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Diorhabda elongata

January 01, 1970

Diorhabda elongata is a species of leaf beetle known as the Mediterranean tamarisk beetle (MTB) which feeds on tamarisk trees from Portugal and Algeria east to southern Russia.[1] The MTB is used in North America as a biological pest control agent against saltcedar or tamarisk (Tamarix spp.), an invasive species in arid and semi-arid ecosystems (where the MTB and its closely related sibling species are also less accurately referred to as the 'saltcedar beetle', 'saltcedar leaf beetle', 'salt cedar leaf beetle', or 'tamarisk leaf beetle') (Tracy and Robbins 2009).

Diorhabda elongata
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Chrysomelidae
Genus: Diorhabda
Species:
D. elongata
Binomial name
Diorhabda elongata
Brullé, 1832
Synonyms

Galeruca elongata Brullé, 1832
Galeruca costalis Mulsant, 1852

Taxonomy edit

The MTB was first described from the Pelopónnisos peninsula of Greece as Galeruca elongata Brullé (1832). Mulsant (Mulsant and Wachanru 1852) found the MTB in southwestern Turkey and described it as Galeruca costalis Mulsant. Reiche and Saulcy (1858) properly synonymized G. costalis under G. elongata, but erroneously placed two sibling species of tamarisk beetles, G. carinata Faldermann (1837) (the larger tamarisk beetle, Diorhabda carinata) and G. sublineata Lucas (1849) (the subtropical tamarisk beetle, Diorhabda sublineata) as junior synonyms of G. elongata. Weise (1893) created the genus Diorhabda and erroneously placed the sibling species G. carinulata Desbrochers (1870) (the northern tamarisk beetle, Diorhabda carinulata) as a junior synonym of Diorhabda elongata. Berti and Rapilly (1973) recognized D. carinata and D. carinulata as separate species from one another, and, by implication, as separate species from D. elongata, based on detailed morphology of the endophallus of the male genitalia. Tracy and Robbins (2009) confirmed the findings of Berti and Rapilly (1973), characterized the male and female genitalia of D. elongata, recognized D. sublineata as a separate species from D. elongata, and provided illustrated taxonomic keys separating the MTB from the four other sibling species of the D. elongata (Brullé) species group: Diorhabda carinata, Diorhabda sublineata, Diorhabda carinulata, and Diorhabda meridionalis Berti and Rapilly. In literature prior to 2009, D. carinata, D. sublineata, and D. carinulata were usually also referred to as D. elongata, or subspecies of D. elongata.

Host plants edit

Field collections in Eurasia reveal that the MTB feeds on at least four species of tamarisks, including Tamarix parviflora, invasive in California, and T. smyrnensis, a close relative of T. ramosissima which is widely invasive in western North America. The MTB will defoliate entire tamarisk trees in southern Bulgaria (Tracy and Robbins 2009). Extensive laboratory host range studies verified that MTB is a specialist feeder on tamarisks, feeding only on plants of the tamarisk family, Tamaricaceae. In laboratory and field cage studies, the MTB will also feed and complete development on Frankenia shrubs, distant relatives of tamarisks in the same plant order Caryophyllales, but the MTB greatly prefer to lay eggs upon tamarisk (Milbrath and DeLoach 2006). Field studies in Texas confirm that the MTB will not significantly attack Frankenia (Moran et al. 2009).

Life cycle edit

The MTB overwinters as adults on the ground. Adults become active and begin feeding and mating in the early spring when tamarisk leaves are budding. Eggs are laid on tamarisk leaves and hatch in about a week in warm weather. Three larval stages feed on tamarisk leaves for about two and a half weeks when they crawl to the ground and spend about 5 days as a C-shaped inactive prepupa before pupating about one week. Adults emerge from pupae to complete the life cycle in about 4–5 weeks in the summer. (For images of various life stages of a related species, see Diorhabda carinulata at commons) Five generations of MTB occur through spring and fall in central Texas (Milbrath et al. 2007, Tracy and Robbins 2009). Similar to the northern tamarisk beetle, adults begin to enter diapause in the late summer and early fall, ceasing reproduction and feeding to build fat bodies before seeking a protected place to overwinter (Lewis et al. 2003). Larvae and adults are sensitive to shorter daylengths as the summer progresses that signal the coming of winter and induce diapause (Bean et al. in prep.). Robert Bartelt and Allard Cossé (USDA-ARS, Peoria, Illinois) found that male MTB emit a putative aggregation pheromone, similar to that found in Diorhabda carinulata (Cossé et al. 2005), that could serve to attract both males and females to certain tamarisk trees.

Biological control agent edit

The MTB is currently the most successful biological control agent for tamarisk in west Texas. Populations of MTB from around 35°N latitude near Sfakaki, Crete, Greece were initially released by the USDA Agricultural Research Service in west Texas and northern California in 2003. By 2008, the MTB had defoliated over 140 hectares in Texas and 250 hectares in California. However, the MTB may not be as well adapted to interior desert and grassland habitats of south and west Texas as three other species of Old World tamarisk beetles that are being introduced, the larger tamarisk beetle (Diorhabda carinata), in north Texas, the subtropical tamarisk beetle (Diorhabda sublineata) in south Texas, and the northern tamarisk beetle (Diorhabda carinulata) in extreme northern Texas. The southern tamarisk beetle, (Diorhabda meridionalis) has not been introduced into North America, but may be best adapted to subtropical maritime desert habitats (Tracy and Robbins 2009).

Tamarisk does not usually die from a single defoliation from tamarisk beetles, and it can resprout within several weeks of defoliation. Repeated defoliation of individual tamarisk trees can lead to severe dieback the next season and death of the tree within several years (DeLoach and Carruthers 2004). Tamarisk beetle defoliation over the course of at least one to several years can severely reduce the nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in the root crowns of tamarisk (Hudgeons et al. 2007). Biological control of tamarisk by the MTB will not eradicate tamarisk but it has the potential to suppress tamarisk populations by 75–85%, after which both MTB and tamarisk populations should reach equilibrium at lower levels (DeLoach and Carruthers 2004, Tracy and DeLoach 1999).

A primary objective of tamarisk biological control with the MTB is to reduce competition by exotic tamarisk with a variety of native riparian flora, including trees (willows, cottonwoods, and honey mesquite), shrubs (wolfberry, saltbush, and baccharis), and grasses (alkali sacaton, saltgrass, and vinemesquite). Unlike expensive chemical and mechanical controls of tamarisk that often must be repeated, tamarisk biological control does not harm native flora and is self-sustaining in the environment. Recovery of native riparian grasses can be quite rapid under the once closed canopy of repeatedly defoliated tamarisk. However, tamarisk beetle defoliation can locally reduce nesting habitat for riparian woodland birds until native woodland flora are able to return. In some areas, tamarisk may be replaced by grasslands or shrublands, resulting in losses of riparian forest habitats for birds (Tracy and DeLoach 1999). Releases of tamarisk beetles in southern California, Arizona, and along the Rio Grande in western New Mexico, are currently delayed until concerns can be resolved regarding safety of tamarisk biological control to nesting habitats of the federally endangered southwestern willow flycatcher, Empidonax traillii Audubon subspecies extimus Phillips, which will nest in tamarisk (see DeLoach et al. 2000, Dudley and DeLoach 2004).

References edit

  • Bean, D.W.; Keller, J.C. in prep.: Characteristics of diapause induction in populations of Diorhabda elongata collected from sites in Europe, Africa and Asia: Implications for tamarisk (Tamarix spp) biocontrol in North America. For publication in Biological Control.
  • Berti, N.; Rapilly, M. 1973: Contribution a la faune de l’Iran; Voyages de MM. R. Naviaux et M. Rapilly (Col. Chrysomelidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 9(4): 861–894. (In French)
  • Brullé, A. 1832: Expedition scientifique de Morée (Paris), Volume 3, Pt. 2. (Zool.): 266, 271. (In French)
  • Cossé, A.A.; Bartelt, R.J.; Zilkowski, B.W.; Bean, D.W.; Petroski, R.J. 2005: The aggregation pheromone of Diorhabda elongata, a biological control agent of saltcedar (Tamarix sp.): Identification of two behaviorally active components. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 31(3): 657–670. PDF
  • DeLoach, C.J.; Carruthers, R. 2004: Biological control programs for integrated invasive plant management. In: Proceedings of Weed Science Society of America Meeting, Kansas City, MO. Weed Science Society of America (CD-ROM). 17 pp. PDF
  • DeLoach, C.J.; Carruthers, R.I.; Lovich, J.E.; Dudley, T.L.; Smith, S.D. 2000: Ecological interactions in the biological control of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in the United States: toward a new understanding. In N. R. Spencer (ed.), Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 4–14 July 1999, Montana State University. Bozeman, Montana, pp. 819–873. PDF
  • Desbrochers des Loges, M.J. 1870: Descriptions de Coléoptères nouveaux d’Europe et confins. L’Abeille, Volume 7, Part 1: 10–135. (In French)
  • Dudley, T.L. DeLoach, C.J. 2004: Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), endangered species, and biological weed control-can they mix? Weed Technology, 18(5): 1542–1551.PDF
  • Faldermann, F. 1837: Fauna entomologica Trans-Caucasica, II: Coleoptera. Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 5: 1–433. (In Latin)
  • Hudgeons, J.L.; Knutson, A.E.; Heinz, K.M.; DeLoach, C.J.; Dudley, T.L.; Pattison, R.R.; Kiniry, J.R. 2007: Defoliation by introduced Diorhabda elongata leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) reduces carbohydrate reserves and regrowth of Tamarix (Tamaricaceae). Biological Control, 43: 213–221. PDF
  • Lewis, P.A.; DeLoach, C.J.; Knutson, A.E.; Tracy, J.L.; Robbins, T.O. 2003: Biology of Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an Asian leaf beetle for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the United States. Biological Control, 27: 101–116. PDF
  • Lucas, P.H.; 1849: Exploration scientifique de l'Algeria. Zoologie (Paris), 2: 542–546. (In French)
  • Milbrath, L.; DeLoach, C.J. 2006: Host specificity of different populations of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.). Biological Control, 36: 32–48. PDF
  • Milbrath, L.; DeLoach, C.J.; Tracy, J.L; 2007: Overwintering survival, phenology, voltinism, and reproduction among different populations of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environmental Entomology, 36(6): 1356–1364.PDF
  • Moran, P.J.; DeLoach, C.J.; Dudley, T.L.; Sanabria, J. 2009: Open field host selection and behavior by tamarisk beetles (Diorhabda spp.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in biological control of exotic saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) and risks to non-target athel (T. aphylla) and native Frankenia spp. Biological Control, 50: 243-261. PDF 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
  • Mulsant, E.; Wachanru, A. 1852: Première série de coléopteres nouveaux. Opuscules Entomologiques, 1: 161–177. (In French)
  • Reiche, L.; Saulcy, F. 1858: Espèces nouvelles ou peu connues de Colèoptères, recueillies par M.F. de Saulcy, member de l’Institute, dans son voyage en Orient, et dècrites par M.M. L. Reiche et Fèlicien de Saulcy. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Sér., 3, 6: 5–60. (In French)
  • Tracy, J.L.; DeLoach, C.J. 1999: Biological control of saltcedar in the United States: Progress and projected ecological effects. In: Bell, C.E. (Ed.), Arundo and Saltcedar: The Deadly Duo, Proceedings of the Arundo and Saltcedar Workshop, 17 June 1998. Ontario, California, 111–154.
  • Tracy, J.L.; Robbins, T.O. 2009: Taxonomic revision and biogeography of the Tamarix-feeding Diorhabda elongata (Brullé, 1832) species group (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Galerucini) and analysis of their potential in biological control of Tamarisk. Zootaxa, 2101: 1-152. PDF
  • Weise, J. 1893: Chrysomelidae. In: Erichson, W. (ED.), Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands, 61(73): 961–1161. (In German)

Notes edit

  1. ^ Tracy and Robbins (2009) provide a detailed review of the distribution, biogeography, biology, and taxonomy of D. elongata that is a general source for most of this article.

External links edit

  •   Data related to Diorhabda elongata at Wikispecies
  •   Media related to Diorhabda elongata at Wikimedia Commons
  • Texas Agri-Life Extension Leaflet; Biological Control of Saltcedar (photos of Mediterranean source population D. elongata). PDF
  • Texas Agri-Life Extension Newsletter; Beetle-Mania; Biological Control of Saltcedar in Texas, Volume 1, No. 2, Summer 2009
  • Texas Agri-Life Research and Extension Program; Biological Control of Saltcedar: Using Natural Enemies to Combat an Invasive Weed Competing with Texas' Water Resources (Mediterranean source population is D. elongata).
  • USDA Agricultural Research Service and Texas Agri-Life Research and Extension Service Report of Information to the Public; Progress on Biological Control of Saltcedar in the Western U.S.: Emphasis -- Texas 2004-2009. PDF

January 01, 1970
diorhabda, elongata, species, leaf, beetle, known, mediterranean, tamarisk, beetle, which, feeds, tamarisk, trees, from, portugal, algeria, east, southern, russia, used, north, america, biological, pest, control, agent, against, saltcedar, tamarisk, tamarix, i. Diorhabda elongata is a species of leaf beetle known as the Mediterranean tamarisk beetle MTB which feeds on tamarisk trees from Portugal and Algeria east to southern Russia 1 The MTB is used in North America as a biological pest control agent against saltcedar or tamarisk Tamarix spp an invasive species in arid and semi arid ecosystems where the MTB and its closely related sibling species are also less accurately referred to as the saltcedar beetle saltcedar leaf beetle salt cedar leaf beetle or tamarisk leaf beetle Tracy and Robbins 2009 Diorhabda elongata Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Infraorder Cucujiformia Family Chrysomelidae Genus Diorhabda Species D elongata Binomial name Diorhabda elongataBrulle 1832 Synonyms Galeruca elongata Brulle 1832 Galeruca costalis Mulsant 1852 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Host plants 3 Life cycle 4 Biological control agent 5 References 6 Notes 7 External linksTaxonomy editThe MTB was first described from the Peloponnisos peninsula of Greece as Galeruca elongata Brulle 1832 Mulsant Mulsant and Wachanru 1852 found the MTB in southwestern Turkey and described it as Galeruca costalis Mulsant Reiche and Saulcy 1858 properly synonymized G costalis under G elongata but erroneously placed two sibling species of tamarisk beetles G carinata Faldermann 1837 the larger tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinata and G sublineata Lucas 1849 the subtropical tamarisk beetle Diorhabda sublineata as junior synonyms of G elongata Weise 1893 created the genus Diorhabda and erroneously placed the sibling species G carinulata Desbrochers 1870 the northern tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinulata as a junior synonym of Diorhabda elongata Berti and Rapilly 1973 recognized D carinata and D carinulata as separate species from one another and by implication as separate species from D elongata based on detailed morphology of the endophallus of the male genitalia Tracy and Robbins 2009 confirmed the findings of Berti and Rapilly 1973 characterized the male and female genitalia of D elongata recognized D sublineata as a separate species from D elongata and provided illustrated taxonomic keys separating the MTB from the four other sibling species of the D elongata Brulle species group Diorhabda carinata Diorhabda sublineata Diorhabda carinulata and Diorhabda meridionalis Berti and Rapilly In literature prior to 2009 D carinata D sublineata and D carinulata were usually also referred to as D elongata or subspecies of D elongata Host plants editField collections in Eurasia reveal that the MTB feeds on at least four species of tamarisks including Tamarix parviflora invasive in California and T smyrnensis a close relative of T ramosissima which is widely invasive in western North America The MTB will defoliate entire tamarisk trees in southern Bulgaria Tracy and Robbins 2009 Extensive laboratory host range studies verified that MTB is a specialist feeder on tamarisks feeding only on plants of the tamarisk family Tamaricaceae In laboratory and field cage studies the MTB will also feed and complete development on Frankenia shrubs distant relatives of tamarisks in the same plant order Caryophyllales but the MTB greatly prefer to lay eggs upon tamarisk Milbrath and DeLoach 2006 Field studies in Texas confirm that the MTB will not significantly attack Frankenia Moran et al 2009 Life cycle editThe MTB overwinters as adults on the ground Adults become active and begin feeding and mating in the early spring when tamarisk leaves are budding Eggs are laid on tamarisk leaves and hatch in about a week in warm weather Three larval stages feed on tamarisk leaves for about two and a half weeks when they crawl to the ground and spend about 5 days as a C shaped inactive prepupa before pupating about one week Adults emerge from pupae to complete the life cycle in about 4 5 weeks in the summer For images of various life stages of a related species see Diorhabda carinulata at commons Five generations of MTB occur through spring and fall in central Texas Milbrath et al 2007 Tracy and Robbins 2009 Similar to the northern tamarisk beetle adults begin to enter diapause in the late summer and early fall ceasing reproduction and feeding to build fat bodies before seeking a protected place to overwinter Lewis et al 2003 Larvae and adults are sensitive to shorter daylengths as the summer progresses that signal the coming of winter and induce diapause Bean et al in prep Robert Bartelt and Allard Cosse USDA ARS Peoria Illinois found that male MTB emit a putative aggregation pheromone similar to that found in Diorhabda carinulata Cosse et al 2005 that could serve to attract both males and females to certain tamarisk trees Biological control agent editThe MTB is currently the most successful biological control agent for tamarisk in west Texas Populations of MTB from around 35 N latitude near Sfakaki Crete Greece were initially released by the USDA Agricultural Research Service in west Texas and northern California in 2003 By 2008 the MTB had defoliated over 140 hectares in Texas and 250 hectares in California However the MTB may not be as well adapted to interior desert and grassland habitats of south and west Texas as three other species of Old World tamarisk beetles that are being introduced the larger tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinata in north Texas the subtropical tamarisk beetle Diorhabda sublineata in south Texas and the northern tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinulata in extreme northern Texas The southern tamarisk beetle Diorhabda meridionalis has not been introduced into North America but may be best adapted to subtropical maritime desert habitats Tracy and Robbins 2009 Tamarisk does not usually die from a single defoliation from tamarisk beetles and it can resprout within several weeks of defoliation Repeated defoliation of individual tamarisk trees can lead to severe dieback the next season and death of the tree within several years DeLoach and Carruthers 2004 Tamarisk beetle defoliation over the course of at least one to several years can severely reduce the nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in the root crowns of tamarisk Hudgeons et al 2007 Biological control of tamarisk by the MTB will not eradicate tamarisk but it has the potential to suppress tamarisk populations by 75 85 after which both MTB and tamarisk populations should reach equilibrium at lower levels DeLoach and Carruthers 2004 Tracy and DeLoach 1999 A primary objective of tamarisk biological control with the MTB is to reduce competition by exotic tamarisk with a variety of native riparian flora including trees willows cottonwoods and honey mesquite shrubs wolfberry saltbush and baccharis and grasses alkali sacaton saltgrass and vinemesquite Unlike expensive chemical and mechanical controls of tamarisk that often must be repeated tamarisk biological control does not harm native flora and is self sustaining in the environment Recovery of native riparian grasses can be quite rapid under the once closed canopy of repeatedly defoliated tamarisk However tamarisk beetle defoliation can locally reduce nesting habitat for riparian woodland birds until native woodland flora are able to return In some areas tamarisk may be replaced by grasslands or shrublands resulting in losses of riparian forest habitats for birds Tracy and DeLoach 1999 Releases of tamarisk beetles in southern California Arizona and along the Rio Grande in western New Mexico are currently delayed until concerns can be resolved regarding safety of tamarisk biological control to nesting habitats of the federally endangered southwestern willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii Audubon subspecies extimus Phillips which will nest in tamarisk see DeLoach et al 2000 Dudley and DeLoach 2004 References editBean D W Keller J C in prep Characteristics of diapause induction in populations of Diorhabda elongata collected from sites in Europe Africa and Asia Implications for tamarisk Tamarix spp biocontrol in North America For publication in Biological Control Berti N Rapilly M 1973 Contribution a la faune de l Iran Voyages de MM R Naviaux et M Rapilly Col Chrysomelidae Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 9 4 861 894 In French Brulle A 1832 Expedition scientifique de Moree Paris Volume 3 Pt 2 Zool 266 271 In French Cosse A A Bartelt R J Zilkowski B W Bean D W Petroski R J 2005 The aggregation pheromone of Diorhabda elongata a biological control agent of saltcedar Tamarix sp Identification of two behaviorally active components Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 3 657 670 PDF DeLoach C J Carruthers R 2004 Biological control programs for integrated invasive plant management In Proceedings of Weed Science Society of America Meeting Kansas City MO Weed Science Society of America CD ROM 17 pp PDF DeLoach C J Carruthers R I Lovich J E Dudley T L Smith S D 2000 Ecological interactions in the biological control of saltcedar Tamarix spp in the United States toward a new understanding In N R Spencer ed Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 4 14 July 1999 Montana State University Bozeman Montana pp 819 873 PDF Desbrochers des Loges M J 1870 Descriptions de Coleopteres nouveaux d Europe et confins L Abeille Volume 7 Part 1 10 135 In French Dudley T L DeLoach C J 2004 Saltcedar Tamarix spp endangered species and biological weed control can they mix Weed Technology 18 5 1542 1551 PDF Faldermann F 1837 Fauna entomologica Trans Caucasica II Coleoptera Nouveaux Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 5 1 433 In Latin Hudgeons J L Knutson A E Heinz K M DeLoach C J Dudley T L Pattison R R Kiniry J R 2007 Defoliation by introduced Diorhabda elongata leaf beetles Coleoptera Chrysomelidae reduces carbohydrate reserves and regrowth of Tamarix Tamaricaceae Biological Control 43 213 221 PDF Lewis P A DeLoach C J Knutson A E Tracy J L Robbins T O 2003 Biology of Diorhabda elongata deserticola Coleoptera Chrysomelidae an Asian leaf beetle for biological control of saltcedars Tamarix spp in the United States Biological Control 27 101 116 PDF Lucas P H 1849 Exploration scientifique de l Algeria Zoologie Paris 2 542 546 In French Milbrath L DeLoach C J 2006 Host specificity of different populations of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata Coleoptera Chrysomelidae a biological control agent of saltcedar Tamarix spp Biological Control 36 32 48 PDF Milbrath L DeLoach C J Tracy J L 2007 Overwintering survival phenology voltinism and reproduction among different populations of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Environmental Entomology 36 6 1356 1364 PDF Moran P J DeLoach C J Dudley T L Sanabria J 2009 Open field host selection and behavior by tamarisk beetles Diorhabda spp Coleoptera Chrysomelidae in biological control of exotic saltcedars Tamarix spp and risks to non target athel T aphylla and native Frankenia spp Biological Control 50 243 261 PDF Archived 2011 07 23 at the Wayback Machine Mulsant E Wachanru A 1852 Premiere serie de coleopteres nouveaux Opuscules Entomologiques 1 161 177 In French Reiche L Saulcy F 1858 Especes nouvelles ou peu connues de Coleopteres recueillies par M F de Saulcy member de l Institute dans son voyage en Orient et decrites par M M L Reiche et Felicien de Saulcy Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France Ser 3 6 5 60 In French Tracy J L DeLoach C J 1999 Biological control of saltcedar in the United States Progress and projected ecological effects In Bell C E Ed Arundo and Saltcedar The Deadly Duo Proceedings of the Arundo and Saltcedar Workshop 17 June 1998 Ontario California 111 154 PDF Tracy J L Robbins T O 2009 Taxonomic revision and biogeography of the Tamarix feeding Diorhabda elongata Brulle 1832 species group Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Galerucinae Galerucini and analysis of their potential in biological control of Tamarisk Zootaxa 2101 1 152 PDF Weise J 1893 Chrysomelidae In Erichson W ED Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands 61 73 961 1161 In German Notes edit Tracy and Robbins 2009 provide a detailed review of the distribution biogeography biology and taxonomy of D elongata that is a general source for most of this article External links edit nbsp Data related to Diorhabda elongata at Wikispecies nbsp Media related to Diorhabda elongata at Wikimedia Commons Texas Agri Life Extension Leaflet Biological Control of Saltcedar photos of Mediterranean source population D elongata PDF Texas Agri Life Extension Newsletter Beetle Mania Biological Control of Saltcedar in Texas Volume 1 No 2 Summer 2009 PDF Texas Agri Life Research and Extension Program Biological Control of Saltcedar Using Natural Enemies to Combat an Invasive Weed Competing with Texas Water Resources Mediterranean source population is D elongata PDF USDA Agricultural Research Service and Texas Agri Life Research and Extension Service Report of Information to the Public Progress on Biological Control of Saltcedar in the Western U S Emphasis Texas 2004 2009 PDF Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Diorhabda elongata amp oldid 1202456322, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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