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Wikipedia

Bone marrow adipose tissue

January 01, 1970

Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), sometimes referred to as marrow adipose tissue (MAT), is a type of fat deposit in bone marrow. It increases in states of low bone density -osteoporosis,[1][2] anorexia nervosa/caloric restriction,[3][4] skeletal unweighting such as that which occurs in space travel,[5][6] and anti-diabetes therapies.[7] BMAT decreases in anaemia, leukaemia, and hypertensive heart failure; in response to hormones such as oestrogen, leptin, and growth hormone; with exercise-induced weight loss or bariatric surgery; in response to chronic cold exposure; and in response to pharmacological agents such as bisphosphonates, teriparatide, and metformin.[8]

Bone marrow adipose tissue
Details
SystemMusculoskeletal (or locomotor)
Identifiers
Latinadipose ossium medulla
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Bone marrow adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation.

Anatomy edit

Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds)[9] originate from mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) progenitors that also give rise to osteoblasts, among other cell types.[10] Thus, it is thought that BMAT results from preferential MSC differentiation into the adipocyte, rather than osteoblast, lineage in the setting of osteoporosis.[11] Since BMAT is increased in the setting of obesity[12][13][14] and is suppressed by endurance exercise,[15][12][16][17] or vibration,[18] it is likely that BMAT physiology, in the setting of mechanical input/exercise, approximates that of white adipose tissue (WAT).

Physiology edit

Exercise regulation edit

The first study to demonstrate exercise regulation of BMAT in rodents was published in 2014;[12] Now, exercise regulation of BMAT has been confirmed in a human,[19] adding clinical importance. Several studies demonstrated exercise reduction of BMAT which occurs along with an increase in bone quantity.[17][15][16][20] Since exercise increases bone quantity, reduces BMAT and increases expression of markers of fatty acid oxidation in bone, BMAT is thought to be providing needed fuel for exercise-induced bone formation or anabolism.[16] A notable exception occurs in the setting of caloric restriction: exercise suppression of BMAT does not yield an increase in bone formation and even appears to cause bone loss.[4][21][20] Indeed, energy availability appears to be a factor in the ability of exercise to regulate BMAT.[4] Another exception occurs in lipodystrophy, a condition with reduced overall adipose stores: exercise- induced anabolism is possible, even with minimal BMAT stores.[22]

Relationships to other types of fat edit

BMAT has been reported to have qualities of both white and brown fat.[23] However, more-recent functional and -omics studies have shown that BMAT is a unique adipose depot that is molecularly and functionally distinct to WAT or BAT.[24][25][26][27] Subcutaneous white fat contain excess energy, indicating a clear evolutionary advantage during times of scarcity. WAT is also the source of adipokines and inflammatory markers which have both positive (e.g., adiponectin)[28] and negative[29] effects on metabolic and cardiovascular endpoints. Visceral abdominal fat (VAT) is a distinct type of WAT that is "proportionally associated with negative metabolic and cardiovascular morbidity",[30] regenerates cortisol,[31] and recently has been tied to decreased bone formation[32][33] Both types of WAT substantially differ from brown adipose tissue (BAT) as by a group of proteins that help BAT's thermogenic role.[34] BMAT, by its "specific marrow location, and its adipocyte origin from at least LepR+ marrow MSC is separated from non-bone fat storage by larger expression of bone transcription factors",[35] and likely indicates a different fat phenotype.[36] Recently, BMAT was noted to "produce a greater proportion of adiponectin – an adipokine associated with improved metabolism – than WAT",[37] suggesting an endocrine function for this depot, akin, but different, from that of WAT.

Impact on bone health edit

BMAT increases in states of bone fragility. BMAT is thought to result from preferential MSC differentiation into an adipocyte, rather than osteoblast lineage in osteoporosis[11][20] based on the inverse relationship between bone and BMAT in bone-fragile osteoporotic states. An increase in BMAT is noted in osteoporosis clinical studies measured by MR spectroscopy.[38][39][40] Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis reduces BMAT.[41] Antiresorptive therapies like risedronate or zoledronate also decrease BMAT while increasing bone density, supporting an inverse relationship between bone quantity and BMAT. During aging, bone quantity declines[42][43] and fat redistributes from subcutaneous to ectopic sites such as bone marrow, muscle, and liver.[44] Aging is associated with lower osteogenic and greater adipogenic biasing of MSC.[45] This aging-related biasing of MSC away from osteoblast lineage may represent higher basal PPARγ expression[46] or decreased Wnt10b.[47][48][49] Thus, bone fragility, osteoporosis, and osteoporotic fractures are thought to be linked to mechanisms which promote BMAT accumulation.[citation needed]

Maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells edit

BMAds secrete factors that promote HSC renewal in most bones.[50]

Hematopoietic cells (also known as blood cells) reside in the bone marrow along with BMAds. These hematopoietic cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) which give rise to diverse cells: cells of the blood, immune system, as well as cells that break down bone (osteoclasts). HSC renewal occurs in the marrow stem cell niche, a microenvironment that contains cells and secreted factors that promote appropriate renewal and differentiation of HSC. The study of the stem cell niche is relevant to the field of oncology in order to improve therapy for multiple hematologic cancers. As such cancers are often treated with bone marrow transplantation, there is interest in improving the renewal of HSC.[citation needed]

Measurement edit

In order to understand the physiology of BMAT, various analytic methods have been applied. BMAds are difficult to isolate and quantify because they are interspersed with bony and hematopoietic elements. Until recently, qualitative measurements of BMAT have relied on bone histology,[51][52] which is subject to site selection bias and cannot adequately quantify the volume of fat in the marrow. Nevertheless, histological techniques and fixation make possible visualization of BMAT, quantification of BMAd size, and BMAT's association with the surrounding endosteum, milieu of cells, and secreted factors.[53][54][55]

Recent advances in cell surface and intracellular marker identification and single-cell analyses led to greater resolution and high-throughput ex-vivo quantification. Flow cytometric quantification can be used to purify adipocytes from the stromal vascular fraction of most fat depots.[56] Early research with such machinery cited adipocytes as too large and fragile for cytometer-based purification, rendering them susceptible to lysis; however, recent advances have been made to mitigate this;[57] nevertheless, this methodology continues to pose technical challenges[58] and is inaccessible to much of the research community.

To improve quantification of BMAT, novel imaging techniques have been developed as a means to visualize and quantify BMAT. Although proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) has been used with success to quantify vertebral BMAT in humans,[59] it is difficult to employ in laboratory animals.[60] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides BMAT assessment in the vertebral skeleton[61] in conjunction with μCT-based marrow density measurements.[62] A volumetric method to identify, quantify, and localize BMAT in rodent bone has been recently developed, requiring osmium staining of bones and μCT imaging,[63] followed by advanced image analysis of osmium-bound lipid volume (in mm3) relative to bone volume.[12][16][15] This technique provides reproducible quantification and visualization of BMAT, enabling the ability to consistently quantify changes in BMAT with diet, exercise, and agents that constrain precursor lineage allocation. Although the osmium method is quantitatively precise, osmium is toxic and cannot be compared across batched experiments. Recently, researchers developed and validated[16] a 9.4T MRI scanner technique that allows localization and volumetric (3D) quantification that can be compared across experiments, as in.[4]

Several studies have also analysed BMAT function in vivo using positron emission tomography - computed tomography (PET-CT) combined with the tracer 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). This allows glucose uptake, a measure of metabolic activity, to be quantified in living organisms, including humans. Two recent studies found that, unlike brown adipose tissue, BMAT does not increase glucose uptake in response to cold exposure, demonstrating that BMAT is functionally distinct from BAT.[24][64] The full extent of BMAT's impact on systemic metabolic homeostasis remains to be determined.

  • Methods for Quantification of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue (BMAT)
  •  
    This figure demonstrates the use of the osmium- μCT method with advanced image processing to quantify BMAT. In this figure, running exercise is shown to suppress BMAT despite PPARγ agonist. Fat binder osmium is imaged via μCT (A ) in n =5 per group overlaid images. Quantification of osmium as BMAT/ bone volume in the whole femur is shown. a, significant due to Rosi. b, significant due to exercise. Rosi=rosiglizaone, CTL=control, E=exercise.
  •  
    This figure demonstrates the use of MRI imaging (9.4T scanner) along with advanced image processing to quantify BMAT. The images and graph demonstrate that BMAT is higher in obese compared with lean mice. B6 mice were fed HFD from age 4 wk until age 16 wk. BMAT was quantified by MRI. A) n=10 superimposed group average images are shown B) BMAT normalized to bone volume in each group.
  •  
    Representative distal femur histologic section of a 16-week-old healthy C57BL/6 mouse demonstrating a typical quantity of marrow adipocytes.
  •  
    Representative distal femur histologic section of a 16-week-old C57BL/6 mouse after 6 weeks of calorie restriction demonstrating an increased quantity of marrow adipocytes.

Scientific societies edit

The International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society (BMAS) edit

Because of the increasing interest in BMAT from both researchers and clinicians, in 2018 The International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society (BMAS) was founded.[65] Work to build the society began in Lille, France in 2015, when the first International Meeting on Bone Marrow Adiposity (BMA2015) was held. The meeting was a great success and led to a second international meeting (BMA2016) in August 2016 held in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Both meetings were a success in that they for the first time brought together scientists and physicians from different backgrounds (bone metabolism, cancer, obesity and diabetes) to share ideas and advance research into, and our understanding of, the patho/physiological role of BMAds.

 
Logo for The International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society

This success led to a network of researchers discussing the formation of a new society, focusing on bone marrow adiposity (BMA). This network worked together in 2016–2017 to lay the foundations for this society, which was then discussed further during the third international meeting held in Lausanne, Switzerland in 2017 (BMA2017). The statues were then signed at the fourth international meeting, held in 2018 again in Lille (BMA2018). As discussed in the following section, there have since been three further international meetings, held in Odense, Denmark in 2019 (BMA2019), virtually in 2020 (BMA2020), and in Athens, Greece in 2022 (BMA2022). The first BMAS Summer School was held virtually in the summer of 2021.

Since its foundation, BMAS working groups have published three position papers relating to nomenclature,[9] methodologies [66] and biobanking for BMA research.[67] These working groups remain active, with other working groups also focussing on clinical and translational issues, public engagement, and young researchers (Next Generation BMAS)

BMAS meetings edit

  • BMA2015 (Lille, France)[68]
  • BMA2016 (Rotterdam, Netherlands)[69]
  • BMA2017 (Lausanne, Switzerland)[70]
  • BMA2018 (Lille, France)[71]
  • BMA2019 (Odense, Denmark)
  • BMA2020 (virtual BMA meeting)[72]
  • BMA Summer School 2021 (virtual)[73]
  • BMA2022 (Athens, Greece)

American Society for Bone and Mineral Research edit

ASBMR has published hundreds of presentations and articles on BMAT featured in the ASBMR annual meetings, The Journal of Bone and Mineral Research ( JBMR) , JBMRPlus, and the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism.

Endocrine Society edit

Endocrine society features many presentations and articles on BMAT.

References edit

  This article incorporates text by Gabriel M. Pagnotti and Maya Styner available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

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Further reading edit

  • . University of Michigan. 3 July 2014. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015.
  • "Another reason to exercise: Burning bone fat a key to better bone health". Science Daily. 18 May 2017.
  • "Why are our bones full of fat? The secrets of bone marrow adipose tissue". Society for Endocrinology. Winter 2017.

January 01, 1970
bone, marrow, adipose, tissue, bmat, sometimes, referred, marrow, adipose, tissue, type, deposit, bone, marrow, increases, states, bone, density, osteoporosis, anorexia, nervosa, caloric, restriction, skeletal, unweighting, such, that, which, occurs, space, tr. Bone marrow adipose tissue BMAT sometimes referred to as marrow adipose tissue MAT is a type of fat deposit in bone marrow It increases in states of low bone density osteoporosis 1 2 anorexia nervosa caloric restriction 3 4 skeletal unweighting such as that which occurs in space travel 5 6 and anti diabetes therapies 7 BMAT decreases in anaemia leukaemia and hypertensive heart failure in response to hormones such as oestrogen leptin and growth hormone with exercise induced weight loss or bariatric surgery in response to chronic cold exposure and in response to pharmacological agents such as bisphosphonates teriparatide and metformin 8 Bone marrow adipose tissueDetailsSystemMusculoskeletal or locomotor IdentifiersLatinadipose ossium medullaAnatomical terminology edit on Wikidata Bone marrow adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cell MSC differentiation Contents 1 Anatomy 2 Physiology 2 1 Exercise regulation 2 2 Relationships to other types of fat 2 3 Impact on bone health 2 4 Maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells 3 Measurement 4 Scientific societies 4 1 The International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society BMAS 4 1 1 BMAS meetings 4 2 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 4 3 Endocrine Society 5 References 6 Further readingAnatomy editBone marrow adipocytes BMAds 9 originate from mesenchymal stem cell MSC progenitors that also give rise to osteoblasts among other cell types 10 Thus it is thought that BMAT results from preferential MSC differentiation into the adipocyte rather than osteoblast lineage in the setting of osteoporosis 11 Since BMAT is increased in the setting of obesity 12 13 14 and is suppressed by endurance exercise 15 12 16 17 or vibration 18 it is likely that BMAT physiology in the setting of mechanical input exercise approximates that of white adipose tissue WAT Physiology editExercise regulation edit The first study to demonstrate exercise regulation of BMAT in rodents was published in 2014 12 Now exercise regulation of BMAT has been confirmed in a human 19 adding clinical importance Several studies demonstrated exercise reduction of BMAT which occurs along with an increase in bone quantity 17 15 16 20 Since exercise increases bone quantity reduces BMAT and increases expression of markers of fatty acid oxidation in bone BMAT is thought to be providing needed fuel for exercise induced bone formation or anabolism 16 A notable exception occurs in the setting of caloric restriction exercise suppression of BMAT does not yield an increase in bone formation and even appears to cause bone loss 4 21 20 Indeed energy availability appears to be a factor in the ability of exercise to regulate BMAT 4 Another exception occurs in lipodystrophy a condition with reduced overall adipose stores exercise induced anabolism is possible even with minimal BMAT stores 22 Relationships to other types of fat edit BMAT has been reported to have qualities of both white and brown fat 23 However more recent functional and omics studies have shown that BMAT is a unique adipose depot that is molecularly and functionally distinct to WAT or BAT 24 25 26 27 Subcutaneous white fat contain excess energy indicating a clear evolutionary advantage during times of scarcity WAT is also the source of adipokines and inflammatory markers which have both positive e g adiponectin 28 and negative 29 effects on metabolic and cardiovascular endpoints Visceral abdominal fat VAT is a distinct type of WAT that is proportionally associated with negative metabolic and cardiovascular morbidity 30 regenerates cortisol 31 and recently has been tied to decreased bone formation 32 33 Both types of WAT substantially differ from brown adipose tissue BAT as by a group of proteins that help BAT s thermogenic role 34 BMAT by its specific marrow location and its adipocyte origin from at least LepR marrow MSC is separated from non bone fat storage by larger expression of bone transcription factors 35 and likely indicates a different fat phenotype 36 Recently BMAT was noted to produce a greater proportion of adiponectin an adipokine associated with improved metabolism than WAT 37 suggesting an endocrine function for this depot akin but different from that of WAT Impact on bone health edit BMAT increases in states of bone fragility BMAT is thought to result from preferential MSC differentiation into an adipocyte rather than osteoblast lineage in osteoporosis 11 20 based on the inverse relationship between bone and BMAT in bone fragile osteoporotic states An increase in BMAT is noted in osteoporosis clinical studies measured by MR spectroscopy 38 39 40 Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis reduces BMAT 41 Antiresorptive therapies like risedronate or zoledronate also decrease BMAT while increasing bone density supporting an inverse relationship between bone quantity and BMAT During aging bone quantity declines 42 43 and fat redistributes from subcutaneous to ectopic sites such as bone marrow muscle and liver 44 Aging is associated with lower osteogenic and greater adipogenic biasing of MSC 45 This aging related biasing of MSC away from osteoblast lineage may represent higher basal PPARg expression 46 or decreased Wnt10b 47 48 49 Thus bone fragility osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures are thought to be linked to mechanisms which promote BMAT accumulation citation needed Maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells edit BMAds secrete factors that promote HSC renewal in most bones 50 Hematopoietic cells also known as blood cells reside in the bone marrow along with BMAds These hematopoietic cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells HSC which give rise to diverse cells cells of the blood immune system as well as cells that break down bone osteoclasts HSC renewal occurs in the marrow stem cell niche a microenvironment that contains cells and secreted factors that promote appropriate renewal and differentiation of HSC The study of the stem cell niche is relevant to the field of oncology in order to improve therapy for multiple hematologic cancers As such cancers are often treated with bone marrow transplantation there is interest in improving the renewal of HSC citation needed Measurement editIn order to understand the physiology of BMAT various analytic methods have been applied BMAds are difficult to isolate and quantify because they are interspersed with bony and hematopoietic elements Until recently qualitative measurements of BMAT have relied on bone histology 51 52 which is subject to site selection bias and cannot adequately quantify the volume of fat in the marrow Nevertheless histological techniques and fixation make possible visualization of BMAT quantification of BMAd size and BMAT s association with the surrounding endosteum milieu of cells and secreted factors 53 54 55 Recent advances in cell surface and intracellular marker identification and single cell analyses led to greater resolution and high throughput ex vivo quantification Flow cytometric quantification can be used to purify adipocytes from the stromal vascular fraction of most fat depots 56 Early research with such machinery cited adipocytes as too large and fragile for cytometer based purification rendering them susceptible to lysis however recent advances have been made to mitigate this 57 nevertheless this methodology continues to pose technical challenges 58 and is inaccessible to much of the research community To improve quantification of BMAT novel imaging techniques have been developed as a means to visualize and quantify BMAT Although proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy 1H MRS has been used with success to quantify vertebral BMAT in humans 59 it is difficult to employ in laboratory animals 60 Magnetic resonance imaging MRI provides BMAT assessment in the vertebral skeleton 61 in conjunction with mCT based marrow density measurements 62 A volumetric method to identify quantify and localize BMAT in rodent bone has been recently developed requiring osmium staining of bones and mCT imaging 63 followed by advanced image analysis of osmium bound lipid volume in mm3 relative to bone volume 12 16 15 This technique provides reproducible quantification and visualization of BMAT enabling the ability to consistently quantify changes in BMAT with diet exercise and agents that constrain precursor lineage allocation Although the osmium method is quantitatively precise osmium is toxic and cannot be compared across batched experiments Recently researchers developed and validated 16 a 9 4T MRI scanner technique that allows localization and volumetric 3D quantification that can be compared across experiments as in 4 Several studies have also analysed BMAT function in vivo using positron emission tomography computed tomography PET CT combined with the tracer 18F Fluorodeoxyglucose FDG This allows glucose uptake a measure of metabolic activity to be quantified in living organisms including humans Two recent studies found that unlike brown adipose tissue BMAT does not increase glucose uptake in response to cold exposure demonstrating that BMAT is functionally distinct from BAT 24 64 The full extent of BMAT s impact on systemic metabolic homeostasis remains to be determined Methods for Quantification of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue BMAT nbsp This figure demonstrates the use of the osmium mCT method with advanced image processing to quantify BMAT In this figure running exercise is shown to suppress BMAT despite PPARg agonist Fat binder osmium is imaged via mCT A in n 5 per group overlaid images Quantification of osmium as BMAT bone volume in the whole femur is shown a significant due to Rosi b significant due to exercise Rosi rosiglizaone CTL control E exercise nbsp This figure demonstrates the use of MRI imaging 9 4T scanner along with advanced image processing to quantify BMAT The images and graph demonstrate that BMAT is higher in obese compared with lean mice B6 mice were fed HFD from age 4 wk until age 16 wk BMAT was quantified by MRI A n 10 superimposed group average images are shown B BMAT normalized to bone volume in each group nbsp Representative distal femur histologic section of a 16 week old healthy C57BL 6 mouse demonstrating a typical quantity of marrow adipocytes nbsp Representative distal femur histologic section of a 16 week old C57BL 6 mouse after 6 weeks of calorie restriction demonstrating an increased quantity of marrow adipocytes Scientific societies editThe International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society BMAS editBecause of the increasing interest in BMAT from both researchers and clinicians in 2018 The International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society BMAS was founded 65 Work to build the society began in Lille France in 2015 when the first International Meeting on Bone Marrow Adiposity BMA2015 was held The meeting was a great success and led to a second international meeting BMA2016 in August 2016 held in Rotterdam The Netherlands Both meetings were a success in that they for the first time brought together scientists and physicians from different backgrounds bone metabolism cancer obesity and diabetes to share ideas and advance research into and our understanding of the patho physiological role of BMAds nbsp Logo for The International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society This success led to a network of researchers discussing the formation of a new society focusing on bone marrow adiposity BMA This network worked together in 2016 2017 to lay the foundations for this society which was then discussed further during the third international meeting held in Lausanne Switzerland in 2017 BMA2017 The statues were then signed at the fourth international meeting held in 2018 again in Lille BMA2018 As discussed in the following section there have since been three further international meetings held in Odense Denmark in 2019 BMA2019 virtually in 2020 BMA2020 and in Athens Greece in 2022 BMA2022 The first BMAS Summer School was held virtually in the summer of 2021 Since its foundation BMAS working groups have published three position papers relating to nomenclature 9 methodologies 66 and biobanking for BMA research 67 These working groups remain active with other working groups also focussing on clinical and translational issues public engagement and young researchers Next Generation BMAS BMAS meetings edit BMA2015 Lille France 68 BMA2016 Rotterdam Netherlands 69 BMA2017 Lausanne Switzerland 70 BMA2018 Lille France 71 BMA2019 Odense Denmark BMA2020 virtual BMA meeting 72 BMA Summer School 2021 virtual 73 BMA2022 Athens Greece American Society for Bone and Mineral Research edit ASBMR has published hundreds of presentations and articles on BMAT featured in the ASBMR annual meetings The Journal of Bone and Mineral Research JBMR JBMRPlus and the Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism Endocrine Society edit Endocrine society features many presentations and articles on BMAT References edit nbsp This article incorporates text by Gabriel M Pagnotti and Maya Styner available 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1210 clinem dgaa216 PMC 7247553 PMID 32311037 The International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society BMAS Website Tratwal J Labella R Bravenboer N Kerckhofs G Douni E Scheller EL et al 2020 Reporting Guidelines Review of Methodological Standards and Challenges Toward Harmonization in Bone Marrow Adiposity Research Report of the Methodologies Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society Frontiers in Endocrinology 11 65 doi 10 3389 fendo 2020 00065 PMC 7059536 PMID 32180758 Lucas S Tencerova M von der Weid B Andersen TL Attane C Behler Janbeck F et al 2021 Guidelines for Biobanking of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Related Cell Types Report of the Biobanking Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society Frontiers in Endocrinology 12 744527 doi 10 3389 fendo 2021 744527 PMC 8503265 PMID 34646237 Hardouin P Marie PJ Rosen CJ December 2016 New insights into bone marrow adipocytes Report from the First European Meeting on Bone Marrow Adiposity BMA 2015 Bone 93 212 215 doi 10 1016 j bone 2015 11 013 PMID 26608519 van der Eerden B van Wijnen A October 2017 Meeting report of the 2016 bone marrow adiposity meeting Adipocyte 6 4 304 313 doi 10 1080 21623945 2017 1313374 PMC 5736244 PMID 28410005 Corsi A Palmisano B Tratwal J Riminucci M Naveiras O 2019 Brief Report From the 3rd International Meeting on Bone Marrow Adiposity BMA 2017 Frontiers in Endocrinology 10 336 doi 10 3389 fendo 2019 00336 PMC 6546805 PMID 31191458 Penel G Kerckhofs G Chauveau C 2019 Brief Report From the 4th International Meeting on Bone Marrow Adiposity BMA2018 Frontiers in Endocrinology 10 691 doi 10 3389 fendo 2019 00691 PMC 6813723 PMID 31681168 Scheller EL McGee Lawrence ME Lecka Czernik B 2021 Report From the 6th International Meeting on Bone Marrow Adiposity BMA2020 Frontiers in Endocrinology 12 712088 doi 10 3389 fendo 2021 712088 PMC 8323480 PMID 34335478 Labella R Little Letsinger S Avilkina V Sarkis R Tencerova M Vlug A Palmisano B 2022 Next Generation Bone Marrow Adiposity Researchers Report From the 1st BMAS Summer School 2021 Frontiers in Endocrinology 13 879588 doi 10 3389 fendo 2022 879588 PMC 9043644 PMID 35498418 Further reading edit Bone marrow fat tissue secretes hormone that helps body stay healthy University of Michigan 3 July 2014 Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 Another reason to exercise Burning bone fat a key to better bone health Science Daily 18 May 2017 Why are our bones full of fat The secrets of bone marrow adipose tissue Society for Endocrinology Winter 2017 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bone marrow adipose tissue amp oldid 1203775472, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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