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Diorhabda carinulata

January 01, 1970

Diorhabda carinulata is a species of leaf beetle known as the northern tamarisk beetle, which feeds on tamarisk trees from southern Russia and Iran to Mongolia and western China.[1] This beetle is used in North America as a biological pest control agent against saltcedar or tamarisk (Tamarix spp.), an invasive species in arid and semiarid ecosystems (where D. carinulata and its closely related sibling species are also less accurately referred to as the 'saltcedar beetle', 'saltcedar leaf beetle', 'salt cedar leaf beetle', or 'tamarisk leaf beetle').[2]

Diorhabda carinulata
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Chrysomelidae
Genus: Diorhabda
Species:
D. carinulata
Binomial name
Diorhabda carinulata
Synonyms

Diorhabda koltzei ab. basicornis Laboissière, 1935
Diorhabda elongata deserticola Chen, 1961
Diorhabda deserticola Chen, 1961

Taxonomy edit

The northern tamarisk beetle was first described from southern Russia as Galeruca carinulata Desbrochers (1870). Weise (1893) created the genus Diorhabda and erroneously placed the northern tamarisk beetle as a junior synonym of a sibling species, the Mediterranean tamarisk beetle, Diorhabda elongata (Brullé). Chen (1961) described the species in western China as a new subspecies Diorhabda elongata deserticola Chen. Yu et al. (1996) proposed the species D. deserticola. Berti and Rapilly (1973) recognized the northern tamarisk beetle as a separate species Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) based on detailed morphology of the endophallus of the male genitalia. Tracy and Robbins (2009) confirmed the findings of Berti and Rapilly (1973), established D. e. deserticola as a junior synonym to D. carinulata, and provided illustrated taxonomic keys separating the northern tamarisk beetle from the four other sibling species of the D. elongata (Brullé) species group: Diorhabda elongata, Diorhabda carinata (Faldermann), Diorhabda sublineata (Lucas), and Diorhabda meridionalis Berti and Rapilly. In literature prior to 2009, D. carinulata was usually referred to as D. elongata, a China/Kazakhstan ecotype of D. elongata (in the US), or D. elongata deserticola.

Host plants edit

The Extensive literature on the biology and host range of the northern tamarisk beetle in Kazakhstan, China, and Mongolia is found under the names D. elongata and D. e. deserticola.[1] The northern tamarisk beetle is a well-known pest of tamarisk in western China, where in certain years large outbreaks of the beetle can defoliate thousands of acres of tamarisk trees. The species is controlled in western China to protect plantings of tamarisk for windbreaks and soil stabilization. In nature, the northern tamarisk beetle feeds on at least 14 species of tamarisk and the closely related genus Myricaria. All these food plants are restricted to the tamarisk plant family Tamaricaceae. Extensive laboratory host range studies verified it is a specialist feeder only on plants of the tamarisk family. In North America, it prefers T. ramosissima to T. parviflora in the field [3] and this preference is also seen in laboratory studies.[4] In laboratory and field cage studies, the northern tamarisk beetle will also feed and complete development on Frankenia shrubs, distant relatives of tamarisks in the same plant order Caryophyllales which have species native to North America, but they greatly prefer to lay eggs upon tamarisk.[5] Field studies in Nevada confirm the beetle will not significantly attack Frankenia (Dudley and Kazmer 2005).

Lifecycle edit

The northern tamarisk beetle overwinters as adults on the ground in the leaf litter beneath tamarisk trees. Adults become active and begin feeding and mating in the early spring when tamarisk leaves are budding. Eggs are laid on leaves, and hatch in about a week in warm weather. Three larval stages feed on tamarisk leaves for about two and a half weeks, when they crawl to the ground and spend about five days as a C-shaped inactive prepupa before pupating about one week. Adults emerge from pupae to complete the lifecycle in about 4–5 wk in the summer. (For images of various life stages, see Diorhabda carinulata at commons.) From two to four generations of tamarisk beetles occur through spring and fall in central Asia. In the late summer and early fall, adults begin to enter diapause in which they cease reproduction and feed to build fat bodies before seeking a protected place to overwinter beneath the tamarisk.[6] Larvae and adults are sensitive to shorter day lengths as the summer progresses that signal the coming of winter and induces diapause.[7] Cossé et al. (2005) identified an aggregation pheromone that adult male northern tamarisk beetles can emit to attract both males and females to certain tamarisk trees.

Biological control agent edit

The northern tamarisk beetle is currently the most successful biological control agent for tamarisk in North America. Populations taken from around 44°N latitude at Fukang, China, and Chilik, Kazakhstan, were initially released by the USDA Agricultural Research Service in 2001. Since its release, the insect has defoliated tens of thousands of acres of tamarisk in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. However, it appears to be poorly adapted to some areas where other species of Old World tamarisk beetles are being introduced, such as the Mediterranean tamarisk beetle, Diorhabda elongata, in northern California and parts of West Texas, and the larger tamarisk beetle, Diorhabda carinata (Faldermann), and the subtropical tamarisk beetle, Diorhabda sublineata (Lucas), in parts of West Texas.[2]

Tamarisk does not usually die from a single defoliation from tamarisk beetles, and it can resprout within several weeks of defoliation. Repeated defoliation of individual tamarisk trees can lead to severe dieback the next season and death of the tree within several years.[8] Tamarisk beetle defoliation over the course of at least one to several years can severely reduce the nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in the root crowns of tamarisk.[9] Biological control of tamarisk by the northern tamarisk beetle will not eradicate tamarisk, but it has the potential to suppress by 75–85%, after which both northern tamarisk beetle and tamarisk populations should reach equilibrium at lower levels.[10]

A primary objective of tamarisk biological control with the northern tamarisk beetle is to reduce competition by exotic tamarisk with a variety of native riparian flora, including trees (willows, cottonwoods, and honey mesquite), shrubs (wolfberry, saltbush, and baccharis), and grasses (alkali sacaton, saltgrass, and creeping and basin wildryes). Unlike expensive chemical and mechanical controls of tamarisk that often must be repeated, biological control does not harm native flora and is self-sustaining in the environment. Recovery of native riparian grasses can be quite rapid under the once-closed canopy of repeatedly defoliated tamarisk. However, beetle defoliation can locally reduce nesting habitat for riparian woodland birds until the native woodland flora is able to return. In some areas, tamarisk may be replaced by grasslands or shrublands, resulting in losses of riparian forest habitats for birds.[11] Releases of tamarisk beetles in southern California, Arizona, and along the Rio Grande in western New Mexico, are currently delayed until concerns can be resolved regarding safety of tamarisk biological control to nesting habitats of the federally endangered southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus), which will nest in tamarisk.[12] The northern tamarisk beetle has defoliated some tamarisk nest trees of the southwestern willow flycatcher on the Virgin River in southern Utah, and actions to protect the flycatcher are under consideration.[13] In 2010, the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) officially discontinued its program for release of the beetle in 13 northwestern states [14] over concern for the flycatcher.[15] The Colorado Department of Agriculture is continuing to redistribute beetles within their state, and they are seeing vigorous growth of native vegetation such as willows in response to reductions in tamarisk by the northern tamarisk beetle.[16]

References edit

  • Bean, D.W.; Dudley, T.L.; Keller, J.C. 2007a: Seasonal timing of diapause limits the effective range of Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as a biological control agent for tamarisk (Tamarix spp.). Environmental Entomology, 36(1): 15–25. PDF
  • Bean, D.W.; Wang, T.; Bartelt, R.J.; Zilkowski, B.W. 2007b: Diapause in the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent for tamarisk (Tamarix spp.). Environmental Entomology, 36(3): 531–540. PDF
  • Berti, N.; Rapilly, M. 1973: Contribution a la faune de l’Iran; Voyages de MM. R. Naviaux et M. Rapilly (Col. Chrysomelidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 9(4): 861–894. (In French)
  • Chen, S.H. 1961: New Species of Chinese Chrysomelidae. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 10(4–6): 429–435. (In Chinese with English summary)
  • Cossé, A.A.; Bartelt, R.J.; Zilkowski, B.W.; Bean, D.W.; Petroski, R.J. 2005: The aggregation pheromone of Diorhabda elongata, a biological control agent of saltcedar (Tamarix sp.): Identification of two behaviorally active components. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 31(3): 657–670. PDF
  • Dalin, P.; O'Neal, M.J.; Dudley, T.; Bean, D.W.; 2009: Host plant quality of Tamarix ramosissima and T. parviflora for three sibling species of the biocontrol insect Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environmental Entomology, 38(5): 1373–1378. PDF 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
  • DeLoach, C.J.; Lewis, P.A.; Herr, J.C.; Carruthers, R.I.; Tracy, J.L.; Johnson, J. 2003: Host specificity of the leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Asia, a biological control agent for saltcedars (Tamarix: Tamaricaceae) in the western United States. Biological Control, 27: 117–147. PDF
  • DeLoach, C.J.; Carruthers, R. 2004: Biological control programs for integrated invasive plant management. In: Proceedings of Weed Science Society of America Meeting, Kansas City, MO. Weed Science Society of America (CD-ROM). 17 pp. PDF
  • DeLoach, C.J.; Carruthers, R.I.; Lovich, J.E.; Dudley, T.L.; Smith, S.D. 2000: Ecological interactions in the biological control of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in the United States: toward a new understanding. In: N. R. Spencer (ed.), Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 4–14 July 1999, Montana State University. Bozeman, Montana, pp. 819–873. PDF
  • Desbrochers des Loges, M.J. 1870: Descriptions de Coléoptères nouveaux d’Europe et confins. L’Abeille, Volume 7, Part 1: 10–135. (In French)
  • Dudley, T.L. DeLoach, C.J. 2004: Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), endangered species, and biological weed control-can they mix? Weed Technology, 18(5): 1542–1551. PDF
  • Dudley, T.L.; Kazmer, D.J. 2005: Field assessment of the risk posed by Diorhabda elongata, a biocontrol agent for control of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.), to a nontarget plant, Frankenia salina. Biological Control, 35: 265–275. PDF
  • Dudley, T. L.; Dalin, P.; Bean, D.W 2006: Status of biological control of Tamarix spp. in California. In: M. S. Hoddle and M. W. Johnson (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth California Conference on Biological Control, 25–26 July 2006, Riverside, CA. University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California, pp. 137–140. PDF
  • Gruver, M. 2010: USDA stops using beetles vs. invasive saltcedar. Associated Press, 21 June 2010. [1]
  • Hudgeons, J.L.; Knutson, A.E.; Heinz, K.M.; DeLoach, C.J.; Dudley, T.L.; Pattison, R.R.; Kiniry, J.R. 2007: Defoliation by introduced Diorhabda elongata leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) reduces carbohydrate reserves and regrowth of Tamarix (Tamaricaceae). Biological Control, 43: 213–221. PDF
  • Johnson, K. 2010: In battle of bug vs. shrub, score one for the bird. New York Times, 22 June 2010. [2]
  • Lewis, P.A.; DeLoach, C.J; Herr, J.C.; Dudley, T.L.; Carruthers, R.I. 2003a: Assessment of risk to native Frankenia shrubs from an Asian leaf beetle, Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), introduced for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the western United States. Biological Control, 27: 148–166. PDF
  • Lewis, P.A.; DeLoach, C.J.; Knutson, A.E.; Tracy, J.L.; Robbins, T.O. 2003b: Biology of Diorhabda elongata deserticola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), an Asian leaf beetle for biological control of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.) in the United States. Biological Control, 27: 101–116. PDF
  • Milbrath, L.; DeLoach, C.J. 2006: Host specificity of different populations of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.). Biological Control, 36: 32–48. PDF
  • Tracy, J.L.; DeLoach, C.J. 1999: Biological control of saltcedar in the United States: Progress and projected ecological effects. In: Bell, C.E. (Ed.), Arundo and Saltcedar: The Deadly Duo, Proceedings of the Arundo and Saltcedar Workshop, 17 June 1998. Ontario, California, 111–154.
  • Tracy, J.L.; Robbins, T.O. 2009: Taxonomic revision and biogeography of the Tamarix-feeding Diorhabda elongata (Brullé, 1832) species group (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Galerucini) and analysis of their potential in biological control of Tamarisk. Zootaxa, 2101: 1-152. PDF
  • Yu, P.; Wang, S.; Yang, X. 1996: Economic Insect Fauna of China, Fasc. 54, Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea (II). Science Press, Beijing, China, 324 pp. (In Chinese)
  • Weise, J. 1893: Chrysomelidae. In: Erichson, W. (ED.), Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschland, 61(73): 961–1161. (In German)
  • USDA APHIS. 2005: Program for Biological Control of Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in Thirteen States: Environmental Assessment. USDA APHIS, Fort Collins, Colorado. 56 pp. PDF

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Tracy and Robbins (2009) provide a detailed review of the distribution, biogeography, biology, and taxonomy of D. carinulata that is a general source for most of this article.
  2. ^ a b (Tracy and Robbins 2009).
  3. ^ (Dudley et al. 2006)
  4. ^ (Dalin et al. 2009)
  5. ^ (DeLoach et al. 2003, Lewis et al. 2003a, Milbrath and DeLoach 2006).
  6. ^ (Lewis et al. 2003b).
  7. ^ (Bean et al. 2007a, 2007b).
  8. ^ (DeLoach and Carruthers 2004).
  9. ^ (Hudgeons et al. 2007).
  10. ^ DeLoach and Carruthers 2004, Tracy and DeLoach 1999
  11. ^ (Tracy and DeLoach 1999).
  12. ^ (see DeLoach et al. 2000, Dudley and DeLoach 2004).
  13. ^ See link to Center for Biological Diversity 17 June 2009 press release below.
  14. ^ USDA APHIS 2005)
  15. ^ (Gruver 2010).
  16. ^ (Johnson 2010).

External links edit

  Data related to Diorhabda carinulata at Wikispecies

  •   Media related to Diorhabda carinulata at Wikimedia Commons
  • Center for Biological Diversity 17 June 2009 press release regarding lawsuit to protect the southwestern willow flycatcher in view of defoliation of tamarisk nesting habitat by D. carinulata. [3]
  • Montana War on Weeds information on D. carinulata (not D. elongata) for tamarisk biocontrol. [4]
  • Tamarisk Coalition information on tamarisk biocontrol (China and Kazakhstan source tamarisk beetles are D. carinulata).
  • University of California Berkeley Campus News article on initial 2001 release of D. carinulata (not D. elongata). [6]
  • USDA/ARS research with D. carinulata (not D. elongata) for tamarisk biocontrol in Wyoming and Montana. [7]
  • USDA/ARS and Texas Agri-Life Research and Extension Service Report of Information to the Public; Progress on Biological Control of Saltcedar in the Western U.S.: Emphasis – Texas 2004–2009. PDF

January 01, 1970
diorhabda, carinulata, species, leaf, beetle, known, northern, tamarisk, beetle, which, feeds, tamarisk, trees, from, southern, russia, iran, mongolia, western, china, this, beetle, used, north, america, biological, pest, control, agent, against, saltcedar, ta. Diorhabda carinulata is a species of leaf beetle known as the northern tamarisk beetle which feeds on tamarisk trees from southern Russia and Iran to Mongolia and western China 1 This beetle is used in North America as a biological pest control agent against saltcedar or tamarisk Tamarix spp an invasive species in arid and semiarid ecosystems where D carinulata and its closely related sibling species are also less accurately referred to as the saltcedar beetle saltcedar leaf beetle salt cedar leaf beetle or tamarisk leaf beetle 2 Diorhabda carinulata Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Infraorder Cucujiformia Family Chrysomelidae Genus Diorhabda Species D carinulata Binomial name Diorhabda carinulataDesbrochers 1870 Synonyms Diorhabda koltzei ab basicornis Laboissiere 1935 Diorhabda elongata deserticola Chen 1961 Diorhabda deserticola Chen 1961 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Host plants 3 Lifecycle 4 Biological control agent 5 References 6 Notes 7 External linksTaxonomy editThe northern tamarisk beetle was first described from southern Russia as Galeruca carinulata Desbrochers 1870 Weise 1893 created the genus Diorhabda and erroneously placed the northern tamarisk beetle as a junior synonym of a sibling species the Mediterranean tamarisk beetle Diorhabda elongata Brulle Chen 1961 described the species in western China as a new subspecies Diorhabda elongata deserticola Chen Yu et al 1996 proposed the species D deserticola Berti and Rapilly 1973 recognized the northern tamarisk beetle as a separate species Diorhabda carinulata Desbrochers based on detailed morphology of the endophallus of the male genitalia Tracy and Robbins 2009 confirmed the findings of Berti and Rapilly 1973 established D e deserticola as a junior synonym to D carinulata and provided illustrated taxonomic keys separating the northern tamarisk beetle from the four other sibling species of the D elongata Brulle species group Diorhabda elongata Diorhabda carinata Faldermann Diorhabda sublineata Lucas and Diorhabda meridionalis Berti and Rapilly In literature prior to 2009 D carinulata was usually referred to as D elongata a China Kazakhstan ecotype of D elongata in the US or D elongata deserticola Host plants editThe Extensive literature on the biology and host range of the northern tamarisk beetle in Kazakhstan China and Mongolia is found under the names D elongata and D e deserticola 1 The northern tamarisk beetle is a well known pest of tamarisk in western China where in certain years large outbreaks of the beetle can defoliate thousands of acres of tamarisk trees The species is controlled in western China to protect plantings of tamarisk for windbreaks and soil stabilization In nature the northern tamarisk beetle feeds on at least 14 species of tamarisk and the closely related genus Myricaria All these food plants are restricted to the tamarisk plant family Tamaricaceae Extensive laboratory host range studies verified it is a specialist feeder only on plants of the tamarisk family In North America it prefers T ramosissima to T parviflora in the field 3 and this preference is also seen in laboratory studies 4 In laboratory and field cage studies the northern tamarisk beetle will also feed and complete development on Frankenia shrubs distant relatives of tamarisks in the same plant order Caryophyllales which have species native to North America but they greatly prefer to lay eggs upon tamarisk 5 Field studies in Nevada confirm the beetle will not significantly attack Frankenia Dudley and Kazmer 2005 Lifecycle editThe northern tamarisk beetle overwinters as adults on the ground in the leaf litter beneath tamarisk trees Adults become active and begin feeding and mating in the early spring when tamarisk leaves are budding Eggs are laid on leaves and hatch in about a week in warm weather Three larval stages feed on tamarisk leaves for about two and a half weeks when they crawl to the ground and spend about five days as a C shaped inactive prepupa before pupating about one week Adults emerge from pupae to complete the lifecycle in about 4 5 wk in the summer For images of various life stages see Diorhabda carinulata at commons From two to four generations of tamarisk beetles occur through spring and fall in central Asia In the late summer and early fall adults begin to enter diapause in which they cease reproduction and feed to build fat bodies before seeking a protected place to overwinter beneath the tamarisk 6 Larvae and adults are sensitive to shorter day lengths as the summer progresses that signal the coming of winter and induces diapause 7 Cosse et al 2005 identified an aggregation pheromone that adult male northern tamarisk beetles can emit to attract both males and females to certain tamarisk trees Biological control agent editThe northern tamarisk beetle is currently the most successful biological control agent for tamarisk in North America Populations taken from around 44 N latitude at Fukang China and Chilik Kazakhstan were initially released by the USDA Agricultural Research Service in 2001 Since its release the insect has defoliated tens of thousands of acres of tamarisk in Nevada Utah Colorado and Wyoming However it appears to be poorly adapted to some areas where other species of Old World tamarisk beetles are being introduced such as the Mediterranean tamarisk beetle Diorhabda elongata in northern California and parts of West Texas and the larger tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinata Faldermann and the subtropical tamarisk beetle Diorhabda sublineata Lucas in parts of West Texas 2 Tamarisk does not usually die from a single defoliation from tamarisk beetles and it can resprout within several weeks of defoliation Repeated defoliation of individual tamarisk trees can lead to severe dieback the next season and death of the tree within several years 8 Tamarisk beetle defoliation over the course of at least one to several years can severely reduce the nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in the root crowns of tamarisk 9 Biological control of tamarisk by the northern tamarisk beetle will not eradicate tamarisk but it has the potential to suppress by 75 85 after which both northern tamarisk beetle and tamarisk populations should reach equilibrium at lower levels 10 A primary objective of tamarisk biological control with the northern tamarisk beetle is to reduce competition by exotic tamarisk with a variety of native riparian flora including trees willows cottonwoods and honey mesquite shrubs wolfberry saltbush and baccharis and grasses alkali sacaton saltgrass and creeping and basin wildryes Unlike expensive chemical and mechanical controls of tamarisk that often must be repeated biological control does not harm native flora and is self sustaining in the environment Recovery of native riparian grasses can be quite rapid under the once closed canopy of repeatedly defoliated tamarisk However beetle defoliation can locally reduce nesting habitat for riparian woodland birds until the native woodland flora is able to return In some areas tamarisk may be replaced by grasslands or shrublands resulting in losses of riparian forest habitats for birds 11 Releases of tamarisk beetles in southern California Arizona and along the Rio Grande in western New Mexico are currently delayed until concerns can be resolved regarding safety of tamarisk biological control to nesting habitats of the federally endangered southwestern willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii extimus which will nest in tamarisk 12 The northern tamarisk beetle has defoliated some tamarisk nest trees of the southwestern willow flycatcher on the Virgin River in southern Utah and actions to protect the flycatcher are under consideration 13 In 2010 the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service APHIS officially discontinued its program for release of the beetle in 13 northwestern states 14 over concern for the flycatcher 15 The Colorado Department of Agriculture is continuing to redistribute beetles within their state and they are seeing vigorous growth of native vegetation such as willows in response to reductions in tamarisk by the northern tamarisk beetle 16 References editBean D W Dudley T L Keller J C 2007a Seasonal timing of diapause limits the effective range of Diorhabda elongata deserticola Coleoptera Chrysomelidae as a biological control agent for tamarisk Tamarix spp Environmental Entomology 36 1 15 25 PDF Bean D W Wang T Bartelt R J Zilkowski B W 2007b Diapause in the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata Coleoptera Chrysomelidae a biological control agent for tamarisk Tamarix spp Environmental Entomology 36 3 531 540 PDF Berti N Rapilly M 1973 Contribution a la faune de l Iran Voyages de MM R Naviaux et M Rapilly Col Chrysomelidae Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 9 4 861 894 In French Chen S H 1961 New Species of Chinese Chrysomelidae Acta Entomologica Sinica 10 4 6 429 435 In Chinese with English summary Cosse A A Bartelt R J Zilkowski B W Bean D W Petroski R J 2005 The aggregation pheromone of Diorhabda elongata a biological control agent of saltcedar Tamarix sp Identification of two behaviorally active components Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 3 657 670 PDF Dalin P O Neal M J Dudley T Bean D W 2009 Host plant quality of Tamarix ramosissima and T parviflora for three sibling species of the biocontrol insect Diorhabda elongata Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Environmental Entomology 38 5 1373 1378 PDF Archived 2011 07 23 at the Wayback Machine DeLoach C J Lewis P A Herr J C Carruthers R I Tracy J L Johnson J 2003 Host specificity of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata deserticola Coleoptera Chrysomelidae from Asia a biological control agent for saltcedars Tamarix Tamaricaceae in the western United States Biological Control 27 117 147 PDF DeLoach C J Carruthers R 2004 Biological control programs for integrated invasive plant management In Proceedings of Weed Science Society of America Meeting Kansas City MO Weed Science Society of America CD ROM 17 pp PDF DeLoach C J Carruthers R I Lovich J E Dudley T L Smith S D 2000 Ecological interactions in the biological control of saltcedar Tamarix spp in the United States toward a new understanding In N R Spencer ed Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 4 14 July 1999 Montana State University Bozeman Montana pp 819 873 PDF Desbrochers des Loges M J 1870 Descriptions de Coleopteres nouveaux d Europe et confins L Abeille Volume 7 Part 1 10 135 In French Dudley T L DeLoach C J 2004 Saltcedar Tamarix spp endangered species and biological weed control can they mix Weed Technology 18 5 1542 1551 PDF Dudley T L Kazmer D J 2005 Field assessment of the risk posed by Diorhabda elongata a biocontrol agent for control of saltcedar Tamarix spp to a nontarget plant Frankenia salina Biological Control 35 265 275 PDF Dudley T L Dalin P Bean D W 2006 Status of biological control of Tamarix spp in California In M S Hoddle and M W Johnson eds Proceedings of the Fifth California Conference on Biological Control 25 26 July 2006 Riverside CA University of California at Riverside Riverside California pp 137 140 PDF Gruver M 2010 USDA stops using beetles vs invasive saltcedar Associated Press 21 June 2010 1 Hudgeons J L Knutson A E Heinz K M DeLoach C J Dudley T L Pattison R R Kiniry J R 2007 Defoliation by introduced Diorhabda elongata leaf beetles Coleoptera Chrysomelidae reduces carbohydrate reserves and regrowth of Tamarix Tamaricaceae Biological Control 43 213 221 PDF Johnson K 2010 In battle of bug vs shrub score one for the bird New York Times 22 June 2010 2 Lewis P A DeLoach C J Herr J C Dudley T L Carruthers R I 2003a Assessment of risk to native Frankenia shrubs from an Asian leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata deserticola Coleoptera Chrysomelidae introduced for biological control of saltcedars Tamarix spp in the western United States Biological Control 27 148 166 PDF Lewis P A DeLoach C J Knutson A E Tracy J L Robbins T O 2003b Biology of Diorhabda elongata deserticola Coleoptera Chrysomelidae an Asian leaf beetle for biological control of saltcedars Tamarix spp in the United States Biological Control 27 101 116 PDF Milbrath L DeLoach C J 2006 Host specificity of different populations of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata Coleoptera Chrysomelidae a biological control agent of saltcedar Tamarix spp Biological Control 36 32 48 PDF Tracy J L DeLoach C J 1999 Biological control of saltcedar in the United States Progress and projected ecological effects In Bell C E Ed Arundo and Saltcedar The Deadly Duo Proceedings of the Arundo and Saltcedar Workshop 17 June 1998 Ontario California 111 154 PDF Tracy J L Robbins T O 2009 Taxonomic revision and biogeography of the Tamarix feeding Diorhabda elongata Brulle 1832 species group Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Galerucinae Galerucini and analysis of their potential in biological control of Tamarisk Zootaxa 2101 1 152 PDF Yu P Wang S Yang X 1996 Economic Insect Fauna of China Fasc 54 Coleoptera Chrysomeloidea II Science Press Beijing China 324 pp In Chinese Weise J 1893 Chrysomelidae In Erichson W ED Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschland 61 73 961 1161 In German USDA APHIS 2005 Program for Biological Control of Saltcedar Tamarix spp in Thirteen States Environmental Assessment USDA APHIS Fort Collins Colorado 56 pp PDFNotes edit a b Tracy and Robbins 2009 provide a detailed review of the distribution biogeography biology and taxonomy of D carinulata that is a general source for most of this article a b Tracy and Robbins 2009 Dudley et al 2006 Dalin et al 2009 DeLoach et al 2003 Lewis et al 2003a Milbrath and DeLoach 2006 Lewis et al 2003b Bean et al 2007a 2007b DeLoach and Carruthers 2004 Hudgeons et al 2007 DeLoach and Carruthers 2004 Tracy and DeLoach 1999 Tracy and DeLoach 1999 see DeLoach et al 2000 Dudley and DeLoach 2004 See link to Center for Biological Diversity 17 June 2009 press release below USDA APHIS 2005 Gruver 2010 Johnson 2010 External links edit nbsp Data related to Diorhabda carinulata at Wikispecies nbsp Media related to Diorhabda carinulata at Wikimedia Commons Center for Biological Diversity 17 June 2009 press release regarding lawsuit to protect the southwestern willow flycatcher in view of defoliation of tamarisk nesting habitat by D carinulata 3 Montana War on Weeds information on D carinulata not D elongata for tamarisk biocontrol 4 Tamarisk Coalition information on tamarisk biocontrol China and Kazakhstan source tamarisk beetles are D carinulata 5 University of California Berkeley Campus News article on initial 2001 release of D carinulata not D elongata 6 USDA ARS research with D carinulata not D elongata for tamarisk biocontrol in Wyoming and Montana 7 USDA ARS and Texas Agri Life Research and Extension Service Report of Information to the Public Progress on Biological Control of Saltcedar in the Western U S Emphasis Texas 2004 2009 PDF Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Diorhabda carinulata amp oldid 1194181610, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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