According to the Hebrew Bible, the kaporet (Hebrew: כַּפֹּרֶתkapōreṯ) or mercy seat was the gold lid placed on the Ark of the Covenant, with two cherubim beaten out of the ends to cover and create the space in which Yahweh appeared and dwelled. This was connected with the rituals of the Day of Atonement. The term also appears in later Jewish sources, and twice in the New Testament, from where it has significance in Christian theology.
Replica of the ark of the covenant, with the "mercy seat" (kaporet) acting as lid.
The etymology of kaporet (Hebrew: הַכַּפֹּֽרֶת) is unclear. The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion states that "some translate simply 'cover'."[1]
In Judaismedit
In the Hebrew Bibleedit
"The Ark and the Mercy Seat", 1894 illustration by Henry Davenport Northrop
According to the biblical account (Exodus 25:19; 37:6), the cover was made from pure gold and was the same width and breadth as the ark beneath it, 2.5 cubits long and 1.5 cubits wide. Two golden cherubim were placed at each end of the cover facing one another and the mercy seat, with their wings spread to enclose the mercy seat (Exodus 25:18–21). The cherubim formed a seat for Yahweh (1 Samuel 4:4). The ark and mercy seat were kept inside the Holy of Holies, the temple's innermost sanctuary which was separated from the other parts of the temple by a thick curtain (parochet).
After the destruction of the Second Temple, just as the Torah scroll was contained in a Torah ark (Aron HaKodesh, "Holy ark") in synagogues, so also the term kaporet was applied to the valance of the parochet (Hebrew: פרוכת "curtain") on this ark.[a][3][b]
Second Temple era sourcesedit
In the Hellenistic JewishSeptuagint the term was rendered hilastērion (ἱλαστήριον, "thing that atones"), following the secondary meaning of the Hebrew root verb "cover" (כָּפַר kaphar) in pi'el and pu'al as "to cover sins," "to atone" found also in kippurim. Hilastērion is relatively rare in classical Greek and appears largely in late writings to reference a sacrifice to appease the wrath of a deity. The term in the Septuagint was translated in the Latin Vulgate Bible with the word propitiatorium from which we get our English word propitiation.
In Christian traditionedit
The mercy seat in the 1890 Holman Bible
In the New Testamentedit
Hilastērion is found twice in the New Testament: Romans 3:25 and Hebrews 9:5. In the passage in Romans the term is typically translated propitiation or sacrifice of atonement, whereas in the passage in Hebrews the term is typically translated mercy seat, the traditional term for the gold lid on the Ark of the Covenant. The difference in translation is explained by the different contexts. In Romans the context is the sacrificial death of Christ, whereas in the Hebrew passage the context is a description of the Holy of Holies and its contents. The Epistle to the Hebrews portrays the role of the mercy seat during Yom Kippur Day of Atonement as a prefiguration of the Passion of Christ, which was a greater atonement, and the formation of a New Covenant (Hebrews 9:3–15). The Yom Kippur ritual was a shadow of things to come (Hebrews 10:1). The continual sacrifice for sin under the Mosaic covenant became obsolete following the once-for-all sacrificial death of Christ.
In English Biblesedit
The first English Bible, translated from Latin 1382, renders the term a propiciatory following the Vulgatepropitiatorium, and in the first occurrence, Exodus 25:17, also inserts an unbracketed gloss "that is a table hiling the ark" – hiling is Middle English for "covering".[c][d]
The term propitiatory was also used by J.M. Powis Smith, a Protestant, in The Complete Bible: An American Translation, published in 1939. The originally Protestant translation "mercy seat" was not followed by Ronald Knox,[7] but has since been largely adopted also by Roman CatholicBible versions, such as the New Jerusalem Bible (NJB) 1985.[8]
Footnotesedit
^ ... above the parokhet[curtain]. In Exodus 25:17, the kaporet refers to the slab of pure gold that covered the Ark ...[2]
^ The art of the Torah Ark curtain (parochet) reached a peak during the first decades of the eighteenth century in Bavaria. ... All the Bavarian curtains of this type seem to have had an upper valance (kaporet), ...[4]
^And thou schalt make a propiciatorie of clenneste gold; that is a table hilinge the arke; the lengthe therof schal holde twei cubitis and an half, the broodnesse schal holde a cubit and half. — Exodus 25:17, Wycliffe (1382)[6]
Referencesedit
^Schwartz, Baruch J. (2011). "Kapporet (etymology)". In Berlin, Adele (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. Oxford University Press. p. 67 § Ark of the Covenant. ISBN9780199730049. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
^Harlow, Jules, Rabbi (1977). "Jewish textiles in light of biblical and post-biblical literature". In Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara; Grossman, Cissy (eds.). Fabric of Jewish Life: Textiles from the Jewish Museum collection. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Jewish Museum. p. 31.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Ausubel, Nathan (1964). The Book of Jewish Knowledge. p. 19. The materials out of which the Ark curtain and its valance (kaporet) were made in former times is unknown.
^Fishof, Iris (1994). Jewish art masterpieces from the Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Jerusalem, IL: Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel. p. 40.
^de Gretham, Robert; Blumreich, Kathleen Marie (2002). The Middle English "Mirror" (based on Bodleian Library, ... ed.). Oxford, UK: Bodleian Library, Oxford University. p. 533.
mercy, seat, other, uses, disambiguation, according, hebrew, bible, kaporet, hebrew, kapōreṯ, mercy, seat, gold, placed, covenant, with, cherubim, beaten, ends, cover, create, space, which, yahweh, appeared, dwelled, this, connected, with, rituals, atonement, . For other uses see Mercy seat disambiguation According to the Hebrew Bible the kaporet Hebrew כ פ ר ת kapōreṯ or mercy seat was the gold lid placed on the Ark of the Covenant with two cherubim beaten out of the ends to cover and create the space in which Yahweh appeared and dwelled This was connected with the rituals of the Day of Atonement The term also appears in later Jewish sources and twice in the New Testament from where it has significance in Christian theology Replica of the ark of the covenant with the mercy seat kaporet acting as lid Contents 1 Etymology 2 In Judaism 2 1 In the Hebrew Bible 2 2 In rabbinic tradition 2 3 Second Temple era sources 3 In Christian tradition 3 1 In the New Testament 3 2 In English Bibles 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 External linksEtymology editThe etymology of kaporet Hebrew ה כ פ ר ת is unclear The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion states that some translate simply cover 1 In Judaism editIn the Hebrew Bible edit nbsp The Ark and the Mercy Seat 1894 illustration by Henry Davenport NorthropAccording to the biblical account Exodus 25 19 37 6 the cover was made from pure gold and was the same width and breadth as the ark beneath it 2 5 cubits long and 1 5 cubits wide Two golden cherubim were placed at each end of the cover facing one another and the mercy seat with their wings spread to enclose the mercy seat Exodus 25 18 21 The cherubim formed a seat for Yahweh 1 Samuel 4 4 The ark and mercy seat were kept inside the Holy of Holies the temple s innermost sanctuary which was separated from the other parts of the temple by a thick curtain parochet The Holy of Holies could be entered only by the high priest on the Day of Atonement The high priest sprinkled the blood of a sacrificial bull onto the mercy seat as an atonement for the sins of the people of Israel In rabbinic tradition edit After the destruction of the Second Temple just as the Torah scroll was contained in a Torah ark Aron HaKodesh Holy ark in synagogues so also the term kaporet was applied to the valance of the parochet Hebrew פרוכת curtain on this ark a 3 b Second Temple era sources edit In the Hellenistic Jewish Septuagint the term was rendered hilasterion ἱlasthrion thing that atones following the secondary meaning of the Hebrew root verb cover כ פ ר kaphar in pi el and pu al as to cover sins to atone found also in kippurim Hilasterion is relatively rare in classical Greek and appears largely in late writings to reference a sacrifice to appease the wrath of a deity The term in the Septuagint was translated in the Latin Vulgate Bible with the word propitiatorium from which we get our English word propitiation In Christian tradition edit nbsp The mercy seat in the 1890 Holman BibleIn the New Testament edit Hilasterion is found twice in the New Testament Romans 3 25 and Hebrews 9 5 In the passage in Romans the term is typically translated propitiation or sacrifice of atonement whereas in the passage in Hebrews the term is typically translated mercy seat the traditional term for the gold lid on the Ark of the Covenant The difference in translation is explained by the different contexts In Romans the context is the sacrificial death of Christ whereas in the Hebrew passage the context is a description of the Holy of Holies and its contents The Epistle to the Hebrews portrays the role of the mercy seat during Yom Kippur Day of Atonement as a prefiguration of the Passion of Christ which was a greater atonement and the formation of a New Covenant Hebrews 9 3 15 The Yom Kippur ritual was a shadow of things to come Hebrews 10 1 The continual sacrifice for sin under the Mosaic covenant became obsolete following the once for all sacrificial death of Christ In English Bibles edit The first English Bible translated from Latin 1382 renders the term a propiciatory following the Vulgate propitiatorium and in the first occurrence Exodus 25 17 also inserts an unbracketed gloss that is a table hiling the ark hiling is Middle English for covering c d The term propitiatory was also used by J M Powis Smith a Protestant in The Complete Bible An American Translation published in 1939 The originally Protestant translation mercy seat was not followed by Ronald Knox 7 but has since been largely adopted also by Roman Catholic Bible versions such as the New Jerusalem Bible NJB 1985 8 Footnotes edit above the parokhet curtain In Exodus 25 17 the kaporet refers to the slab of pure gold that covered the Ark 2 The art of the Torah Ark curtain parochet reached a peak during the first decades of the eighteenth century in Bavaria All the Bavarian curtains of this type seem to have had an upper valance kaporet 4 Hilen v to cover bury conceal 3 sg hileb hilinge ger concealment 5 And thou schalt make a propiciatorie of clenneste gold that is a table hilinge the arke the lengthe therof schal holde twei cubitis and an half the broodnesse schal holde a cubit and half Exodus 25 17 Wycliffe 1382 6 References edit Schwartz Baruch J 2011 Kapporet etymology In Berlin Adele ed The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion Oxford University Press p 67 Ark of the Covenant ISBN 9780199730049 Retrieved 25 March 2019 Harlow Jules Rabbi 1977 Jewish textiles in light of biblical and post biblical literature In Kirshenblatt Gimblett Barbara Grossman Cissy eds Fabric of Jewish Life Textiles from the Jewish Museum collection Vol 1 New York NY Jewish Museum p 31 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Ausubel Nathan 1964 The Book of Jewish Knowledge p 19 The materials out of which the Ark curtain and its valance kaporet were made in former times is unknown Fishof Iris 1994 Jewish art masterpieces from the Israel Museum Jerusalem Jerusalem IL Muzeʼon Yisraʼel p 40 de Gretham Robert Blumreich Kathleen Marie 2002 The Middle English Mirror based on Bodleian Library ed Oxford UK Bodleian Library Oxford University p 533 Wycliffe J 1382 Exodus Wycliffe Bible Wesley Center Nampa ID Northwest Nazarene University Chapter 25 The Book of Exodus www cormacburke or ke Exodus New Jerusalem Bible Chapter 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help External links editMatthew Henry on Exodus Chapter 25 Methods of Ancient Metallurgy Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mercy seat amp oldid 1184332117, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
