Medicago is a genus of flowering plants, commonly known as medick or burclover, in the legume family (Fabaceae). It contains at least 87 species and is distributed mainly around the Mediterranean basin.[2][3] The best-known member of the genus is alfalfa (M. sativa), an important forage crop,[4] and the genus name is based on the Latin name for that plant, medica, from Greek: μηδική (πόα)Median (grass).[5] Most members of the genus are low, creeping herbs, resembling clover, but with burs (hence the common name). However, alfalfa grows to a height of 1 meter, and tree medick (M. arborea) is a shrub. Members of the genus are known to produce bioactive compounds such as medicarpin (a flavonoid) and medicagenic acid (a triterpenoid saponin).[3]Chromosome numbers in Medicago range from 2n = 14 to 48.[6]
The species Medicago truncatula is a model legume[7] due to its relatively small stature, small genome (450–500 Mbp), short generation time (about 3 months), and ability to reproduce both by outcrossing and selfing.
Comprehensive descriptions of the genus are Lesinš and Lesinš 1979[8] and Small and Jomphe 1989.[9] Major collections are SARDI (Australia),[10] USDA-GRIN (United States),[11] ICARDA (Syria),[12] and INRA (France).[13]
Medicago diverged from Glycine (soybean) about 53–55 million years ago (in the early Eocene),[14] from Lotus (deervetch) 49–51 million years ago (also in the Eocene),[14] and from Trigonella 10–22 million years ago (in the Miocene).[15]
Ecological interactions with other organisms
Symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia
Béna et al. (2005) constructed a molecular phylogeny of 23 Sinorhizobium strains and tested the symbiotic ability of six strains with 35 Medicago species.[16] Comparison of these phylogenies indicates many transitions in the compatibility of the association over evolutionary time. Furthermore, they propose that the geographical distribution of strains limits the distribution of particular Medicago species.
^ Some sources treat Medicago citrina as a synonym of Medicago arborea.
^ The validity of Medicago sinskiae has been questioned by Small and Jomphe, 1988.[9]
References
^"Genus Nomenclature in GRIN". Retrieved 9 September 2010.
^ abSteele KP, Ickert-Bond SM, Zarre S, Wojciechowski MF (2010). "Phylogeny and character evolution in Medicago (Leguminosae): Evidence from analyses of plastid trnK/matK and nuclear GA3ox1 sequences". Am J Bot. 97 (7): 1142–1155. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000009. PMID 21616866.
^ abGholami A, De Geyter N, Pollier J, Goormachtig S, Goossens A (2014). "Natural product biosynthesis in Medicago species". Natural Product Reports. 31 (3): 356–380. doi:10.1039/C3NP70104B. PMID 24481477.
^. Archived from the original on 2009-05-05. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
^New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1054, s.v. medick.
^Rosato M, Galián JA, Rosselló JA (2012). "Amplification, contraction and genomic spread of a satellite DNA family (E180) in Medicago (Fabaceae) and allied genera". Ann Bot. 109 (4): 773–82. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr309. PMC3286279. PMID 22186276.
^. Archived from the original on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
^Lesinš KA, Lesinš I (1979). Genus Medicago (Leguminosae): A Taxogenetic Study. The Hague, The Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk B. V. Publishers. p. 132. ISBN978-90-6193-598-8.
^ abcdSmall E, Jomphe M (1989). "A Synopsis of the Genus Medicago (Leguminosae)". Can J Bot. 67 (11): 3260–94. doi:10.1139/b89-405.
^. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
^. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
^. Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
^. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 21 November 2008.
^ abCannon S. (2008). "3. Legume Comparative Genomics" (PDF). In Stacey G (ed.). Genetics and Genomics of Soybean. Plant Genetics and Genomics: Crops and Models. Vol. II. New York, NY: Springer. p. 38. ISBN978-0-387-72298-6.
^ abcMaureira Butler IJ, Pfeil BE, Muangprom A, Osborn TC, Doyle JJ (2008). "The reticulate history of Medicago (Fabaceae)". Syst Biol. 57 (6): 466–482. doi:10.1080/10635150802172168. PMID 18570039.
^ abBéna G, Lyet A, Huguet T, Olivier I (2005). "Medicago–Sinorhizobium symbiotic specificity evolution and the geographic expansion of Medicago". J. Evol. Biol. 18 (6): 1547–58. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00952.x. PMID 16313467. S2CID 24813001.
^. Archived from the original on 1999-10-07. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
^. Archived from the original on September 30, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
^. Archived from the original on 1999-05-01. Retrieved 2008-11-18.
^"IPNI Plant Name Query Results". Retrieved 2008-11-22.
^. Archived from the original on 2008-12-25. Retrieved 2008-11-22.
^. Archived from the original on 2016-06-06. Retrieved 2009-09-16. (enter Medicago as the search term)
^. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
^. Archived from the original on 2019-03-26. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
^Gillespie DJ, McComb JA (1991). "Morphology and distribution of species in the Medicago murex complex". Can J Bot. 69 (12): 2655–2662. doi:10.1139/b91-333.
^ abBéna G, Lejeune B, Prosperi JM, Olivieri I (1998). "Molecular phylogenetic approach for studying life-history evolution: the ambiguous example of the genus Medicago L." Proc Biol Sci. 265 (1401): 1141–1151. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0410. PMC1689169. PMID 9684377.
^ abDownie SR, Katz-Downie DS, Rogers EJ, Zujewski HL, Small E (1998). "Multiple independent losses of the plastid rpoC1 intron in Medicago (Fabaceae) as inferred from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences". Can J Bot. 76 (5): 791–803. doi:10.1139/b98-047.
^ abBéna G, Prosperi JM, Lejeune B, Olivieri I (1998). "Evolution of annual species of the genus Medicago: a molecular phylogenetic approach". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 9 (3): 552–559. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0493. PMID 9668004.
^ abBéna G. (2001). "Molecular phylogeny supports the morphologically based taxonomic transfer of the "medicagoid" Trigonella species to the genus Medicago L.". Plant Syst Evol. 229 (3–4): 217–236. doi:10.1007/s006060170012. S2CID 42887106.
^ abYoder JB, Briskine R, Mudge J, Farmer A, Paape T, Steele K, Weiblen GD, Bharti AK, Zhou P, May GD, Young ND, Tiffin P (2013). "Phylogenetic signal variation in the genomes of Medicago (Fabaceae)". Syst Biol. 62 (3): 424–38. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syt009. PMID 23417680.
January 07, 2023
medicago, this, article, about, plant, genus, biotech, company, other, uses, disambiguation, genus, flowering, plants, commonly, known, medick, burclover, legume, family, fabaceae, contains, least, species, distributed, mainly, around, mediterranean, basin, be. This article is about the plant genus For the biotech company see Medicago Inc For other uses see Medicago disambiguation Medicago is a genus of flowering plants commonly known as medick or burclover in the legume family Fabaceae It contains at least 87 species and is distributed mainly around the Mediterranean basin 2 3 The best known member of the genus is alfalfa M sativa an important forage crop 4 and the genus name is based on the Latin name for that plant medica from Greek mhdikh poa Median grass 5 Most members of the genus are low creeping herbs resembling clover but with burs hence the common name However alfalfa grows to a height of 1 meter and tree medick M arborea is a shrub Members of the genus are known to produce bioactive compounds such as medicarpin a flavonoid and medicagenic acid a triterpenoid saponin 3 Chromosome numbers in Medicago range from 2n 14 to 48 6 MedicagoMedicago littoralisMedicago granadensis burScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade AngiospermsClade EudicotsClade RosidsOrder FabalesFamily FabaceaeSubfamily FaboideaeTribe TrifolieaeGenus MedicagoL Type speciesMedicago sativaSpecies87 105 see text Synonyms 1 Crimaea Vassilcz Factorovskya Eig Kamiella Vassilcz Lupulina Noulet Medica Mill Pseudomelissitus Ovcz et al Radiata Medik Rhodusia Vassilcz Turukhania Vassilcz The species Medicago truncatula is a model legume 7 due to its relatively small stature small genome 450 500 Mbp short generation time about 3 months and ability to reproduce both by outcrossing and selfing Comprehensive descriptions of the genus are Lesins and Lesins 1979 8 and Small and Jomphe 1989 9 Major collections are SARDI Australia 10 USDA GRIN United States 11 ICARDA Syria 12 and INRA France 13 Contents 1 Evolution 2 Ecological interactions with other organisms 2 1 Symbiosis with nitrogen fixing rhizobia 2 2 Agricultural uses 2 3 Insect herbivores 3 Species 3 1 Section Buceras 3 1 1 Subsection Deflexae 3 1 2 Subsection Erectae 3 1 3 Subsection Isthmocarpae 3 1 4 Subsection Reflexae 3 2 Section Carstiensae 3 3 Section Dendrotelis 3 4 Section Geocarpa 3 5 Section Heynianae 3 6 Section Hymenocarpos 3 7 Section Lunatae 3 8 Section Lupularia 3 9 Section Medicago 3 10 Section Orbiculares 3 11 Section Platycarpae 3 11 1 Subsection Rotatae 3 12 Section Spirocarpos 3 12 1 Subsection Intertextae 3 12 2 Subsection Leptospireae 3 12 3 Subsection Pachyspireae 3 13 Species names with uncertain taxonomic status 4 Notes 5 ReferencesEvolution EditMedicago diverged from Glycine soybean about 53 55 million years ago in the early Eocene 14 from Lotus deervetch 49 51 million years ago also in the Eocene 14 and from Trigonella 10 22 million years ago in the Miocene 15 Ecological interactions with other organisms EditSymbiosis with nitrogen fixing rhizobia Edit Bena et al 2005 constructed a molecular phylogeny of 23 Sinorhizobium strains and tested the symbiotic ability of six strains with 35 Medicago species 16 Comparison of these phylogenies indicates many transitions in the compatibility of the association over evolutionary time Furthermore they propose that the geographical distribution of strains limits the distribution of particular Medicago species Agricultural uses Edit Other than alfalfa several of the creeping members of the family such as Medicago lupulina and Medicago truncatula have been used as forage crops citation needed Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medicago Wikispecies has information related to Medicago Insect herbivores Edit Medicago species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the common swift flame latticed heath lime speck pug nutmeg setaceous Hebrew character and turnip moths and case bearers of the genus Coleophora including C frischella recorded on M sativa and C fuscociliella feeds exclusively on Medicago spp citation needed Species EditThis list is compiled from 9 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Section Buceras Edit Subsection Deflexae Edit Medicago retrorsa Boiss E SmallSubsection Erectae Edit Medicago arenicola Huber Mor E Small Medicago astroites Fisch amp Mey Trautv Medicago carica Huber Mor E Small Medicago crassipes Boiss E Small Medicago fischeriana Ser Trautv Medicago halophila Boiss E Small Medicago heldreichii Boiss E Small Medicago medicaginoides Retz E Small Medicago monantha C A Meyer Trautv Medicago orthoceras Kar amp Kir Trautv Medicago pamphylica Huber Mor amp Sirjaev E Small Medicago persica Boiss E Small Medicago phrygia Boiss amp Bal E Small Medicago polyceratia L Trautv Medicago rigida Boiss amp Bal E SmallSubsection Isthmocarpae Edit Medicago rhytidiocarpa Boiss amp Bal E Small Medicago isthmocarpa Boiss amp Bal E SmallSubsection Reflexae Edit Medicago monspeliaca L Trautv Section Carstiensae Edit Medicago carstiensis Wulf Section Dendrotelis Edit Medicago arborea L Medicago citrina Font Quer Greuter Note 1 Medicago strasseri Greuter Matthas amp RisseSection Geocarpa Edit Medicago hypogaea E SmallSection Heynianae Edit Medicago heyniana GreuterSection Hymenocarpos Edit Medicago radiata L Section Lunatae Edit Medicago biflora Griseb E Small Medicago brachycarpa M Bieb Medicago huberi E Small Medicago rostrata Boiss amp Bal E SmallSection Lupularia Edit Medicago lupulina L Medicago secundiflora DurieuSection Medicago Edit Medicago cancellata M Bieb Medicago daghestanica Rupr Medicago hybrida Pourr Trautv Medicago marina L Medicago papillosa Boiss M p macrocarpa M p papillosa Medicago pironae Vis Medicago prostrata Jacq M p prostrata M p pseudorupestris Medicago rhodopea Velen Medicago rupestris M Bieb Medicago sativa L alfalfa M s caerulea M s falcata Medicago falcata M s f var falcata M s f var viscosa M s glomerata M s sativa Medicago saxatilis M Bieb Medicago suffruticosa Ramond ex DC M s leiocarpa M s suffruticosaSection Orbiculares Edit Medicago orbicularis L Bart Section Platycarpae Edit Medicago archiducis nicolai Sirjaev Medicago cretacea M Bieb Medicago edgeworthii Sirjaev Medicago ovalis Boiss Sirjaev Medicago playtcarpa L Trautv Medicago plicata Boiss Sirjaev Medicago popovii E Kor Sirjaev Medicago ruthenica L LedebourSubsection Rotatae Edit Medicago blancheana Boiss Medicago noeana Boiss Medicago rugosa Desr Medicago rotata Boiss Medicago scutellata L Miller Medicago shepardii PostSection Spirocarpos Edit Subsection Intertextae Edit Medicago ciliaris L Krocker Medicago granadensis Willd Medicago intertexta L Miller Medicago muricoleptis Tin Subsection Leptospireae Edit Medicago arabica L Huds Medicago coronata L Bart Medicago disciformis DC Medicago laciniata L Miller Medicago lanigera Winkl amp Fedtsch Medicago laxispira Heyn Medicago minima L Bart Medicago polymorpha L Medicago praecox DC Medicago sauvagei Negre Medicago tenoreana Ser Subsection Pachyspireae Edit Medicago constricta Durieu Medicago doliata Carmign Medicago italica Miller Fiori Medicago lesinsii E Small Medicago littoralis Rohde ex Lois Medicago murex Willd Medicago rigidula L All Medicago rigiduloides E Small Medicago sinskiae Uljanova Note 2 Medicago soleirolii Duby Medicago sphaerocarpos Bertol 27 Medicago syriaca E Small Medicago truncatula Gaertn Medicago turbinata L All Species names with uncertain taxonomic status Edit The status of the following species is unresolved 9 Medicago agropyretorum Vassilcz Medicago alatavica Vassilcz Medicago caucasica Vassilcz Medicago cyrenaea Maire amp Weiller Medicago difalcata Sinskaya Medicago grossheimii Vassilcz Medicago gunibica Vassilcz Medicago hemicoerulea Sinskaya Medicago karatschaica A Heller A Heller Medicago komarovii Vassilcz Medicago meyeri Gruner Medicago polychroa Grossh Medicago schischkinii Sumnev Medicago talyschensis Latsch Medicago transoxana Vassilcz Medicago tunetana Murb A W Hill Medicago vardanis Vassilcz Medicago virescens Grossh Recent molecular phylogenic analyses of Medicago indicate that the sections and subsections defined by Small amp Jomphe as outlined above are generally polyphyletic 2 15 16 28 29 30 31 32 However with minor revisions sections and subsections could be rendered monophyletic 15 28 29 30 31 32 Notes Edit Some sources treat Medicago citrina as a synonym of Medicago arborea The validity of Medicago sinskiae has been questioned by Small and Jomphe 1988 9 References Edit Genus Nomenclature in GRIN Retrieved 9 September 2010 a b Steele KP Ickert Bond SM Zarre S Wojciechowski MF 2010 Phylogeny and character evolution in Medicago Leguminosae Evidence from analyses of plastid trnK matK and nuclear GA3ox1 sequences Am J Bot 97 7 1142 1155 doi 10 3732 ajb 1000009 PMID 21616866 a b Gholami A De Geyter N Pollier J Goormachtig S Goossens A 2014 Natural product biosynthesis in Medicago species Natural Product Reports 31 3 356 380 doi 10 1039 C3NP70104B PMID 24481477 Alfalfa Crop Germplasm Committee Report 2000 Archived from the original on 2009 05 05 Retrieved 2009 11 04 New Oxford American Dictionary 2nd ed 2005 p 1054 s v medick Rosato M Galian JA Rossello JA 2012 Amplification contraction and genomic spread of a satellite DNA family E180 in Medicago Fabaceae and allied genera Ann Bot 109 4 773 82 doi 10 1093 aob mcr309 PMC 3286279 PMID 22186276 Medicago truncatula Archived from the original on 29 December 2008 Retrieved 21 November 2008 Lesins KA Lesins I 1979 GenusMedicago Leguminosae A Taxogenetic Study The Hague The Netherlands Dr W Junk B V Publishers p 132 ISBN 978 90 6193 598 8 a b c d Small E Jomphe M 1989 A Synopsis of the Genus Medicago Leguminosae Can J Bot 67 11 3260 94 doi 10 1139 b89 405 SARDI Archived from the original on 26 October 2008 Retrieved 21 November 2008 GRIN National Genetic Resources Program Archived from the original on 14 August 2009 Retrieved 21 November 2008 ICARDA Sustainable Agriculture for the Dry Areas Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 Retrieved 21 November 2008 INRA Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 Retrieved 21 November 2008 a b Cannon S 2008 3 Legume Comparative Genomics PDF In Stacey G ed Genetics and Genomics of Soybean Plant Genetics and Genomics Crops and Models Vol II New York NY Springer p 38 ISBN 978 0 387 72298 6 a b c Maureira Butler IJ Pfeil BE Muangprom A Osborn TC Doyle JJ 2008 The reticulate history of Medicago Fabaceae Syst Biol 57 6 466 482 doi 10 1080 10635150802172168 PMID 18570039 a b Bena G Lyet A Huguet T Olivier I 2005 Medicago Sinorhizobium symbiotic specificity evolution and the geographic expansion of Medicago J Evol Biol 18 6 1547 58 doi 10 1111 j 1420 9101 2005 00952 x PMID 16313467 S2CID 24813001 ILDIS LegumeWeb Archived from the original on 1999 10 07 Retrieved 2008 11 18 Genera Containing Currently Accepted Names Medicago Archived from the original on September 30 2008 Retrieved 2008 11 18 Species Nomenclature in GRIN Archived from the original on 1999 05 01 Retrieved 2008 11 18 IPNI Plant Name Query Results Retrieved 2008 11 22 AgroAtlas Relatives Archived from the original on 2008 12 25 Retrieved 2008 11 22 ITIS Archived from the original on 2016 06 06 Retrieved 2009 09 16 enter Medicago as the search term Discover Life Archived from the original on 2011 06 12 Retrieved 2010 05 11 eFloras The Biota of North America Program permanent dead link The Plant List Archived from the original on 2019 03 26 Retrieved 2011 06 27 Gillespie DJ McComb JA 1991 Morphology and distribution of species in the Medicago murex complex Can J Bot 69 12 2655 2662 doi 10 1139 b91 333 a b Bena G Lejeune B Prosperi JM Olivieri I 1998 Molecular phylogenetic approach for studying life history evolution the ambiguous example of the genus Medicago L Proc Biol Sci 265 1401 1141 1151 doi 10 1098 rspb 1998 0410 PMC 1689169 PMID 9684377 a b Downie SR Katz Downie DS Rogers EJ Zujewski HL Small E 1998 Multiple independent losses of the plastid rpoC1 intron in Medicago Fabaceae as inferred from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences Can J Bot 76 5 791 803 doi 10 1139 b98 047 a b Bena G Prosperi JM Lejeune B Olivieri I 1998 Evolution of annual species of the genus Medicago a molecular phylogenetic approach Mol Phylogenet Evol 9 3 552 559 doi 10 1006 mpev 1998 0493 PMID 9668004 a b Bena G 2001 Molecular phylogeny supports the morphologically based taxonomic transfer of the medicagoid Trigonella species to the genus Medicago L Plant Syst Evol 229 3 4 217 236 doi 10 1007 s006060170012 S2CID 42887106 a b Yoder JB Briskine R Mudge J Farmer A Paape T Steele K Weiblen GD Bharti AK Zhou P May GD Young ND Tiffin P 2013 Phylogenetic signal variation in the genomes of Medicago Fabaceae Syst Biol 62 3 424 38 doi 10 1093 sysbio syt009 PMID 23417680 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Medicago amp oldid 1113117705, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
