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Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv

January 11, 2023

Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv (Ukrainian: Кий, Щек, Хорив [ˈkɪj ˈʃtʃɛk xoˈrɪu̯]; Old East Slavic: Кии, Щекъ, Хоривъ) were three legendary brothers—often mentioned along with their sister Lybid (Ukrainian: Либідь [ˈlɪbidʲ]; Old East Slavic: Лыбѣдь)—who, according to the Primary Chronicle,[1] founded the medieval city of Kyiv, which eventually became the capital of Kievan Rus' and present-day Ukraine. There is no precise and historically established information about the rule of Kyi and the establishment of the city of Kyiv.[2]

Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv
Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and Lybid establishing the city of Kyiv - by Artur Orlyonov

Historical background

In the Primary Chronicle, which is traditionally believed to have been written by a monk of Kyiv Cave Monastery by the name of Nestor and finished in 1113, a special place is held by the legend of the foundation of Kyiv by three brothers.[2] Nestor places those brothers onto various hills of Kyiv.[2] Geographically, the old Kyiv is located on a higher right bank of the Dnieper, which is an extension of the Dnieper Upland, where remnants of the Church of the Tithes are located.

The Chronicle further states that there were people ("who did not know what they were saying") who considered Kyi a mere ferryman.[2] But it later claims that Kyi, as a prince of his gens, was visiting Czargrad and received great honors from the Emperor.[2] Dmitry Likhachov combined attestations of the Nikon Chronicle, which also recounts that Kyi with a great army marched onto Czargrad and received great honors from the Emperor.[2] During his expedition to Constantinople, Kyi also founded a city of Kyivets on the Danube.[2]

Nestor also names the approximate date of the assault on Kyiv by the Khazar Empire as "after the death of Kyi," which supports Boris Rybakov's hypothesis of the 6th-7th centuries.[2] In his chronicle Nestor does not indicate the date of Kyi's death nor the existence or absence of heirs who continued to rule after his death.[2] The chronicle does mention a meeting between local residents with the newly arrived Askold and Dir who asked them whose city Kjiv was, and received the answer that the three brothers who built it were long dead and the residents now paid tribute to the Khazars.[2] However, the Polish historian Jan Długosz points out the Przemysł Chronicle that asserts, "after the death of Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv, their children and grandchildren who descended from them by direct lineage ruled for many years."[2]

Excerpt from the Ruthenian Primary Chronicles

Полѧномъ же живущиим̑ ѡ собѣ. и вла̑дѣющимъ роды своим̑ . ӕже и до сеӕ брат̑ӕ бѧху Полѧне . и живѧху кождо съ родом̑ своимъ . на своихъ мѣстехъ . володѣюще кождо родомъ своимъ ❙ И быша . г҃ . брата . а А єдиному имѧ Кии . а другому Щекъ . а третьєму Хоривъ . и сестра ихъ Лыбѣдь . и сѣдѧше Кии на горѣ кдѣ н҃нѣ оувозъ Боричевъ . а Щекъ сѣдѧше на горѣ . кдѣ ннѣ зоветсѧ Щековица . а Хоривъ на третьєи горѣ . ѿнюдүже прозвасѧ Хоривıца . створиша городокъ . во имѧ брата ихъ старѣишаго . и Києвъ . и бѧше ѡколо города лѣсъ и боръ великъ . и бѧху ловѧще звѣрь . Б бѧхуть бо мудрѣ и смыслени. и нарицихусѧ Полѧне .

— ЛѢТОПИСЬ ПО ИПАТЬЕВСКОМУ СПИСКУ, ПСРЛ. — Т. 2. Ипатьевская летопись. — СПб., 1908. — Стлб. 1-21.[3]

Translation by Dmitry Likhachov

In those times Polyans lived separately and were governed by own family clans; and so those brethren (of whom we will talk further) were also Polyans and all they lived by family clans in own places and each was governed independently. And there were three brothers: one was named Kyi, another – Shchek and third – Khoryv, and their sister – Lybid. See of Kyi was the hill where today is Borychiv Descent, and see of Shchek was the hill which today is called Shchekovytsia, and Khoryv on the hill which was named after him Khoryvytsia. And they built a city in honor of their older brother and called it Kyiv. Around the city there was a great forest and thicket and there were hunting for beasts and were those men wise and reasonable and they were called Polyans, from them the Polyans are to this day in Kyiv.

— Dmitry Likhachov, Story about establishing of Kyiv. Primary Chronicles (ПРЕДАНИЕ ОБ ОСНОВАНИИ КИЕВА. Повесть временных лет)[4]

Translation by Samuel Hazzard Cross

While the Polyanians lived apart and governed their families (for before the time of these brothers there were already Polyanians, and each one lived with his gens on his own lands, ruling over his kinsfolk), there were three brothers, Kiy (sic!), Shchek, and Khoriv, and their sister was named Lybed’. Kiy (sic!) lived upon the hill where the Borichev trail now is, and Shchek dwelt upon the hill now named Shchekovitsa, while on the third resided Khoriv, after whom this hill is named Khorevitsa. They built a town and named it Kyiv after their oldest brother. Around the town lay a wood and a great pine-forest in which they used to catch wild beasts. These men were wise and prudent; they were called Polyanians, and there are Polyanians descended from them living in Kyiv to this day.

— Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherb owitz-Wetzor, The Primary Chronicle (Laurentian Text)[5]

Archaeological excavations

 
Graphic depiction of archaeological excavations in Kyiv by Vikentiy Khvoyka

Archaeological excavations have shown that there was indeed an ancient settlement starting with the 6th century. Some speculate that Kyi was a real person, a knyaz (prince) from the tribe of the Polans. According to legend, Kyi, the eldest brother, was a Polianian Prince, and the city was named after him.[6] In addition, the legend says that the appearance of a large city on the hilly banks of the Dnieper was predicted by Andrew the Apostle.[7]

Historiographical interpretation

Many historians consider Kyi and his rule circa the 6th century to be actual history.[2] Among such historians are Boris Rybakov, Dmitry Likhachov, Aleksey Shakhmatov, Alexander Presnyakov, Petro Tolochko, and Nataliia Polonska-Vasylenko.[2]

The names of Kyi and his brothers have equivalents in an Armenian chronicle from the 7th century, History of Taron, by Zenob Glak.[8] In it, Kyi and Khoryv have counterparts in brothers Kouar and Horian, while Polyans is paralleled in the Balounik district.[9] The legend also has parallels in the Croatian origo gentis of five brothers and two sisters (Kloukas, Lobelos, Kosentzis, Mouchlo, Chrobatos, Touga and Bouga) from the 30th chapter of De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII (10th century), and the Bulgarian apocryphal chronicle (12th century) about the ethnogenesis of the Bulgarians. All three speak about people who migrated to a foreign land, whose leader was of the same name (Kyi in Kyiv, Chrobatos in Croats, and Slav in Bulgarians), while Kyivan and Croatian mention a sister.[9] The female personality and number three can be found also in three daughters (youngest Libuše) of Duke Krok from Chronica Boemorum (12 century), two sons and daughter (Krakus II, Lech II, and Princess Wanda) of Krakus legendary founder of Kraków from Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae (12-13th century), and three brothers Lech, Czech, and Rus from Wielkopolska Chronicle (13th century).[9]

Khoryv or Horiv, and his oronym Khorevytsia, some scholars related to the Croatian ethnonym of White Croats.[10][11][12] Paščenko related his name, beside to the Croatian ethnonym, also to the solar deity Khors.[12] Near Kyiv there is a stream where previously existed a large village named Horvatka or Hrovatka (it was destroyed in the time of Joseph Stalin), which flows into Stuhna River.[13]

Modern tributes

 
The sculpture of Kyiv's founders depicted on Ukraine's interim bank note in 1990s.

In addition to the respective hills and the river, there are Shchekavytska and Khoryva Streets in Kyiv's ancient neighborhood of Podil.[citation needed]

In 1982, Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and Lybid were depicted (standing on an ancient riverboat) in a sculpture at the river-side of Navodnytsky Park. The Monument to the Founders of Kyiv, created by Vasyl Borodai, soon became iconic for the city and has been used as Kyiv's unofficial emblem. In the 2000s another statue was installed at a fountain of the Maidan Nezalezhnosti.

See also

References

  1. ^ "An Armenian historian of the seventh century, Zenob Glak, knew of a similar legend concerning the founding of the city of Kuar (Kyiv) in the land of Poluni (Polianians) by three brothers Kuar, Mentery, and Kherean." [in:] Medieval Rus' epics, chronicles, and tales. 1974; "Similarly to Nestor's story about Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv, the Armenian legend of Kuar and his brothers says (in the 6th or in the 7th century). [in:] Київ, анциент анд модерн киты. 1983
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Oleh Yastrubov. "And gave it its name Kyiv". Newspaper "Den". 14 July 2006.
  3. ^ "Іпатіївський літопис. До лЂта 6414 [906]".
  4. ^ "Повесть временных лет".
  5. ^ https://archive.org/stream/TheRussianPrimaryChronicle/the%20russian%20primary%20chronicle_djvu.txt[dead link]
  6. ^ "Kyi, Scheck, Khoryv, and Lybid / Peoples / Ukrainians in the World".
  7. ^ "Nine facts about Kyiv church to be used by Ecumenical Patriarch".
  8. ^ Sakač, S. K. (1940). Krapina-Kijev-Ararat, Priča o troje braće i jednoj sestri. Obnovljeni Život 21/3-4: 129–149, Zagreb
  9. ^ a b c Lajoye, Patrice (2019). "Sovereigns and sovereignty among pagan Slavs". In Patrice Lajoye (ed.). New Researches on the Religion and Mythology of the Pagan Slavs. Lingva. pp. 165–181. ISBN 979-10-94441-46-6.
  10. ^ Malyckij, Oleksandr (2006). "Hrvati u uvodnom nedatiranom dijelu Nestorove kronike "Povijest minulih ljeta"" [Croats in the introductory non-dated part of the Nestor's chronicle "History of the past years"]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati I [White Croats I] (in Croatian). Maveda. pp. 106–107. ISBN 953-7029-04-2.
  11. ^ Jaroslav Rudnyckyj (1982). An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: Parts 12–22 (in English and Ukrainian). Vol. 2. Winnipeg: Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences (UVAN). p. 968.
  12. ^ a b Paščenko, Jevgenij (2006), Nosić, Milan (ed.), Podrijetlo Hrvata i Ukrajina [The origin of Croats and Ukraine] (in Croatian), Maveda, pp. 99–102, 109, ISBN 953-7029-03-4
  13. ^ Strižak, Oleksij (2006). "Sorbi, Srbi, Hrvati i Ukrajina" [Sorbs, Serbs, Croats and Ukraine]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati I [White Croats I] (in Croatian). Maveda. pp. 106–107. ISBN 953-7029-04-2.

External links

  • Основатели Кий, Щек и Хорив и их сестра Лыбедь, князья Аскольд и Дир 2016-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
  • A HISTORY OF UKRAINE. EPISODE 14. THE FOUNDING OF KYIV
  • Dmytro Lavrov. How many years has Kiev (СКІЛЬКИ РОКІВ МІСТУ КИЄВУ?). The Mirror Weekly. 28 May 2004
  • Mykola Kotlyar. Kiev princes Kyi and Askold (КИЇВСЬКІ КНЯЗІ КИЙ І АСКОЛЬД). Magazine "Voyenna istoriya". 2002

January 11, 2023
shchek, khoryv, ukrainian, Кий, Щек, Хорив, ˈkɪj, ˈʃtʃɛk, xoˈrɪu, east, slavic, Кии, Щекъ, Хоривъ, were, three, legendary, brothers, often, mentioned, along, with, their, sister, lybid, ukrainian, Либідь, ˈlɪbidʲ, east, slavic, Лыбѣдь, according, primary, chro. Kyi Shchek and Khoryv Ukrainian Kij Shek Horiv ˈkɪj ˈʃtʃɛk xoˈrɪu Old East Slavic Kii Shek Horiv were three legendary brothers often mentioned along with their sister Lybid Ukrainian Libid ˈlɪbidʲ Old East Slavic Lybѣd who according to the Primary Chronicle 1 founded the medieval city of Kyiv which eventually became the capital of Kievan Rus and present day Ukraine There is no precise and historically established information about the rule of Kyi and the establishment of the city of Kyiv 2 Kyi Shchek and Khoryv Kyi Shchek Khoryv and Lybid establishing the city of Kyiv by Artur Orlyonov Contents 1 Historical background 1 1 Excerpt from the Ruthenian Primary Chronicles 1 2 Translation by Dmitry Likhachov 1 3 Translation by Samuel Hazzard Cross 1 4 Archaeological excavations 1 5 Historiographical interpretation 2 Modern tributes 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistorical background EditIn the Primary Chronicle which is traditionally believed to have been written by a monk of Kyiv Cave Monastery by the name of Nestor and finished in 1113 a special place is held by the legend of the foundation of Kyiv by three brothers 2 Nestor places those brothers onto various hills of Kyiv 2 Geographically the old Kyiv is located on a higher right bank of the Dnieper which is an extension of the Dnieper Upland where remnants of the Church of the Tithes are located The Chronicle further states that there were people who did not know what they were saying who considered Kyi a mere ferryman 2 But it later claims that Kyi as a prince of his gens was visiting Czargrad and received great honors from the Emperor 2 Dmitry Likhachov combined attestations of the Nikon Chronicle which also recounts that Kyi with a great army marched onto Czargrad and received great honors from the Emperor 2 During his expedition to Constantinople Kyi also founded a city of Kyivets on the Danube 2 Nestor also names the approximate date of the assault on Kyiv by the Khazar Empire as after the death of Kyi which supports Boris Rybakov s hypothesis of the 6th 7th centuries 2 In his chronicle Nestor does not indicate the date of Kyi s death nor the existence or absence of heirs who continued to rule after his death 2 The chronicle does mention a meeting between local residents with the newly arrived Askold and Dir who asked them whose city Kjiv was and received the answer that the three brothers who built it were long dead and the residents now paid tribute to the Khazars 2 However the Polish historian Jan Dlugosz points out the Przemysl Chronicle that asserts after the death of Kyi Shchek and Khoryv their children and grandchildren who descended from them by direct lineage ruled for many years 2 Excerpt from the Ruthenian Primary Chronicles Edit Polѧnom zhe zhivushiim ѡ sobѣ i vla dѣyushim rody svoim ӕzhe i do seӕ brat ӕ bѧhu Polѧne i zhivѧhu kozhdo s rodom svoim na svoih mѣsteh volodѣyushe kozhdo rodom svoim I bysha g brata a A yedinomu imѧ Kii a drugomu Shek a tretyemu Horiv i sestra ih Lybѣd i sѣdѧshe Kii na gorѣ kdѣ n nѣ ouvoz Borichev a Shek sѣdѧshe na gorѣ kdѣ nnѣ zovetsѧ Shekovica a Horiv na tretyei gorѣ ѿnyudүzhe prozvasѧ Horivica stvorisha gorodok vo imѧ brata ih starѣishago i Kiyev i bѧshe ѡkolo goroda lѣs i bor velik i bѧhu lovѧshe zvѣr B bѧhut bo mudrѣ i smysleni i naricihusѧ Polѧne LѢTOPIS PO IPATEVSKOMU SPISKU PSRL T 2 Ipatevskaya letopis SPb 1908 Stlb 1 21 3 Translation by Dmitry Likhachov Edit In those times Polyans lived separately and were governed by own family clans and so those brethren of whom we will talk further were also Polyans and all they lived by family clans in own places and each was governed independently And there were three brothers one was named Kyi another Shchek and third Khoryv and their sister Lybid See of Kyi was the hill where today is Borychiv Descent and see of Shchek was the hill which today is called Shchekovytsia and Khoryv on the hill which was named after him Khoryvytsia And they built a city in honor of their older brother and called it Kyiv Around the city there was a great forest and thicket and there were hunting for beasts and were those men wise and reasonable and they were called Polyans from them the Polyans are to this day in Kyiv Dmitry Likhachov Story about establishing of Kyiv Primary Chronicles PREDANIE OB OSNOVANII KIEVA Povest vremennyh let 4 Translation by Samuel Hazzard Cross Edit While the Polyanians lived apart and governed their families for before the time of these brothers there were already Polyanians and each one lived with his gens on his own lands ruling over his kinsfolk there were three brothers Kiy sic Shchek and Khoriv and their sister was named Lybed Kiy sic lived upon the hill where the Borichev trail now is and Shchek dwelt upon the hill now named Shchekovitsa while on the third resided Khoriv after whom this hill is named Khorevitsa They built a town and named it Kyiv after their oldest brother Around the town lay a wood and a great pine forest in which they used to catch wild beasts These men were wise and prudent they were called Polyanians and there are Polyanians descended from them living in Kyiv to this day Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P Sherb owitz Wetzor The Primary Chronicle Laurentian Text 5 Archaeological excavations Edit Graphic depiction of archaeological excavations in Kyiv by Vikentiy Khvoyka Archaeological excavations have shown that there was indeed an ancient settlement starting with the 6th century Some speculate that Kyi was a real person a knyaz prince from the tribe of the Polans According to legend Kyi the eldest brother was a Polianian Prince and the city was named after him 6 In addition the legend says that the appearance of a large city on the hilly banks of the Dnieper was predicted by Andrew the Apostle 7 Historiographical interpretation Edit Many historians consider Kyi and his rule circa the 6th century to be actual history 2 Among such historians are Boris Rybakov Dmitry Likhachov Aleksey Shakhmatov Alexander Presnyakov Petro Tolochko and Nataliia Polonska Vasylenko 2 The names of Kyi and his brothers have equivalents in an Armenian chronicle from the 7th century History of Taron by Zenob Glak 8 In it Kyi and Khoryv have counterparts in brothers Kouar and Horian while Polyans is paralleled in the Balounik district 9 The legend also has parallels in the Croatian origo gentis of five brothers and two sisters Kloukas Lobelos Kosentzis Mouchlo Chrobatos Touga and Bouga from the 30th chapter of De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII 10th century and the Bulgarian apocryphal chronicle 12th century about the ethnogenesis of the Bulgarians All three speak about people who migrated to a foreign land whose leader was of the same name Kyi in Kyiv Chrobatos in Croats and Slav in Bulgarians while Kyivan and Croatian mention a sister 9 The female personality and number three can be found also in three daughters youngest Libuse of Duke Krok from Chronica Boemorum 12 century two sons and daughter Krakus II Lech II and Princess Wanda of Krakus legendary founder of Krakow from Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae 12 13th century and three brothers Lech Czech and Rus from Wielkopolska Chronicle 13th century 9 Khoryv or Horiv and his oronym Khorevytsia some scholars related to the Croatian ethnonym of White Croats 10 11 12 Pascenko related his name beside to the Croatian ethnonym also to the solar deity Khors 12 Near Kyiv there is a stream where previously existed a large village named Horvatka or Hrovatka it was destroyed in the time of Joseph Stalin which flows into Stuhna River 13 Modern tributes Edit The sculpture of Kyiv s founders depicted on Ukraine s interim bank note in 1990s In addition to the respective hills and the river there are Shchekavytska and Khoryva Streets in Kyiv s ancient neighborhood of Podil citation needed In 1982 Kyi Shchek Khoryv and Lybid were depicted standing on an ancient riverboat in a sculpture at the river side of Navodnytsky Park The Monument to the Founders of Kyiv created by Vasyl Borodai soon became iconic for the city and has been used as Kyiv s unofficial emblem In the 2000s another statue was installed at a fountain of the Maidan Nezalezhnosti See also EditLech Czech and Rus Jonakr s sonsReferences Edit An Armenian historian of the seventh century Zenob Glak knew of a similar legend concerning the founding of the city of Kuar Kyiv in the land of Poluni Polianians by three brothers Kuar Mentery and Kherean in Medieval Rus epics chronicles and tales 1974 Similarly to Nestor s story about Kyi Shchek and Khoryv the Armenian legend of Kuar and his brothers says in the 6th or in the 7th century in Kiyiv ancient and modern kity 1983 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Oleh Yastrubov And gave it its name Kyiv Newspaper Den 14 July 2006 Ipatiyivskij litopis Do lЂta 6414 906 Povest vremennyh let https archive org stream TheRussianPrimaryChronicle the 20russian 20primary 20chronicle djvu txt dead link Kyi Scheck Khoryv and Lybid Peoples Ukrainians in the World Nine facts about Kyiv church to be used by Ecumenical Patriarch Sakac S K 1940 Krapina Kijev Ararat Prica o troje brace i jednoj sestri Obnovljeni Zivot 21 3 4 129 149 Zagreb a b c Lajoye Patrice 2019 Sovereigns and sovereignty among pagan Slavs In Patrice Lajoye ed New Researches on the Religion and Mythology of the Pagan Slavs Lingva pp 165 181 ISBN 979 10 94441 46 6 Malyckij Oleksandr 2006 Hrvati u uvodnom nedatiranom dijelu Nestorove kronike Povijest minulih ljeta Croats in the introductory non dated part of the Nestor s chronicle History of the past years In Nosic Milan ed Bijeli Hrvati I White Croats I in Croatian Maveda pp 106 107 ISBN 953 7029 04 2 Jaroslav Rudnyckyj 1982 An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language Parts 12 22 in English and Ukrainian Vol 2 Winnipeg Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences UVAN p 968 a b Pascenko Jevgenij 2006 Nosic Milan ed Podrijetlo Hrvata i Ukrajina The origin of Croats and Ukraine in Croatian Maveda pp 99 102 109 ISBN 953 7029 03 4 Strizak Oleksij 2006 Sorbi Srbi Hrvati i Ukrajina Sorbs Serbs Croats and Ukraine In Nosic Milan ed Bijeli Hrvati I White Croats I in Croatian Maveda pp 106 107 ISBN 953 7029 04 2 External links EditOsnovateli Kij Shek i Horiv i ih sestra Lybed knyazya Askold i Dir Archived 2016 12 11 at the Wayback Machine A HISTORY OF UKRAINE EPISODE 14 THE FOUNDING OF KYIV Dmytro Lavrov How many years has Kiev SKILKI ROKIV MISTU KIYeVU The Mirror Weekly 28 May 2004 Mykola Kotlyar Kiev princes Kyi and Askold KIYiVSKI KNYaZI KIJ I ASKOLD Magazine Voyenna istoriya 2002 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kyi Shchek and Khoryv amp oldid 1131764495, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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