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Max Westenhöfer

January 01, 1970

Max Westenhöfer (February 9, 1871 – September 25, 1957) was a German pathologist and biologist who contributed to the development of the anatomic pathology and the reform of public health in Chile.

Max Westenhöfer
Max Westenhöfer in 1951
BornFebruary 9, 1871
Ansbach, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Empire
DiedSeptember 25, 1957(1957-09-25) (aged 86)
Santiago, Chile
NationalityGerman
Scientific career
FieldsPathology, biology

Education edit

Maximilian Joseph Johann Westenhöfer[1] was born on February 9, 1871, in Ansbach, Bavaria. His father was a school teacher called Johan Karl Westenhöffer, but the son later simplified the spelling of his surname. His mother's maiden name was Knell,[2] and in later years her name was sometimes appended to his according to the Spanish naming custom. making his name Max Westenhöfer Knell.[3]

He studied at the University of Berlin where he graduated in 1894. He was a pupil of Rudolf Virchow, German physician and Professor of Pathology at the University of Berlin, known also for his interest in public health.[3] His first employment was as an army doctor, which he remained, apart from three years in Chile, until 1922.[4]

First tenure in Chile (1908–1911): Social medicine report and expulsion edit

In 1908 he was hired by Augusto Matte, on behalf of the government of Chile, to teach Pathology at the School of Medicine of the University of Chile. As an international expert with the role to reform and modernize the teaching of pathology in Chile, he was provided by the Chilean government with a higher salary than that of his local medical colleagues, leading to envy and resentment among some Chilean physicians.[5] In 1911 he published what has been called the Westenhöfer Report, a five-part series published in the German medical journal Berliner klinische Wochenschrift where he described in critical terms the poor health conditions and hygiene practices that he observed in certain urban areas and nursing homes in Santiago of Chile. His report led to protests from the conservative sector of the Chilean society, eventually causing the government to deport him from Chile. However, the University of Chile Student Federation (FECH) including his medical students, some unions, and leftist parties gave public support to Prof. Westenhöfer and protested his expulsion. In August 1911 there was a massive march in Santiago of Chile to protest his expulsion and make a judicial appeal to prevent it, but it did not take place until after he had left.[5]

Return to Germany (1911–1929): Professor of pathology at the University of Berlin edit

Following his departure in 1911 he returned to Germany and resumed his career with the army. During World War I, he served as a military surgeon with the rank of major (Oberstabsarzt)[6] and was awarded the Iron Cross, second class.[7] In 1922 he became Professor of Pathology at the University of Berlin.[8] At this time he was also deputy chairman of the Berlin Gesellschaft für Rassenhygiene (German Society for Racial Hygiene).[9]

Second tenure in Chile (1929–1932): Reform of Chilean pathology edit

He returned to Chile in 1929 and for three years directed the Department of Pathology at the Medical School of the University of Chile. This was his most fruitful period in furthering the development and the quality of Chilean medicine. He modernised the practice of pathology and trained Chilean colleagues. Pathology institutes were founded in the hospitals in Santiago and Valparaiso.[3] His stress on the social determinants of mortality and morbidity influenced a generation of students, including Salvador Allende, a medical student activist and later President of Chile.[10][11]

While in Chile, after studying the incidence of syphilis he contributed to the ongoing controversy about the origin of this disease. Westenhöfer observed little effect of the disease in Indian carriers and the terrible effects experienced by those of European origin who were infected, leading him to propose that a corresponding STD had been present in America before the European conquest.

Back to Germany (1932–1948): Publication of the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis edit

Further information: Aquatic Ape Hypothesis

He returned again to Germany where he spent the war years, living latterly in retirement in Wasserburg am Bodensee.[12] From 1923 onwards[13] he wrote several books and papers on human evolution, perhaps most fully in his 1942 book "Der Eigenweg des Menschen" (translated as "The Path Travelled by Man Alone" or "The Unique Road to Man")[14] which put forward ideas suggesting, amongst other things, that adaptation to water has played a significant part in the history of human development. That particular idea has since been developed as the controversial Aquatic ape hypothesis (AAH), but the details of Westenhöfer's theory, such as that bipedalism is primitive in mammals,[13] are not shared by most modern supporters of the AAH.[1]

Final tenure in Chile (1948–1957) edit

In 1948, at the age of 77 he returned once more to Chile under a contract with the Junta Central de Beneficencia (Central Board of Charities) to serve as a pathology adviser.[15] For his long record of contributions in Chile he was decorated by the government with the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins.[3] His legacy on the teaching of the anatomic pathology in Chile was continued by his students, especially Dr Ismael Mena at the University of Chile and Dr Roberto Barahona Silva, founder of the Department of Pathology at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile.[5]

Personal life edit

Westenhöfer was married twice. From the first marriage, to Anna Maria,[16] he had three children, Grete, who was born in Chile, and Rudolf who was educated at the German School of Santiago. Only Wolf survived the war and lived in Berlin with six children. His second marriage was to Jutta, née Windmŭller,[17] who survived him.[15]

He died on September 25, 1957, in Santiago de Chile,[18] which he considered his second home. Dr. Westenhöfer was buried in the Cementerio General de Santiago.

Publications edit

  • M. Westenhöffer: Tabes dorsalis und Syphilis. - Berlin: C. Vogts Buchdrückerei, 1894. - 34 pages (Berlin, Medizinische Fakultät, Inaug.-Diss. von 10. Augustus 1894) Thesis on Tabes dorsalis and Syphilis
  • M. Westenhöffer: Über die Grenzen der übertragbarkeit der Tuberculose durch Fleisch tuberculöser Rinder auf den Menschen. - Berlin : A. Hirschwald, 1904. - 48 pages "On the limits of transferability of tuberculosis through the meat of tuberculous cattle to humans"
  • M. Westenhöffer: Über Impftuberculose - Berlin : A. Hirschwald, 1904. - 24 pages - (Sonderabdruck aus Charité-Annalen) "On vaccination tuberculosis"
  • M. Westenhöffer: Pathologisch-anatomische Ergebnisse der oberschlesischen Genickstarreepidemie von 1905 - Jena : G. Fischer, 1906. - iv, 72 pages - (Sonderabdruck aus Klin. Jahrb.) Study of 1905 meningitis epidemic in Upper Silesia
  • M. Westenhöffer: Atlas der pathologisch-anatomischen Sektionstechnik - Berlin : A. Hirschwald, 1908. - viii, 53 pages. Illustrated guide for the performance of autopsies.
  • Westenhöfer, Max: Die Aufgaben der Rassenhygiene (des Nachkommenschutzes) im neuen Deutschland : Vortrag, gehalten am 27. Februar 1919 in der Berliner Gesellschaft für Rassenhygiene von Dr. Med. Westenhöfer. - Berlin : Richard Schötz, 1920. - 40 pages - (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Gebiete der Medizinalverwaltung ; 10,2 = Heft. 103) "Racial hygiene tasks (for protection of the descendants) in the new Germany"
  • Westenhöfer, Max: Über die Erhaltung von Vorfahrenmerkmalen beim Menschen, insbesondere über eine progonische Trias und ihre praktische Bedeutung. - In: Medizinische Klinik, 1923, 37. - pages 1247–1255. "On the preservation of ancestor's characteristics in human beings, and especially on a trio of primitive features and their importance in practice"
  • Westenhöfer, Max (October 1926). "Evidence Opposed to the Darwinian Conceptions of the Origin of Species". Journal of the American Medical Association. 87 (18): 1494–1495. doi:10.1001/jama.1926.02680180066026.
  • Westenhöfer, Max: Über die Klettermethoden der Naturvölker und über die Stellung der grossen Zehe - Leipzig : C. Kabitzsch, 1927. - pages 361–392. - Ill. - (Aus: Archiv für Frauenkunde und Konstitutionsforschung, Band 13, 1927, Heft 5) "On the climbing methods of primitive peoples and the position of the big toe"
  • Westenhöfer, Max (1935). Das Problem der Menschwerdung : dargestellt auf Grund morphogenetischer Betrachtungen über Gehirn und Schädel und unter Bezugnahme auf zahlreiche andere Körpergegenden. Berlin: Nornen-Verlag. - "The problem of human origin, presented through morphogenetic reflections on the brain and skull, and with reference to many other parts of the body."
  • Westenhöfer, Max (1942). Der Eigenweg des Menschen: dargestellt auf Grund von vergleichend morphologischen Untersuchungen über die Artbildung und Menschwerdung. Berlin: Die Medizinische Welt. "The unique path of man, depicted on the basis of comparative morphological studies on the formation of species and the origin of humanity"
  • Westenhöfer, Max (1948). Die Grundlagen meiner Theorie vom Eigenweg des Menschen: Entwicklung, Menschwerdung, Weltanschauung. Heidelberg: Winter. "The basics of my theory of man's unique path: development, human origin, worldview"

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Mr and Mrs Bender
  2. ^ Sievers Wicke (1958) page 53
  3. ^ a b c d . SAVALnet. October 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-12-22.
  4. ^ Sievers Wicke (1958) page 54
  5. ^ a b c Revistas Universidad de Chile (In Spanish)
  6. ^ WW1 pay-book
  7. ^ Iron Cross award
  8. ^ Precarious Matters:The History of Dangerous and Endangered Substances in the 19th and 20th Centuries
  9. ^ Schmuhl, Hans-Walter (2008). The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics 1927-1945: Crossing Boundaries. Springer. ISBN 9781402066009.
  10. ^ Waitzkin, Howard (2005). "Commentary: Salvador Allende and the birth of Latin American social medicine". International Journal of Epidemiology. 34 (4): 739–741. doi:10.1093/ije/dyh176. PMID 15860637.
  11. ^ Porter, Dorothy (October 2006). "How Did Social Medicine Evolve, and Where Is It Heading?". PLOS Medicine. 3 (10): e399. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030399. PMC 1621092. PMID 17076552.
  12. ^ Sievers Wicke (1958) page 93
  13. ^ a b Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur la Bipédie Initiale 2013-04-19 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ title page of Der Eigenweg and some translation 2013-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ a b Sievers Wicke (1958) page 72
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2012-10-07.
  17. ^ Sievers Wicke (1958) page 52
  18. ^ Sievers Wicke (1958) page 47

Further reading edit

  • Gonzalo Vial: Historia de Chile (1891–1973), volumen II, Triunfo y decadencia de la oligarquía, Santiago. Editorial Zig-Zag, 1999
  • Hugo K. Sievers Wicke (1958). "Max Westenhöfer (1871–1957) (Primera Parte)". Anales de la Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). 116 (112). Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  • Juvenal Brrientos (1958). "'El Camino Propio Evolutivo y el Origen del Hombre' del profesor Westenhöfer". Anales de la Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). 116 (112): 47–93. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  • Hugo K. Sievers Wicke (1959). "Max Westenhöfer (1871–1957) (Segunda Parte)". Anales de la Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). 117 (113): 129–163. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  • Max Westenhöfer (1959). "Informe sobre la Actividad del Instituto del Anatomia Patologica de la Universidad de Chile en os anos 1908-1909". Anales de la Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). 117 (114): 95–135. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  • On Prof Max Westenhofer in PubMed

January 01, 1970
westenhöfer, february, 1871, september, 1957, german, pathologist, biologist, contributed, development, anatomic, pathology, reform, public, health, chile, 1951bornfebruary, 1871ansbach, kingdom, bavaria, german, empirediedseptember, 1957, 1957, aged, santiago. Max Westenhofer February 9 1871 September 25 1957 was a German pathologist and biologist who contributed to the development of the anatomic pathology and the reform of public health in Chile Max WestenhoferMax Westenhofer in 1951BornFebruary 9 1871Ansbach Kingdom of Bavaria German EmpireDiedSeptember 25 1957 1957 09 25 aged 86 Santiago ChileNationalityGermanScientific careerFieldsPathology biology Contents 1 Education 2 First tenure in Chile 1908 1911 Social medicine report and expulsion 3 Return to Germany 1911 1929 Professor of pathology at the University of Berlin 4 Second tenure in Chile 1929 1932 Reform of Chilean pathology 5 Back to Germany 1932 1948 Publication of the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis 6 Final tenure in Chile 1948 1957 7 Personal life 8 Publications 9 See also 10 References 11 Further readingEducation editMaximilian Joseph Johann Westenhofer 1 was born on February 9 1871 in Ansbach Bavaria His father was a school teacher called Johan Karl Westenhoffer but the son later simplified the spelling of his surname His mother s maiden name was Knell 2 and in later years her name was sometimes appended to his according to the Spanish naming custom making his name Max Westenhofer Knell 3 He studied at the University of Berlin where he graduated in 1894 He was a pupil of Rudolf Virchow German physician and Professor of Pathology at the University of Berlin known also for his interest in public health 3 His first employment was as an army doctor which he remained apart from three years in Chile until 1922 4 First tenure in Chile 1908 1911 Social medicine report and expulsion editIn 1908 he was hired by Augusto Matte on behalf of the government of Chile to teach Pathology at the School of Medicine of the University of Chile As an international expert with the role to reform and modernize the teaching of pathology in Chile he was provided by the Chilean government with a higher salary than that of his local medical colleagues leading to envy and resentment among some Chilean physicians 5 In 1911 he published what has been called the Westenhofer Report a five part series published in the German medical journal Berliner klinische Wochenschrift where he described in critical terms the poor health conditions and hygiene practices that he observed in certain urban areas and nursing homes in Santiago of Chile His report led to protests from the conservative sector of the Chilean society eventually causing the government to deport him from Chile However the University of Chile Student Federation FECH including his medical students some unions and leftist parties gave public support to Prof Westenhofer and protested his expulsion In August 1911 there was a massive march in Santiago of Chile to protest his expulsion and make a judicial appeal to prevent it but it did not take place until after he had left 5 Return to Germany 1911 1929 Professor of pathology at the University of Berlin editFollowing his departure in 1911 he returned to Germany and resumed his career with the army During World War I he served as a military surgeon with the rank of major Oberstabsarzt 6 and was awarded the Iron Cross second class 7 In 1922 he became Professor of Pathology at the University of Berlin 8 At this time he was also deputy chairman of the Berlin Gesellschaft fur Rassenhygiene German Society for Racial Hygiene 9 Second tenure in Chile 1929 1932 Reform of Chilean pathology editHe returned to Chile in 1929 and for three years directed the Department of Pathology at the Medical School of the University of Chile This was his most fruitful period in furthering the development and the quality of Chilean medicine He modernised the practice of pathology and trained Chilean colleagues Pathology institutes were founded in the hospitals in Santiago and Valparaiso 3 His stress on the social determinants of mortality and morbidity influenced a generation of students including Salvador Allende a medical student activist and later President of Chile 10 11 While in Chile after studying the incidence of syphilis he contributed to the ongoing controversy about the origin of this disease Westenhofer observed little effect of the disease in Indian carriers and the terrible effects experienced by those of European origin who were infected leading him to propose that a corresponding STD had been present in America before the European conquest Back to Germany 1932 1948 Publication of the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis editFurther information Aquatic Ape Hypothesis He returned again to Germany where he spent the war years living latterly in retirement in Wasserburg am Bodensee 12 From 1923 onwards 13 he wrote several books and papers on human evolution perhaps most fully in his 1942 book Der Eigenweg des Menschen translated as The Path Travelled by Man Alone or The Unique Road to Man 14 which put forward ideas suggesting amongst other things that adaptation to water has played a significant part in the history of human development That particular idea has since been developed as the controversial Aquatic ape hypothesis AAH but the details of Westenhofer s theory such as that bipedalism is primitive in mammals 13 are not shared by most modern supporters of the AAH 1 Final tenure in Chile 1948 1957 editIn 1948 at the age of 77 he returned once more to Chile under a contract with the Junta Central de Beneficencia Central Board of Charities to serve as a pathology adviser 15 For his long record of contributions in Chile he was decorated by the government with the Order of Bernardo O Higgins 3 His legacy on the teaching of the anatomic pathology in Chile was continued by his students especially Dr Ismael Mena at the University of Chile and Dr Roberto Barahona Silva founder of the Department of Pathology at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile 5 Personal life editWestenhofer was married twice From the first marriage to Anna Maria 16 he had three children Grete who was born in Chile and Rudolf who was educated at the German School of Santiago Only Wolf survived the war and lived in Berlin with six children His second marriage was to Jutta nee Windmŭller 17 who survived him 15 He died on September 25 1957 in Santiago de Chile 18 which he considered his second home Dr Westenhofer was buried in the Cementerio General de Santiago Publications editM Westenhoffer Tabes dorsalis und Syphilis Berlin C Vogts Buchdruckerei 1894 34 pages Berlin Medizinische Fakultat Inaug Diss von 10 Augustus 1894 Thesis on Tabes dorsalis and Syphilis M Westenhoffer Uber die Grenzen der ubertragbarkeit der Tuberculose durch Fleisch tuberculoser Rinder auf den Menschen Berlin A Hirschwald 1904 48 pages On the limits of transferability of tuberculosis through the meat of tuberculous cattle to humans M Westenhoffer Uber Impftuberculose Berlin A Hirschwald 1904 24 pages Sonderabdruck aus Charite Annalen On vaccination tuberculosis M Westenhoffer Pathologisch anatomische Ergebnisse der oberschlesischen Genickstarreepidemie von 1905 Jena G Fischer 1906 iv 72 pages Sonderabdruck aus Klin Jahrb Study of 1905 meningitis epidemic in Upper Silesia M Westenhoffer Atlas der pathologisch anatomischen Sektionstechnik Berlin A Hirschwald 1908 viii 53 pages Illustrated guide for the performance of autopsies Westenhofer Max Die Aufgaben der Rassenhygiene des Nachkommenschutzes im neuen Deutschland Vortrag gehalten am 27 Februar 1919 in der Berliner Gesellschaft fur Rassenhygiene von Dr Med Westenhofer Berlin Richard Schotz 1920 40 pages Veroffentlichungen aus dem Gebiete der Medizinalverwaltung 10 2 Heft 103 Racial hygiene tasks for protection of the descendants in the new Germany Westenhofer Max Uber die Erhaltung von Vorfahrenmerkmalen beim Menschen insbesondere uber eine progonische Trias und ihre praktische Bedeutung In Medizinische Klinik 1923 37 pages 1247 1255 On the preservation of ancestor s characteristics in human beings and especially on a trio of primitive features and their importance in practice Westenhofer Max October 1926 Evidence Opposed to the Darwinian Conceptions of the Origin of Species Journal of the American Medical Association 87 18 1494 1495 doi 10 1001 jama 1926 02680180066026 Westenhofer Max Uber die Klettermethoden der Naturvolker und uber die Stellung der grossen Zehe Leipzig C Kabitzsch 1927 pages 361 392 Ill Aus Archiv fur Frauenkunde und Konstitutionsforschung Band 13 1927 Heft 5 On the climbing methods of primitive peoples and the position of the big toe Westenhofer Max 1935 Das Problem der Menschwerdung dargestellt auf Grund morphogenetischer Betrachtungen uber Gehirn und Schadel und unter Bezugnahme auf zahlreiche andere Korpergegenden Berlin Nornen Verlag The problem of human origin presented through morphogenetic reflections on the brain and skull and with reference to many other parts of the body Westenhofer Max 1942 Der Eigenweg des Menschen dargestellt auf Grund von vergleichend morphologischen Untersuchungen uber die Artbildung und Menschwerdung Berlin Die Medizinische Welt The unique path of man depicted on the basis of comparative morphological studies on the formation of species and the origin of humanity Westenhofer Max 1948 Die Grundlagen meiner Theorie vom Eigenweg des Menschen Entwicklung Menschwerdung Weltanschauung Heidelberg Winter The basics of my theory of man s unique path development human origin worldview See also edit nbsp Biography portal List of pathologists German ChileanReferences edit a b Mr and Mrs Bender Sievers Wicke 1958 page 53 a b c d Max Westenhofer Knell pionero de la anatomia patologica en Chile SAVALnet October 2005 Archived from the original on 2009 12 22 Sievers Wicke 1958 page 54 a b c Revistas Universidad de Chile In Spanish WW1 pay book Iron Cross award Precarious Matters The History of Dangerous and Endangered Substances in the 19th and 20th Centuries Schmuhl Hans Walter 2008 The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology Human Heredity and Eugenics 1927 1945 Crossing Boundaries Springer ISBN 9781402066009 Waitzkin Howard 2005 Commentary Salvador Allende and the birth of Latin American social medicine International Journal of Epidemiology 34 4 739 741 doi 10 1093 ije dyh176 PMID 15860637 Porter Dorothy October 2006 How Did Social Medicine Evolve and Where Is It Heading PLOS Medicine 3 10 e399 doi 10 1371 journal pmed 0030399 PMC 1621092 PMID 17076552 Sievers Wicke 1958 page 93 a b Centre d Etude et de Recherche sur la Bipedie Initiale Archived 2013 04 19 at the Wayback Machine title page of Der Eigenweg and some translation Archived 2013 05 15 at the Wayback Machine a b Sievers Wicke 1958 page 72 Anna Maria Westenhofer in 1915 Archived from the original on 2013 05 21 Retrieved 2012 10 07 Sievers Wicke 1958 page 52 Sievers Wicke 1958 page 47Further reading editGonzalo Vial Historia de Chile 1891 1973 volumen II Triunfo y decadencia de la oligarquia Santiago Editorial Zig Zag 1999 Hugo K Sievers Wicke 1958 Max Westenhofer 1871 1957 Primera Parte Anales de la Universidad de Chile in Spanish 116 112 Retrieved 29 September 2012 Juvenal Brrientos 1958 El Camino Propio Evolutivo y el Origen del Hombre del profesor Westenhofer Anales de la Universidad de Chile in Spanish 116 112 47 93 Retrieved 29 September 2012 Hugo K Sievers Wicke 1959 Max Westenhofer 1871 1957 Segunda Parte Anales de la Universidad de Chile in Spanish 117 113 129 163 Retrieved 29 September 2012 Max Westenhofer 1959 Informe sobre la Actividad del Instituto del Anatomia Patologica de la Universidad de Chile en os anos 1908 1909 Anales de la Universidad de Chile in Spanish 117 114 95 135 Retrieved 29 September 2012 On Prof Max Westenhofer in PubMed Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Max Westenhofer amp oldid 1188020750, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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