The term Mare Nostrum originally was used by the Ancient Romans to refer to the Tyrrhenian Sea after their conquest of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica during the Punic Wars with Carthage. By 30 BC, Roman dominion had extended from the Iberian Peninsula to Egypt, and Mare Nostrum began to be used in the context of the whole Mediterranean Sea.[3] Other names were also employed, including Mare Internum ("Internal Sea"), but they did not include Mare Mediterraneum, which was a Late Latin creation that was attested to only well after the Fall of Rome.[4]
Italian nationalist usageedit
In the decades following the 1861 unification of Italy, Italian nationalists who saw Italy as the successor state to the Roman Empire attempted to revive the term.[2] In particular, the rise of Italian nationalism during the "Scramble for Africa" of the 1880s led to calls for the establishment of an Italian colonial empire, which introduced for the first time a renewed and modern concept of Mare Nostrum:[5]
Even if the coast of Tripoli were a desert, even if it would not support one peasant or one Italian business firm, we still need to take it to avoid being suffocated in Mare Nostrum.
Map of the Italian Mare Nostrum in the summer of 1942, during World War II: in green the territories controlled by the Italian Navy, in red the territories controlled by the Allies.
The term was again taken up by Benito Mussolini for use in fascist propaganda, in a similar manner to Adolf Hitler's Lebensraum. Mussolini wanted to re-establish the greatness of the Roman Empire and believed that Italy was the most powerful of the Mediterranean countries after World War I.[6] He declared that "the twentieth century will be a century of Italian power" and created one of the most powerful navies of the world in order to control the Mediterranean Sea.[7][8]
When World War II started, Italy was already a major Mediterranean power that controlled the north and south shores of the central basin. After the fall of France removed the main threat from the west, the British Mediterranean Fleet, with bases in UK-controlled Gibraltar, Malta, Cyprus, Egypt, and Mandatory Palestine remained the only threat to Italian naval power in the Mediterranean. The invasions of Albania, Greece, Yugoslavia and Egypt, and the Siege of Malta sought to extend Axis control over the Sea. This policy was so far-reaching and potentially intrusive, that it threatened neutral nations like Turkey, a threat that İsmet İnönü, the president of Turkey at the time of war, countered by promising to enter the war only if the Soviet Union joined the Allies.
Mussolini wished to create an Imperial Italy around his own idea of a "Mare Nostrum" and promoted the fascist project—to be realized in a future peace conference after the anticipated Axis victory—of an enlarged Italian Empire, stretching from the Mediterranean shores of Egypt to the Indian Ocean shores of Somalia and eastern Kenya. He referred to making the Mediterranean Sea "an Italian lake". This aim, however, was challenged throughout the campaign by the Allied navies at sea and the Allied armies and resistance movements on land. For example, Greece had easily been incorporated into the Roman Empire, but the new Greek state proved to be too powerful for Italian conquest, and Greece remained independent until German forces arrived to assist the Italian invasion. Despite periods of Axis ascendancy during the Battle of the Mediterranean it was never realized, and ended altogether with the final Italian defeat of September 1943.
The term "Mare Nostrum" was chosen as the theme for the Inaugural Conference of the Society for Mediterranean Law and Culture, being held in June 2012 at the University of Cagliari Faculty of Law, Sardinia, Italy ("La Conferenza Inaugurale della Società di Diritto e Cultura del Mediterraneo").[9] In this contemporary usage, the term is intended to embrace the full diversity of Mediterranean cultures, with a particular focus on exchanges and cooperation among Mediterranean nations.[9]
Following the 2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck, the Italian government decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean sea by authorizing "Operation Mare Nostrum", a military and humanitarian operation in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants.[10]
^. eurasia-rivista.org. Archived from the original on 2014-07-18.
Bibliographyedit
Lowe, C.J. (2002). Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940. Routledge. ISBN0-415-27372-2.
Tellegen-Couperus, Olga (1993). Short History of Roman Law. Routledge. ISBN0-415-07251-4.
Talbert, R., M. E. Downs, M. Joann McDaniel, B. Z. Lund, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. "Places: 1043 (Internum Mare)". Pleiades. Retrieved December 7, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
February 16, 2024
mare, nostrum, other, uses, disambiguation, ɑː, latin, roman, name, mediterranean, classical, latin, would, have, been, pronounced, ˈma, ˈnɔs, ecclesiastical, latin, pronounced, ˈmaː, ˈnɔs, roman, empire, farthest, extent, note, however, that, called, mare, in. For other uses see Mare Nostrum disambiguation Mare Nostrum ˌ m ɑː r ɪ ˈ n ɒ s t r e m 1 Latin Our Sea was a Roman name for the Mediterranean Sea In Classical Latin it would have been pronounced ˈma rɛ ˈnɔs t rʊ ː and in Ecclesiastical Latin it is pronounced ˈmaː rɛ ˈnɔs t rum The Roman Empire at its farthest extent in AD 117 Note however that the Sea is called Mare Internum Inner Sea on this map In the decades following the 1861 unification of Italy Italian nationalists and Italian fascists who saw Italy as the successor state to the Roman Empire attempted to revive the term 2 Contents 1 Roman usage 2 Italian nationalist usage 3 Fascist usage 4 Contemporary usage 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 BibliographyRoman usage editThe term Mare Nostrum originally was used by the Ancient Romans to refer to the Tyrrhenian Sea after their conquest of Sicily Sardinia and Corsica during the Punic Wars with Carthage By 30 BC Roman dominion had extended from the Iberian Peninsula to Egypt and Mare Nostrum began to be used in the context of the whole Mediterranean Sea 3 Other names were also employed including Mare Internum Internal Sea but they did not include Mare Mediterraneum which was a Late Latin creation that was attested to only well after the Fall of Rome 4 Italian nationalist usage editIn the decades following the 1861 unification of Italy Italian nationalists who saw Italy as the successor state to the Roman Empire attempted to revive the term 2 In particular the rise of Italian nationalism during the Scramble for Africa of the 1880s led to calls for the establishment of an Italian colonial empire which introduced for the first time a renewed and modern concept of Mare Nostrum 5 Even if the coast of Tripoli were a desert even if it would not support one peasant or one Italian business firm we still need to take it to avoid being suffocated in Mare Nostrum Emilio Lupi 2 Fascist usage edit nbsp Map of the Italian Mare Nostrum in the summer of 1942 during World War II in green the territories controlled by the Italian Navy in red the territories controlled by the Allies The term was again taken up by Benito Mussolini for use in fascist propaganda in a similar manner to Adolf Hitler s Lebensraum Mussolini wanted to re establish the greatness of the Roman Empire and believed that Italy was the most powerful of the Mediterranean countries after World War I 6 He declared that the twentieth century will be a century of Italian power and created one of the most powerful navies of the world in order to control the Mediterranean Sea 7 8 When World War II started Italy was already a major Mediterranean power that controlled the north and south shores of the central basin After the fall of France removed the main threat from the west the British Mediterranean Fleet with bases in UK controlled Gibraltar Malta Cyprus Egypt and Mandatory Palestine remained the only threat to Italian naval power in the Mediterranean The invasions of Albania Greece Yugoslavia and Egypt and the Siege of Malta sought to extend Axis control over the Sea This policy was so far reaching and potentially intrusive that it threatened neutral nations like Turkey a threat that Ismet Inonu the president of Turkey at the time of war countered by promising to enter the war only if the Soviet Union joined the Allies Mussolini wished to create an Imperial Italy around his own idea of a Mare Nostrum and promoted the fascist project to be realized in a future peace conference after the anticipated Axis victory of an enlarged Italian Empire stretching from the Mediterranean shores of Egypt to the Indian Ocean shores of Somalia and eastern Kenya He referred to making the Mediterranean Sea an Italian lake This aim however was challenged throughout the campaign by the Allied navies at sea and the Allied armies and resistance movements on land For example Greece had easily been incorporated into the Roman Empire but the new Greek state proved to be too powerful for Italian conquest and Greece remained independent until German forces arrived to assist the Italian invasion Despite periods of Axis ascendancy during the Battle of the Mediterranean it was never realized and ended altogether with the final Italian defeat of September 1943 Contemporary usage edit nbsp Fenice is one of the eight corvettes of Minerva class with the role of surveillance of fisheries from November 2013 it took part in the Operation Mare Nostrum rescuing the boats of illegal immigrants coming from North Africa Mare Nostrum is the title of a best selling novel by Spanish author Vicente Blasco Ibanez published in 1918 A film based on it was released in 1948 The term Mare Nostrum was chosen as the theme for the Inaugural Conference of the Society for Mediterranean Law and Culture being held in June 2012 at the University of Cagliari Faculty of Law Sardinia Italy La Conferenza Inaugurale della Societa di Diritto e Cultura del Mediterraneo 9 In this contemporary usage the term is intended to embrace the full diversity of Mediterranean cultures with a particular focus on exchanges and cooperation among Mediterranean nations 9 Following the 2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck the Italian government decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean sea by authorizing Operation Mare Nostrum a military and humanitarian operation in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants 10 See also editNine dash line Baltic SeaReferences editCitations edit Mare Nostrum Oxford English Dictionary Online ed Oxford University Press Subscription or participating institution membership required a b c Lowe 2002 p 34 Couperus 1993 p 32 Online Etymology Dictionary Mediterranean Accessed 29 Aug 2011 Raymond F Betts 1975 The False Dawn European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century Univ of Minnesota Pr p 12 Anthony Rhodes Propaganda The art of persuasion World War II p70 1976 Chelsea House Publishers New York Fleming Thomas The New Dealers War Perseus Books 2001 Italian naval operations in the Mediterranean such as the Battle of Cape Matapan are included in the Battle of the Mediterranean a b International Law Prof Blog typepad com L OPERAZIONE MARE NOSTRUM eurasia rivista org eurasia rivista org Archived from the original on 2014 07 18 Bibliography edit Lowe C J 2002 Italian Foreign Policy 1870 1940 Routledge ISBN 0 415 27372 2 Tellegen Couperus Olga 1993 Short History of Roman Law Routledge ISBN 0 415 07251 4 Talbert R M E Downs M Joann McDaniel B Z Lund T Elliott S Gillies Places 1043 Internum Mare Pleiades Retrieved December 7 2011 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mare Nostrum amp oldid 1202469497, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
