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Marienbad (video game)

January 01, 1970

Marienbad was a 1962 Polish puzzle mainframe game created by Elwro engineer Witold Podgórski in Wrocław, Poland for its Odra 1003. It was an adaption of the logic game nim. Inspired by the discussion in the magazine Przekrój of a variant of nim in the 1961 film Last Year at Marienbad (L'Année dernière à Marienbad), named "Marienbad" by the magazine, Podgórski programmed the game for the in-development 1003 mainframe, released in 1963. The game had players opposing the computer in alternating rounds of removing matches from a set, with the last player to take a match the loser. As the computer always played the optimal moves, it was essentially unbeatable.

Marienbad
Podgórski was inspired to adapt Nim for the Odra 1003 by its use in the 1961 film Last Year at Marienbad.
Developer(s)Witold Podgórski
Platform(s)Odra 1003
Release
Genre(s)Puzzle
Mode(s)Single-player

Marienbad did not spread far beyond its initial location. Elwro did not produce or advertise the game, though Podgórski recreated it at the Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna (Military University of Technology in Warsaw). The game fell into obscurity, with no pictures or documentation surviving to recreate it in its original form; as there is only one known Odra 1003 remaining and no way of recreating the game exists, it is considered lost. Despite its simplicity, it is considered possibly the first Polish computer or video game.

Gameplay edit

In nim, players take turns removing at least one object from a set of objects, traditionally matchsticks, with the goal of either being or not being the player who removes the last object. The gameplay options can be modeled mathematically.[1] In Marienbad's default game mode, four rows of matches were generated, with either one, three, five or seven matches within each row. The side that was left with the last match lost. The computer printout showed the player the current layout of matches. A single player could play the game at a time, whose turn alternated with the computer's.[2] Regardless of which side started the game, the computer was almost certain to be the winner, as it always made the perfect moves.[3]

On its maximum settings, the game consisted of 8,000 rows containing up to 1 trillion matches, requiring an hour for the computer to choose its next move. The game did not support a video output, as the Odra 1003 did not have a screen. Instead, the game was played via a teletypewriter and card perforator, on which the machine printed the results.[3]

Development edit

"The "writing" of the program consisted of setting the 39-bits of content and the 13-bits of the address of each program memory cell on the keys. At that time, there was no operating system or programming languages, and the computer could only write and read from the teletype, and load and punch out the paper tape."

Witold Podgórski, explaining how he wrote Marienbad for the Odra 1003.[4]

Elwro was a Polish company established in 1959 and based in Wrocław, Poland, that designed and manufactured mainframe and microcomputers. Its first release was the Odra 1001 mainframe in 1960, followed by the Odra 1002 in 1962 and the Odra 1003 in 1963. Witold Podgórski was a recent graduate of the Wrocław University of Technology, having majored in electronic engineering and specialized in mathematical machines.[2][5] Having first heard about the existence of "electronic brains" in 1955 in high school, he embarked on five years of study toward the automation of "digital machines". He completed his masters thesis at Elwro, where he was employed on 10 October 1961, working with the Odra 1001. He developed a way to manipulate the computer's memory to allow content to be saved, thus paving the way for the Odra 1003.[4] The new machine used modern transistor switches that allowed for 500 operations per second, and the drum memory of the Odra 1003 program had a capacity of 40 kilobytes.[6]

While working for Elwro in 1961, Podgórski discovered the logic game nim while reading an issue in the weekly magazine Przekrój. The magazine described a two-player game where players remove any number of items from one of four rows, with the player holding the last item losing. Przekrój named this variant of nim as "Marienbad" after the 1960 French film Last Year at Marienbad (L'Année dernière à Marienbad), in which characters frequently play these mathematical duels.[5][7] Podgórski became inspired by the use of the game nim in the film after reading about its principles.[8]

While sitting in a multi-hour lecture for his obligatory military study class, Podgórski decided to decipher the Marienbad algorithm and save it to a binary system which could be understood by computers.[4][5] Podgórski would later assert that the algorithm was extremely simple to implement into a computer and could be expressed in two words, adding that if nobody was interested in it he would take it to the grave.[4] He programmed the game for the first prototype of the Odra 1003, then in development and scheduled to be installed in the Board of the Topographic General Staff of the Polish Army in Wrocław.[5]

The game, intended for logical duels,[4][9] was developed solely by Podgórski by creating the algorithm, writing a list of instructions which were printed on sheets the size of postcards, and manually setting the initial state of each memory cell.[5][10] He designed the game to be unbeatable: if the human player made a single mistake, the computer would win. While employees in the Elwro factory knew that the result of the game was predetermined, many volunteered to play it. They could not beat the standard 16-match version of Marienbad, let alone higher settings of the game.[5]

Legacy edit

 
An Odra 1003 mainframe, photographed in 1974

Like many games in the early history of video games, Marienbad did not spread far beyond the initial location. Mainframe computers were rare throughout the world and primarily located in government or military institutions or large corporations, so were generally unavailable for amusement purposes.[9] Elwro produced only 42 Odra 1003 mainframes between 1963 and 1965.[11] Elwro declined to publish or advertise the game, and the title was mostly forgotten.[8][12] After developing the game, Podgórski became a student at the Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna (Military University of Technology in Warsaw), and with the assistance of fellow student Bogdan Bleja set up a version of the game there on an Odra 1003 that was mediated by a university operator. The computer, and therefore the game, could be used or played by any student, but only through an operator who received the intended input from the player and passed the information to the computer. As in Podgórski's original game instance, the game was essentially unbeatable; the operators as a result actively discouraged the players from participating. The university authorities supported this, as they wanted to forcibly remove the "nasty habit of harassing computers for logic games", which they believed should be used only for serious military purposes. Players took to holding secret meetings in front of the massive computer in the late evenings when the operators were gone.[3][5] Podgórski recalled that despite knowing that the game was designed to always beat the player, many people spent many hours trying to decipher the algorithm or win.[4]

In later years, variants of nim and Marienbad were the second most popular type of computer game present on Polish computers after noughts and crosses, since it was a relatively simple game to program. Wojciech Pijanowski [pl], who would later become the two-decade long host of Wheel of Fortune from the 1970s, proposed to Polish television a game show where players compete against a computer in nim on a Momik 8b minicomputer.[5] Meanwhile, Podgórski continued to work for Elwro, co-creating Odra computers, though he did not stop working on games. After colleagues brought a variant of the Mancala board game from Egypt, he became inspired to adapt it to the computer. This time he did not want to create an unbeatable game, but included adjustable difficulty levels to create a fun experience regardless of the player's expertise.[5]

Writing for Polish Bytes (Bajty Polskie), Bartłomiej Kluska asserts that as the only copy of the Odra 1003 is kept at the Museum of Technology in Warsaw in an inactive state, the original game of Marienbad no longer exists outside of the memory of players.[5] No recreations of the game have been made for more modern computers, and there are no known photos or documentation for how the game was played or created.[13][14] In the research paper Gry komputerowe jako dziedzictwo kulturowe (Computer games as a cultural heritage) by Maria Garda, she notes that the game should be written about only in the past tense as the original elements have not been preserved, adding that while the Marienbad algorithm can be recreated in a new programming environment, reconstruction of the physical transistors of the original computer would be nearly impossible. The paper further compared the challenges of playing this title in the modern era to playing Super Mario Bros. on the originally intended equipment in 50 years' time.[9]

Marienbad is considered one of the first Polish video games, developed almost 20 years before later candidates OiX (1984), Gąsienica (1985), and Puszka Pandory (1986),[13][15][6][16] and well before the first well-known Polish game, Tajemnica Statuetki (1993).[8] Łódź game historian Bartek Kluska made this assertion in his foundational book on the Polish video gaming industry, Polish Bytes;[17] his research uncovered the game as 24 years older than the game that previously held the title.[18] Kluska notes, however, that it was preceded by "Kółko i krzyżyk", a version of tic-tac-toe written by Department of Mathematical Apparatus programmer Bogdan Miś in 1960 for the XYZ computer, using a chess-sized grid.[5] Michał Nowicki of Gram.pl asserted that Kluska's research, in contrast with the previous and more imprecise Polish video gaming text Dawno temu w grach (Once upon a time in games), allows Marienbad's claim as the first Polish computer or video game to be made with almost 100% certainty.[19] An article by retailer Empik further asserts that Marienbad's simplicity and lack of video output means that the term "computer game" is a somewhat exaggerated term to describe it, much less "video game".[20]

Garda's paper claims, however, that regardless of its simplicity the game has importance as one of the earliest computer or video games from the region, although Marcin Kosman of Gamezilla notes that this first attempt at creating a Polish computer game went largely unnoticed.[9][21] Jacek Głowacki of Gry Online stated that despite its obscurity, it should be considered the ancestor of the modern Polish video gaming industry, and that its existence and creation are worth remembering.[8] The 2018 Ars Independent Festival held an exhibition entitled "From Marienbad to Novigrad" which explored the history of the Polish video gaming industry from Marienbad to The Witcher 3 (2015).[17][22]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Donovan, Tristan (20 April 2010). Replay: The History of Video Games. Yellow Ant. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-0-9565072-0-4.
  2. ^ a b "Dawno, dawno temu, zanim powstał "Wiedźmin"…" [Once upon a time, before "The Witcher" was created ...] (in Polish). Onet.pl. 15 July 2013. from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  3. ^ a b c Macminik (20 August 2015). "Elwro część 3 – pierwsza, seryjna Odra" [Elwro part 3 – The first, serial Odra]. Dobre Programy (in Polish). from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Kutkowski, Jarosław. "Strona Elwro" [Elwro Website] (in Polish). Elwro. from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kluska, Bartłomiej (2015). Bajty polskie [Polish Bytes] (in Polish). Wydawnictwo e-bookowo. ISBN 978-83-927229-3-9. from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  6. ^ a b Mrożewsi, Bartłomiej (December 2016). "Polskie technologie" [Polish technologies]. PC Format (in Polish). from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  7. ^ "To jest gra marianbadzka!" [This is a Marianbad game!]. Przekrój (in Polish). No. 862. 15 October 1981.
  8. ^ a b c d Głowacki, Jacek (18 March 2013). "Słyszeliście kiedyś o "Marienbad", pierwszej polskiej grze wideo w historii? Nie? No to koniecznie musicie nadrobić zaległości!" [Have you ever heard of "Marienbad", the first Polish video game ever? No? Well, you must catch up!]. Gry Online (in Polish). Webedia. from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  9. ^ a b c d Garda, Maria B. (January 2014). "Gry komputerowe jako dziedzictwo kulturowe" [Computer games as a cultural heritage] (PDF). Replay: The Polish Journal of Game Studies (in Polish). Uniwersytet Łódzk: 120–122. (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  10. ^ Szewczyk, Olaf (23 October 2011). ""Bajty polskie", czyli historia gier znad Wisły" ["Polish Bytes", or the history of games from the Vistula]. Jawne Sny (in Polish). from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  11. ^ Kluska, Bartłomiej; Rozwadowski, Mariusz (October 2011). "Pierwsza polska gra" [The First Polish Game]. CD-Action (in Polish). Bauer Media Group. pp. 96–97. ISSN 1426-2916.
  12. ^ "Od gry w zapałki do "Wiedźmina". 55 lat polskich gier komputerowych" [From the match game to "The Witcher". 55 years of Polish computer games] (in Polish). Polskie Radio. 21 February 2017. from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  13. ^ a b Michalik, Łukasz (29 August 2013). "Najstarsze polskie gry komputerowe. Wszystko zaczęło się... w 1962 roku!" [The oldest Polish computer games. It all began ... in 1962!]. Gadżetomania (in Polish). from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  14. ^ "One Pixel Too Far and the Character is Dead: A Chat with Bartłomiej Kluska". Culture.pl. 23 August 2017. from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  15. ^ . PSX Extreme (in Polish). January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  16. ^ Szymanek, Cezary (June 2016). "Edytorial" [Editorial] (PDF). Bloomberg Businessweek Polska (in Polish). No. 6. Bloomberg. p. 2. ISSN 2083-6279. (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  17. ^ a b "2018 Ars Independent Festival – Programme". Ars Independent Festival. 2018. from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  18. ^ Kosman, Marcin (10 November 2011). "Recenzja książki "Bajty polskie"" [Review of the book "Polish Bytes"]. Gamezilla (in Polish). from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  19. ^ Nowicki, Michał (12 December 2011). "Bajty polskie - Kluska i Rozwadowski - recenzja książki" [Polish Bytes - Kluska and Rozwadowski - book review] (in Polish). Gram.pl. from the original on 9 May 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  20. ^ "Od Teenagenta do Frostpunka – barwny świat gier z Polski" [From Teenager to Frostpunk – a colorful world of games from Poland] (in Polish). Empik. 25 April 2018. from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  21. ^ Kosman, Marcin (10 February 2012). "Historia polskich gier. Jak to się zaczęło? (część 1)" [The history of Polish games. How did it start? (Part 1)]. Gamezilla (in Polish). from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  22. ^ "Znamy pierwsze wydarzenia Ars Independent 2018" [We know the first Ars Independent 2018 events]. O.pl (in Polish). 15 June 2018. from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

Further reading edit

  • Początek – Historia Polskich Gier #1 (History of Polish Games # 1) by Polskie Gry Wideo

January 01, 1970
marienbad, video, game, marienbad, 1962, polish, puzzle, mainframe, game, created, elwro, engineer, witold, podgórski, wrocław, poland, odra, 1003, adaption, logic, game, inspired, discussion, magazine, przekrój, variant, 1961, film, last, year, marienbad, ann. Marienbad was a 1962 Polish puzzle mainframe game created by Elwro engineer Witold Podgorski in Wroclaw Poland for its Odra 1003 It was an adaption of the logic game nim Inspired by the discussion in the magazine Przekroj of a variant of nim in the 1961 film Last Year at Marienbad L Annee derniere a Marienbad named Marienbad by the magazine Podgorski programmed the game for the in development 1003 mainframe released in 1963 The game had players opposing the computer in alternating rounds of removing matches from a set with the last player to take a match the loser As the computer always played the optimal moves it was essentially unbeatable MarienbadPodgorski was inspired to adapt Nim for the Odra 1003 by its use in the 1961 film Last Year at Marienbad Developer s Witold PodgorskiPlatform s Odra 1003ReleasePL 1962Genre s PuzzleMode s Single player Marienbad did not spread far beyond its initial location Elwro did not produce or advertise the game though Podgorski recreated it at the Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna Military University of Technology in Warsaw The game fell into obscurity with no pictures or documentation surviving to recreate it in its original form as there is only one known Odra 1003 remaining and no way of recreating the game exists it is considered lost Despite its simplicity it is considered possibly the first Polish computer or video game Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Development 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingGameplay editIn nim players take turns removing at least one object from a set of objects traditionally matchsticks with the goal of either being or not being the player who removes the last object The gameplay options can be modeled mathematically 1 In Marienbad s default game mode four rows of matches were generated with either one three five or seven matches within each row The side that was left with the last match lost The computer printout showed the player the current layout of matches A single player could play the game at a time whose turn alternated with the computer s 2 Regardless of which side started the game the computer was almost certain to be the winner as it always made the perfect moves 3 On its maximum settings the game consisted of 8 000 rows containing up to 1 trillion matches requiring an hour for the computer to choose its next move The game did not support a video output as the Odra 1003 did not have a screen Instead the game was played via a teletypewriter and card perforator on which the machine printed the results 3 Development edit The writing of the program consisted of setting the 39 bits of content and the 13 bits of the address of each program memory cell on the keys At that time there was no operating system or programming languages and the computer could only write and read from the teletype and load and punch out the paper tape Witold Podgorski explaining how he wrote Marienbad for the Odra 1003 4 Elwro was a Polish company established in 1959 and based in Wroclaw Poland that designed and manufactured mainframe and microcomputers Its first release was the Odra 1001 mainframe in 1960 followed by the Odra 1002 in 1962 and the Odra 1003 in 1963 Witold Podgorski was a recent graduate of the Wroclaw University of Technology having majored in electronic engineering and specialized in mathematical machines 2 5 Having first heard about the existence of electronic brains in 1955 in high school he embarked on five years of study toward the automation of digital machines He completed his masters thesis at Elwro where he was employed on 10 October 1961 working with the Odra 1001 He developed a way to manipulate the computer s memory to allow content to be saved thus paving the way for the Odra 1003 4 The new machine used modern transistor switches that allowed for 500 operations per second and the drum memory of the Odra 1003 program had a capacity of 40 kilobytes 6 While working for Elwro in 1961 Podgorski discovered the logic game nim while reading an issue in the weekly magazine Przekroj The magazine described a two player game where players remove any number of items from one of four rows with the player holding the last item losing Przekroj named this variant of nim as Marienbad after the 1960 French film Last Year at Marienbad L Annee derniere a Marienbad in which characters frequently play these mathematical duels 5 7 Podgorski became inspired by the use of the game nim in the film after reading about its principles 8 While sitting in a multi hour lecture for his obligatory military study class Podgorski decided to decipher the Marienbad algorithm and save it to a binary system which could be understood by computers 4 5 Podgorski would later assert that the algorithm was extremely simple to implement into a computer and could be expressed in two words adding that if nobody was interested in it he would take it to the grave 4 He programmed the game for the first prototype of the Odra 1003 then in development and scheduled to be installed in the Board of the Topographic General Staff of the Polish Army in Wroclaw 5 The game intended for logical duels 4 9 was developed solely by Podgorski by creating the algorithm writing a list of instructions which were printed on sheets the size of postcards and manually setting the initial state of each memory cell 5 10 He designed the game to be unbeatable if the human player made a single mistake the computer would win While employees in the Elwro factory knew that the result of the game was predetermined many volunteered to play it They could not beat the standard 16 match version of Marienbad let alone higher settings of the game 5 Legacy edit nbsp An Odra 1003 mainframe photographed in 1974 Like many games in the early history of video games Marienbad did not spread far beyond the initial location Mainframe computers were rare throughout the world and primarily located in government or military institutions or large corporations so were generally unavailable for amusement purposes 9 Elwro produced only 42 Odra 1003 mainframes between 1963 and 1965 11 Elwro declined to publish or advertise the game and the title was mostly forgotten 8 12 After developing the game Podgorski became a student at the Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna Military University of Technology in Warsaw and with the assistance of fellow student Bogdan Bleja set up a version of the game there on an Odra 1003 that was mediated by a university operator The computer and therefore the game could be used or played by any student but only through an operator who received the intended input from the player and passed the information to the computer As in Podgorski s original game instance the game was essentially unbeatable the operators as a result actively discouraged the players from participating The university authorities supported this as they wanted to forcibly remove the nasty habit of harassing computers for logic games which they believed should be used only for serious military purposes Players took to holding secret meetings in front of the massive computer in the late evenings when the operators were gone 3 5 Podgorski recalled that despite knowing that the game was designed to always beat the player many people spent many hours trying to decipher the algorithm or win 4 In later years variants of nim and Marienbad were the second most popular type of computer game present on Polish computers after noughts and crosses since it was a relatively simple game to program Wojciech Pijanowski pl who would later become the two decade long host of Wheel of Fortune from the 1970s proposed to Polish television a game show where players compete against a computer in nim on a Momik 8b minicomputer 5 Meanwhile Podgorski continued to work for Elwro co creating Odra computers though he did not stop working on games After colleagues brought a variant of the Mancala board game from Egypt he became inspired to adapt it to the computer This time he did not want to create an unbeatable game but included adjustable difficulty levels to create a fun experience regardless of the player s expertise 5 Writing for Polish Bytes Bajty Polskie Bartlomiej Kluska asserts that as the only copy of the Odra 1003 is kept at the Museum of Technology in Warsaw in an inactive state the original game of Marienbad no longer exists outside of the memory of players 5 No recreations of the game have been made for more modern computers and there are no known photos or documentation for how the game was played or created 13 14 In the research paper Gry komputerowe jako dziedzictwo kulturowe Computer games as a cultural heritage by Maria Garda she notes that the game should be written about only in the past tense as the original elements have not been preserved adding that while the Marienbad algorithm can be recreated in a new programming environment reconstruction of the physical transistors of the original computer would be nearly impossible The paper further compared the challenges of playing this title in the modern era to playing Super Mario Bros on the originally intended equipment in 50 years time 9 Marienbad is considered one of the first Polish video games developed almost 20 years before later candidates OiX 1984 Gasienica 1985 and Puszka Pandory 1986 13 15 6 16 and well before the first well known Polish game Tajemnica Statuetki 1993 8 Lodz game historian Bartek Kluska made this assertion in his foundational book on the Polish video gaming industry Polish Bytes 17 his research uncovered the game as 24 years older than the game that previously held the title 18 Kluska notes however that it was preceded by Kolko i krzyzyk a version of tic tac toe written by Department of Mathematical Apparatus programmer Bogdan Mis in 1960 for the XYZ computer using a chess sized grid 5 Michal Nowicki of Gram pl asserted that Kluska s research in contrast with the previous and more imprecise Polish video gaming text Dawno temu w grach Once upon a time in games allows Marienbad s claim as the first Polish computer or video game to be made with almost 100 certainty 19 An article by retailer Empik further asserts that Marienbad s simplicity and lack of video output means that the term computer game is a somewhat exaggerated term to describe it much less video game 20 Garda s paper claims however that regardless of its simplicity the game has importance as one of the earliest computer or video games from the region although Marcin Kosman of Gamezilla notes that this first attempt at creating a Polish computer game went largely unnoticed 9 21 Jacek Glowacki of Gry Online stated that despite its obscurity it should be considered the ancestor of the modern Polish video gaming industry and that its existence and creation are worth remembering 8 The 2018 Ars Independent Festival held an exhibition entitled From Marienbad to Novigrad which explored the history of the Polish video gaming industry from Marienbad to The Witcher 3 2015 17 22 See also editNimrod a 1951 mainframe computer built to play nim Early history of video games Early mainframe gamesReferences edit Donovan Tristan 20 April 2010 Replay The History of Video Games Yellow Ant pp 1 9 ISBN 978 0 9565072 0 4 a b Dawno dawno temu zanim powstal Wiedzmin Once upon a time before The Witcher was created in Polish Onet pl 15 July 2013 Archived from the original on 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 a b c Macminik 20 August 2015 Elwro czesc 3 pierwsza seryjna Odra Elwro part 3 The first serial Odra Dobre Programy in Polish Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 Retrieved 19 March 2018 a b c d e f Kutkowski Jaroslaw Strona Elwro Elwro Website in Polish Elwro Archived from the original on 17 June 2018 Retrieved 19 June 2018 a b c d e f g h i j k Kluska Bartlomiej 2015 Bajty polskie Polish Bytes in Polish Wydawnictwo e bookowo ISBN 978 83 927229 3 9 Archived from the original on 18 June 2018 Retrieved 18 June 2018 a b Mrozewsi Bartlomiej December 2016 Polskie technologie Polish technologies PC Format in Polish Archived from the original on 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 To jest gra marianbadzka This is a Marianbad game Przekroj in Polish No 862 15 October 1981 a b c d Glowacki Jacek 18 March 2013 Slyszeliscie kiedys o Marienbad pierwszej polskiej grze wideo w historii Nie No to koniecznie musicie nadrobic zaleglosci Have you ever heard of Marienbad the first Polish video game ever No Well you must catch up Gry Online in Polish Webedia Archived from the original on 7 January 2018 Retrieved 19 March 2018 a b c d Garda Maria B January 2014 Gry komputerowe jako dziedzictwo kulturowe Computer games as a cultural heritage PDF Replay The Polish Journal of Game Studies in Polish Uniwersytet Lodzk 120 122 Archived PDF from the original on 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 Szewczyk Olaf 23 October 2011 Bajty polskie czyli historia gier znad Wisly Polish Bytes or the history of games from the Vistula Jawne Sny in Polish Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 Retrieved 19 March 2018 Kluska Bartlomiej Rozwadowski Mariusz October 2011 Pierwsza polska gra The First Polish Game CD Action in Polish Bauer Media Group pp 96 97 ISSN 1426 2916 Od gry w zapalki do Wiedzmina 55 lat polskich gier komputerowych From the match game to The Witcher 55 years of Polish computer games in Polish Polskie Radio 21 February 2017 Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 Retrieved 19 March 2018 a b Michalik Lukasz 29 August 2013 Najstarsze polskie gry komputerowe Wszystko zaczelo sie w 1962 roku The oldest Polish computer games It all began in 1962 Gadzetomania in Polish Archived from the original on 20 March 2018 Retrieved 19 March 2018 One Pixel Too Far and the Character is Dead A Chat with Bartlomiej Kluska Culture pl 23 August 2017 Archived from the original on 8 May 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 PSX Extreme 209 PSX Extreme in Polish January 2015 Archived from the original on 7 July 2017 Retrieved 17 June 2018 Szymanek Cezary June 2016 Edytorial Editorial PDF Bloomberg Businessweek Polska in Polish No 6 Bloomberg p 2 ISSN 2083 6279 Archived PDF from the original on 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 a b 2018 Ars Independent Festival Programme Ars Independent Festival 2018 Archived from the original on 5 September 2017 Retrieved 17 June 2018 Kosman Marcin 10 November 2011 Recenzja ksiazki Bajty polskie Review of the book Polish Bytes Gamezilla in Polish Archived from the original on 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 Nowicki Michal 12 December 2011 Bajty polskie Kluska i Rozwadowski recenzja ksiazki Polish Bytes Kluska and Rozwadowski book review in Polish Gram pl Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 Retrieved 17 July 2018 Od Teenagenta do Frostpunka barwny swiat gier z Polski From Teenager to Frostpunk a colorful world of games from Poland in Polish Empik 25 April 2018 Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 Retrieved 19 June 2018 Kosman Marcin 10 February 2012 Historia polskich gier Jak to sie zaczelo czesc 1 The history of Polish games How did it start Part 1 Gamezilla in Polish Archived from the original on 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 Znamy pierwsze wydarzenia Ars Independent 2018 We know the first Ars Independent 2018 events O pl in Polish 15 June 2018 Archived from the original on 17 June 2018 Retrieved 17 June 2018 Further reading editPoczatek Historia Polskich Gier 1 History of Polish Games 1 by Polskie Gry Wideo Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Marienbad video game amp oldid 1206553843, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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