Museum of the American Indian collections search Pre Columbian cultures in present day United States usurped Four Directions Institute Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of pre Columbian cultures amp oldid 1214523632 Mesoamerica, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
