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Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics

The swimming competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro took place from 6 to 13 August at the Olympic Aquatics Stadium.[1] The women's open-water marathon was held on August 15, and the men's open water race on August 16 in Fort Copacabana.[2]

Swimming
at the Games of the XXXI Olympiad
Pictograms for Swimming (left) and Marathon Swimming (right)
VenueOlympic Aquatics Stadium (pool)
Fort Copacabana (open water)
Dates6–13 August 2016
15–16 August (Marathon)
No. of events34
Competitors955 from 174 nations
← 2012
2020 →

Open water quality edit

The location for open-water events was a source of concern for athletes since scientists have found microbes in the waters off of Fort Copacabana and drug-resistant super bacteria off the beaches of Rio de Janeiro in 2014 and 2016 studies due to the daily dumping of hospital waste and household raw sewage into the rivers and ocean. Ten percent of the Copacabana water test samples contained drug-resistant super bacteria.[3][4] However, during the races the water quality was good.[5][6]

Events edit

 
Interior view of the Olympic Aquatics Stadium, the temporary venue used for swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Similar to the program's format in 2012, swimming features a total of 34 events (17 each for men and women), including two 10 km open-water marathons. The following events were contested (all pool events are long course, and distances are in metres unless stated):

Schedule edit

Similar to previous Olympics since 2000, with the exception of 2008, the swimming program schedule occurred in two segments. For the pool events, prelims are held in the afternoon, followed by the semifinals and final in the evening and the night session (due to the substantial fees NBC has paid for rights to the Olympics, the IOC has allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible; NBC agreed to a $7.75 billion contract extension on May 7, 2014, to air the Olympics through the 2032 games[7] and is also one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC).[8][9] The dates in the table are for August.

Legend
H Heats ½ Semifinals F Final

A = Afternoon session, starting at 13:00 local time (16:00 UTC).
N = Night session, starting at 22:00 local time (01:00 UTC the next day).

Men[10]
Date → Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 8 Aug 9 Aug 10 Aug 11 Aug 12 Aug 13 Aug 16
Event ↓ A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N
50 m freestyle H ½ F
100 m freestyle H ½ F
200 m freestyle H ½ F
400 m freestyle H F
1500 m freestyle H F
100 m backstroke H ½ F
200 m backstroke H ½ F
100 m breaststroke H ½ F
200 m breaststroke H ½ F
100 m butterfly H ½ F
200 m butterfly H ½ F
200 m individual medley H ½ F
400 m individual medley H F
4 × 100 m freestyle relay H F
4 × 200 m freestyle relay H F
4 × 100 m medley relay H F
10 km open water F
Women[10]
Date → Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 8 Aug 9 Aug 10 Aug 11 Aug 12 Aug 13 Aug 15
Event ↓ A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N
50 m freestyle H ½ F
100 m freestyle H ½ F
200 m freestyle H ½ F
400 m freestyle H F
800 m freestyle H F
100 m backstroke H ½ F
200 m backstroke H ½ F
100 m breaststroke H ½ F
200 m breaststroke H ½ F
100 m butterfly H ½ F
200 m butterfly H ½ F
200 m individual medley H ½ F
400 m individual medley H F
4 × 100 m freestyle relay H F
4 × 200 m freestyle relay H F
4 × 100 m medley relay H F
10 km open water F

Qualification edit

FINA By-Law BL 9.3.6.4 (swimming) and BL 9.3.7.5.3 (open water) laid out the qualification procedures for the "Swimming" competition at the Olympics.[11] Each country is allowed to enter up to two swimmers per individual event (provided they qualify), and one entry per relay; and a country may not have more than 26 males and 26 females (52 total) on its team.

Swimming – individual events edit

On January 15, 2015, FINA posted the qualifying times for individual events for the 2016 Summer Olympics.[12] The time standards consisted of two types: an "Olympic Qualifying Time" (OQT) and an "Olympic Selection time" (OST). Each country was able to enter up to two swimmers per event, provided both swimmers met the (faster) qualifying time. A country was able to enter one swimmer per event that met the invitation standard. Any swimmer who met the "qualifying" time was entered in the event for the Games; a swimmer meeting the "invitation" standard was eligible for entry, and their entry was allotted/filled in by ranking.[12][13]

If a country had had no swimmers who meet either qualifying standard, it may have entered one male and one female. A country that did not receive an allocation spot but had at least one swimmer who met a qualifying standard might have enter the swimmer with the highest ranking.[13]

Swimming – relay events edit

Each relay event features 16 teams, composed of:

  • 12: the top-12 finishers at the 2015 World Championships in each relay event.[13]
  • 4: the 4 fastest non-qualified teams, based on times in the 15-months preceding the Olympics.[13]

Open-water swimming edit

The men's and women's 10 km races at the 2016 Summer Olympics featured 25 swimmers:[14]

  • 10: the top-10 finishers in the 10 km races at the 2015 World Championships
  • 9: the top-9 finishers at the 2016 Olympic Marathon Swim Qualifier (June 11–12, 2016 in Setúbal, Portugal)[15]
  • 5: one representative from each FINA continent (Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania). (These have been selected based on the finishes at the qualifying race in Setúbal.)
  • 1: from the host nation (Brazil) if not qualified by other means. If Brazil already contained a qualifier in the race, this spot had been allocated back into the general pool from the 2016 Olympic qualifier race.

Participation edit

Participating nations edit

Brazil, as the host country, receives guaranteed quota place in case it would not qualify any qualification places.

Medal summary edit

Medal table edit

  *   Host nation (Brazil)

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1  United States168933
2  Australia34310
3  Hungary3227
4  Japan2237
5  Netherlands2002
6  Great Britain1506
7  China1236
8  Canada1146
9  Italy1124
10  Sweden1113
11  Denmark1012
  Spain1012
13  Kazakhstan1001
  Singapore1001
15  South Africa0303
16  Russia0224
17  France0213
18  Belgium0101
  Greece0101
20  Belarus0011
  Brazil*0011
Totals (21 entries)353534104

Men's events edit

Games Gold Silver Bronze
50 m freestyle
details
Anthony Ervin
  United States
21.40 Florent Manaudou
  France
21.41 Nathan Adrian
  United States
21.49
100 m freestyle
details
Kyle Chalmers
  Australia
47.58 WJ Pieter Timmers
  Belgium
47.80 NR Nathan Adrian
  United States
47.85
200 m freestyle
details
Sun Yang
  China
1:44.65 Chad le Clos
  South Africa
1:45.20 AF Conor Dwyer
  United States
1:45.23
400 m freestyle
details
Mack Horton
  Australia
3:41.55 Sun Yang
  China
3:41.68 Gabriele Detti
  Italy
3:43.49
1500 m freestyle
details
Gregorio Paltrinieri
  Italy
14:34.57 Connor Jaeger
  United States
14:39.48 AM Gabriele Detti
  Italy
14:40.86
100 m backstroke
details
Ryan Murphy
  United States
51.97 OR Xu Jiayu
  China
52.31 David Plummer
  United States
52.40
200 m backstroke
details
Ryan Murphy
  United States
1:53.62 Mitch Larkin
  Australia
1:53.96 Evgeny Rylov
  Russia
1:53.97 ER
100 m breaststroke
details
Adam Peaty
  Great Britain
57.13 WR Cameron van der Burgh
  South Africa
58.69 Cody Miller
  United States
58.87 AM
200 m breaststroke
details
Dmitriy Balandin
  Kazakhstan
2:07.46 NR Josh Prenot
  United States
2:07.53 Anton Chupkov
  Russia
2:07.70 NR
100 m butterfly
details
Joseph Schooling
  Singapore
50.39 OR, AS Michael Phelps
  United States
Chad le Clos
  South Africa
László Cseh
  Hungary
51.14 Not awarded
as there was a tie for silver.
200 m butterfly
details
Michael Phelps
  United States
1:53.36 Masato Sakai
  Japan
1:53.40 Tamás Kenderesi
  Hungary
1:53.62
200 m individual medley
details
Michael Phelps
  United States
1:54.66 Kosuke Hagino
  Japan
1:56.61 Wang Shun
  China
1:57.05
400 m individual medley
details
Kosuke Hagino
  Japan
4:06.05 AS Chase Kalisz
  United States
4:06.75 Daiya Seto
  Japan
4:09.71
4 × 100 m freestyle relay
details
  United States (USA)
Caeleb Dressel (48.10)
Michael Phelps (47.12)
Ryan Held (47.73)
Nathan Adrian (46.97)
Jimmy Feigen[a]
Blake Pieroni[a]
Anthony Ervin[a]
3:09.92   France (FRA)
Mehdy Metella (48.08)
Fabien Gilot (48.20)
Florent Manaudou (47.14)
Jérémy Stravius (47.11)
Clément Mignon[a]
William Meynard[a]
3:10.53   Australia (AUS)
James Roberts (48.88)
Kyle Chalmers (47.38)
James Magnussen (48.11)
Cameron McEvoy (47.00)
Matthew Abood[a]
3:11.37
4 × 200 m freestyle relay
details
  United States (USA)
Conor Dwyer (1:45.23)
Townley Haas (1:44.14)
Ryan Lochte (1:46.03)
Michael Phelps (1:45.26)
Clark Smith[a]
Jack Conger[a]
Gunnar Bentz[a]
7:00.66   Great Britain (GBR)
Stephen Milne (1:46.97)
Duncan Scott (1:45.05)
Daniel Wallace (1:46.26)
James Guy (1:44.85)
Robbie Renwick[a]
7:03.13 NR   Japan (JPN)
Kosuke Hagino (1:45.34)
Naito Ehara (1:46.11)
Yuki Kobori (1:45.71)
Takeshi Matsuda (1:46.34)
7:03.50
4 × 100 m medley relay
details
  United States (USA)
Ryan Murphy (51.85) WR
Cody Miller (59.03)
Michael Phelps (50.33)
Nathan Adrian (46.74)
David Plummer[a]
Kevin Cordes[a]
Tom Shields[a]
Caeleb Dressel[a]
3:27.95 OR   Great Britain (GBR)
Chris Walker-Hebborn (53.68)
Adam Peaty (56.59)
James Guy (51.35)
Duncan Scott (47.62)
3:29.24 NR   Australia (AUS)
Mitch Larkin (53.19)
Jake Packard (58.84)
David Morgan (51.18)
Kyle Chalmers (46.72)
Cameron McEvoy[a]
3:29.93
10 km open water
details
Ferry Weertman
  Netherlands
1:52:59.8 Spyridon Gianniotis
  Greece
1:53:00.5 Marc-Antoine Olivier
  France
1:53:02.0

AF African Record | AM Americas Record | SA South American Record | AS Asian Record | ER European Record | OC Oceanian Record | OR Olympic Record | WJR World Junior Record | WR World Record
NR National Record (any World Record is necessarily also an Olympic, area, and national record. Area records (for continental regions) are also national records)

a Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.

Women's events edit

Games Gold Silver Bronze
50 m freestyle
details
Pernille Blume
  Denmark
24.07 NR Simone Manuel
  United States
24.09 Aliaksandra Herasimenia
  Belarus
24.11 NR
100 m freestyle
details
Penny Oleksiak
  Canada
Simone Manuel
  United States
52.70 OR, WJ, AM
52.70 OR, AM
Not awarded
as there was a tie for gold.
Sarah Sjöström
  Sweden
52.99
200 m freestyle
details
Katie Ledecky
  United States
1:53.73 Sarah Sjöström
  Sweden
1:54.08 NR Emma McKeon
  Australia
1:54.92
400 m freestyle
details
Katie Ledecky
  United States
3:56.46 WR Jazmin Carlin
  Great Britain
4:01.23 Leah Smith
  United States
4:01.92
800 m freestyle
details
Katie Ledecky
  United States
8:04.79 WR Jazmin Carlin
  Great Britain
8:16.17 Boglárka Kapás
  Hungary
8:16.37 NR
100 m backstroke
details
Katinka Hosszú
  Hungary
58.45 NR Kathleen Baker
  United States
58.75 Kylie Masse
  Canada
Fu Yuanhui
  China
58.76 NR
58.76 NR
200 m backstroke
details
Maya DiRado
  United States
2:05.99 Katinka Hosszú
  Hungary
2:06.05 Hilary Caldwell
  Canada
2:07.54
100 m breaststroke
details
Lilly King
  United States
1:04.93 OR Yulia Efimova
  Russia
1:05.50 Katie Meili
  United States
1:05.69
200 m breaststroke
details
Rie Kaneto
  Japan
2:20.30 Yulia Efimova
  Russia
2:21.97 Shi Jinglin
  China
2:22.28
100 m butterfly
details
Sarah Sjöström
  Sweden
55.48 WR Penny Oleksiak
  Canada
56.46 WJ, NR Dana Vollmer
  United States
56.63
200 m butterfly
details
Mireia Belmonte García
  Spain
2.04.85 Madeline Groves
  Australia
2.04.88 Natsumi Hoshi
  Japan
2.05.20
200 m individual medley
details
Katinka Hosszú
  Hungary
2:06.58 OR Siobhan-Marie O'Connor
  Great Britain
2:06.88 NR Maya DiRado
  United States
2:08.79
400 m individual medley
details
Katinka Hosszú
  Hungary
4:26.36 WR Maya DiRado
  United States
4:31.15 Mireia Belmonte García
  Spain
4:32.39
4 × 100 m freestyle relay
details
  Australia (AUS)
Emma McKeon (53.41)
Brittany Elmslie (53.12)
Bronte Campbell (52.15)
Cate Campbell (51.97)
Madison Wilson[b]
3:30.65 WR   United States (USA)
Simone Manuel (53.36)
Abbey Weitzeil (52.56)
Dana Vollmer (53.18)
Katie Ledecky (52.79)
Amanda Weir[b]
Lia Neal[b]
Allison Schmitt[b]
3:31.89 AM   Canada (CAN)
Sandrine Mainville (53.86)
Chantal Van Landeghem (53.12)
Taylor Ruck (53.19)
Penny Oleksiak (52.72)
Michelle Williams[b]
3:32.89 NR
4 × 200 m freestyle relay
details
  United States (USA)
Allison Schmitt (1:56.21)
Leah Smith (1:56.69)
Maya DiRado (1:56.39)
Katie Ledecky (1:53.74)
Missy Franklin[b]
Melanie Margalis[b]
Cierra Runge[b]
7:43.03   Australia (AUS)
Leah Neale (1:57.95)
Emma McKeon (1:54.64)
Bronte Barratt (1:55.81)
Tamsin Cook (1:56.47)
Jessica Ashwood[b]
7:44.87   Canada (CAN)
Katerine Savard (1:57.91)
Taylor Ruck (1:56.18)
Brittany MacLean (1:56.36)
Penny Oleksiak (1:54.94)
Kennedy Goss[b]
Emily Overholt[b]
7:45.39 NR
4 × 100 m medley relay
details
  United States (USA)
Kathleen Baker (59.00)
Lilly King (1:05.70)
Dana Vollmer (56.00)
Simone Manuel (52.43)
Olivia Smoliga[b]
Katie Meili[b]
Kelsi Worrell[b]
Abbey Weitzeil[b]
3:53.13   Australia (AUS)
Emily Seebohm (58.83)
Taylor McKeown (1:07.05)
Emma McKeon (56.95)
Cate Campbell (52.17)
Madison Wilson[b]
Madeline Groves[b]
Brittany Elmslie[b]
3:55.00   Denmark (DEN)
Mie Nielsen (58.75)
Rikke Møller Pedersen (1:06.62)
Jeanette Ottesen (56.43)
Pernille Blume (53.21)
3:55.01 ER
10 km open water
details
Sharon van Rouwendaal
  Netherlands
1:56:32.1 Rachele Bruni
  Italy
1:56:49.5 Poliana Okimoto
  Brazil
1:56:51.4

AF African Record | AM Americas Record | SA South American Record | AS Asian Record | ER European Record | OC Oceanian Record | OR Olympic Record | WJR World Junior Record | WR World Record
NR National Record (any World Record is necessarily also an Olympic, area, and national record. Area records (for continental regions) are also national records)

b Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.

Olympic and world records broken edit

Men edit

Event Established for Date Round Name Nationality Time Record Day
Men's 100 metre breaststroke (same) 6 August Heats Adam Peaty   Great Britain 57.55 WR 1
Men's 100 metre breaststroke (same) 7 August Final Adam Peaty   Great Britain 57.13 WR 2
Men's 100 metre backstroke (same) 8 August Final Ryan Murphy   United States 51.97 OR 3
Men's 200 metre breaststroke (same) 9 August Semifinal Ippei Watanabe   Japan 2:07.22 OR 4
Men's 100 metre butterfly (same) 12 August Final Joseph Schooling   Singapore 50.39 OR 7
Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay Men's 100 metre backstroke 13 August Final Ryan Murphy   United States 51.85 r WR 8
Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay (same) 13 August Final Ryan Murphy (51.85)
Cody Miller (59.03)
Michael Phelps (50.33)
Nathan Adrian (46.74)
  United States 3:27.95 OR 8

Women edit

Event Date Round Name Nationality Time Record Day
Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay 6 August Heats Madison Wilson (54.11)
Brittany Elmslie (53.22)
Bronte Campbell (53.26)
Cate Campbell (51.80)
  Australia 3:32.39 OR 1
Women's 100 metre butterfly 6 August Semifinal Sarah Sjöström   Sweden 55.84 OR 1
Women's 400 metre individual medley 6 August Final Katinka Hosszú   Hungary 4:26.36 WR 1
Women's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay 6 August Final Emma McKeon (53.41)
Brittany Elmslie (53.12)
Bronte Campbell (52.15)
Cate Campbell (51.97)
  Australia 3:30.65 WR 1
Women's 400 metre freestyle 7 August Heats Katie Ledecky   United States 3:58.71 OR 2
Women's 100 metre butterfly 7 August Final Sarah Sjöström   Sweden 55.48 WR 2
Women's 400 metre freestyle 7 August Final Katie Ledecky   United States 3:56.46 WR 2
Women's 200 metre individual medley 8 August Heats Katinka Hosszú   Hungary 2:07.45 OR 3
Women's 100 metre breaststroke 8 August Final Lilly King   United States 1:04.93 OR 3
Women's 200 metre individual medley 9 August Final Katinka Hosszú   Hungary 2:06.58 OR 4
Women's 100 metre freestyle 10 August Heats Cate Campbell   Australia 52.78 OR 5
Women's 100 metre freestyle 10 August Semifinals Cate Campbell   Australia 52.71 OR 5
Women's 800 metre freestyle 11 August Heats Katie Ledecky   United States 8.12.86 OR 6
Women's 100 metre freestyle 11 August Final Simone Manuel   United States 52.70 OR 6
Women's 100 metre freestyle 11 August Final Penny Oleksiak   Canada 52.70 OR 6
Women's 800 metre freestyle 12 August Final Katie Ledecky   United States 8.04.79 WR 7

Legend: r – First leg of relay

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Olympedia – Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics". www.olympedia.org. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  2. ^ (PDF). Rio 2016 Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  3. ^ "Exclusive: Studies find 'super bacteria' in Rio's Olympic venues, top beaches". Reuters. 11 June 2016. The first of the two new studies [...] showed the presence of the microbes at five of Rio's showcase beaches, including the ocean-front Copacabana, where open-water and triathlon swimming will take place.
  4. ^ "Scientists reportedly find super bacteria in several Rio Olympic venues". Fox News. 11 June 2016.
  5. ^ "Rio Olympics: Water quality not an issue in open water 10k race". Newsday. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  6. ^ Baxter, Kevin (15 August 2016). "Marathon swimmers find Rio's water to their taste". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
  7. ^ "Olympics on NBC through 2032". USA Today. Gannett Company. 7 May 2014.
  8. ^ "Fewer Russians Could Be a Windfall for U.S. Olympic Business". The New York Times. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  9. ^ Longman, Jeré (12 February 2018). "For Olympic Figure Skaters, a New Meaning to Morning Routine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. from the original on 16 February 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Swimming At The 2016 Olympic Games – The Complete Schedule". SwimSwam. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  11. ^ . FINA. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  12. ^ a b "FINA Releases 2016 Olympic Qualifying Time Standards". Swimming World Magazine. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  13. ^ a b c d (PDF). Rio 2016. FINA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  14. ^ (PDF). Rio 2016. FINA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  15. ^ Keith, Braden (7 January 2015). "2016 Olympic Marathon Swim Qualifier returning to Setubal, Portugal". SwimSwam.com. Retrieved 23 January 2015.

External links edit

  • . Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  • . Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  • at SR/Olympics (archived)
  • NBC Olympics: Swimming
  • Results Book – Swimming
  • Results Book – Marathon Swimming

swimming, 2016, summer, olympics, swimming, competitions, 2016, summer, olympics, janeiro, took, place, from, august, olympic, aquatics, stadium, women, open, water, marathon, held, august, open, water, race, august, fort, copacabana, swimmingat, games, xxxi, . The swimming competitions at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro took place from 6 to 13 August at the Olympic Aquatics Stadium 1 The women s open water marathon was held on August 15 and the men s open water race on August 16 in Fort Copacabana 2 Swimmingat the Games of the XXXI OlympiadPictograms for Swimming left and Marathon Swimming right VenueOlympic Aquatics Stadium pool Fort Copacabana open water Dates6 13 August 201615 16 August Marathon No of events34Competitors955 from 174 nations 20122020 Contents 1 Open water quality 2 Events 2 1 Schedule 3 Qualification 3 1 Swimming individual events 3 2 Swimming relay events 3 3 Open water swimming 4 Participation 4 1 Participating nations 5 Medal summary 5 1 Medal table 5 2 Men s events 5 3 Women s events 6 Olympic and world records broken 6 1 Men 6 2 Women 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksOpen water quality editThe location for open water events was a source of concern for athletes since scientists have found microbes in the waters off of Fort Copacabana and drug resistant super bacteria off the beaches of Rio de Janeiro in 2014 and 2016 studies due to the daily dumping of hospital waste and household raw sewage into the rivers and ocean Ten percent of the Copacabana water test samples contained drug resistant super bacteria 3 4 However during the races the water quality was good 5 6 Events edit nbsp Interior view of the Olympic Aquatics Stadium the temporary venue used for swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics Similar to the program s format in 2012 swimming features a total of 34 events 17 each for men and women including two 10 km open water marathons The following events were contested all pool events are long course and distances are in metres unless stated Freestyle 50 100 200 400 800 women and 1 500 men Backstroke 100 and 200 Breaststroke 100 and 200 Butterfly 100 and 200 Individual medley 200 and 400 Relays 4 100 free 4 200 free 4 100 medley Marathon 10 kilometresSchedule edit Similar to previous Olympics since 2000 with the exception of 2008 the swimming program schedule occurred in two segments For the pool events prelims are held in the afternoon followed by the semifinals and final in the evening and the night session due to the substantial fees NBC has paid for rights to the Olympics the IOC has allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U S television ratings when possible NBC agreed to a 7 75 billion contract extension on May 7 2014 to air the Olympics through the 2032 games 7 and is also one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC 8 9 The dates in the table are for August Legend H Heats Semifinals F FinalA Afternoon session starting at 13 00 local time 16 00 UTC N Night session starting at 22 00 local time 01 00 UTC the next day Men 10 Date Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 8 Aug 9 Aug 10 Aug 11 Aug 12 Aug 13 Aug 16Event A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N50 m freestyle H F100 m freestyle H F200 m freestyle H F400 m freestyle H F1500 m freestyle H F100 m backstroke H F200 m backstroke H F100 m breaststroke H F200 m breaststroke H F100 m butterfly H F200 m butterfly H F200 m individual medley H F400 m individual medley H F4 100 m freestyle relay H F4 200 m freestyle relay H F4 100 m medley relay H F10 km open water FWomen 10 Date Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 8 Aug 9 Aug 10 Aug 11 Aug 12 Aug 13 Aug 15Event A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N50 m freestyle H F100 m freestyle H F200 m freestyle H F400 m freestyle H F800 m freestyle H F100 m backstroke H F200 m backstroke H F100 m breaststroke H F200 m breaststroke H F100 m butterfly H F200 m butterfly H F200 m individual medley H F400 m individual medley H F4 100 m freestyle relay H F4 200 m freestyle relay H F4 100 m medley relay H F10 km open water FQualification editMain article Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics Qualification FINA By Law BL 9 3 6 4 swimming and BL 9 3 7 5 3 open water laid out the qualification procedures for the Swimming competition at the Olympics 11 Each country is allowed to enter up to two swimmers per individual event provided they qualify and one entry per relay and a country may not have more than 26 males and 26 females 52 total on its team Swimming individual events edit On January 15 2015 FINA posted the qualifying times for individual events for the 2016 Summer Olympics 12 The time standards consisted of two types an Olympic Qualifying Time OQT and an Olympic Selection time OST Each country was able to enter up to two swimmers per event provided both swimmers met the faster qualifying time A country was able to enter one swimmer per event that met the invitation standard Any swimmer who met the qualifying time was entered in the event for the Games a swimmer meeting the invitation standard was eligible for entry and their entry was allotted filled in by ranking 12 13 If a country had had no swimmers who meet either qualifying standard it may have entered one male and one female A country that did not receive an allocation spot but had at least one swimmer who met a qualifying standard might have enter the swimmer with the highest ranking 13 Swimming relay events edit Each relay event features 16 teams composed of 12 the top 12 finishers at the 2015 World Championships in each relay event 13 4 the 4 fastest non qualified teams based on times in the 15 months preceding the Olympics 13 Open water swimming edit The men s and women s 10 km races at the 2016 Summer Olympics featured 25 swimmers 14 10 the top 10 finishers in the 10 km races at the 2015 World Championships 9 the top 9 finishers at the 2016 Olympic Marathon Swim Qualifier June 11 12 2016 in Setubal Portugal 15 5 one representative from each FINA continent Africa Americas Asia Europe and Oceania These have been selected based on the finishes at the qualifying race in Setubal 1 from the host nation Brazil if not qualified by other means If Brazil already contained a qualifier in the race this spot had been allocated back into the general pool from the 2016 Olympic qualifier race Participation editParticipating nations edit Brazil as the host country receives guaranteed quota place in case it would not qualify any qualification places nbsp Albania 2 nbsp Algeria 1 nbsp Andorra 2 nbsp Angola 2 nbsp Antigua and Barbuda 2 nbsp Argentina 5 nbsp Armenia 2 nbsp Aruba 2 nbsp Australia 39 nbsp Austria 6 nbsp Azerbaijan 2 nbsp Bahamas 3 nbsp Bahrain 1 nbsp Bangladesh 2 nbsp Barbados 2 nbsp Belgium 10 nbsp Benin 2 nbsp Belarus 8 nbsp Bermuda 2 nbsp Bolivia 2 nbsp Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 nbsp Botswana 2 nbsp Brazil 36 nbsp British Virgin Islands 1 nbsp Bulgaria 3 nbsp Burkina Faso 2 nbsp Burundi 2 nbsp Cambodia 2 nbsp Canada 30 nbsp Cayman Islands 2 nbsp Central African Republic 2 nbsp Chile 2 nbsp China 45 nbsp Colombia 4 nbsp Comoros 2 nbsp Republic of the Congo 2 nbsp Cook Islands 2 nbsp Costa Rica 1 nbsp Croatia 2 nbsp Cuba 1 nbsp Cyprus 2 nbsp Czech Republic 8 nbsp Denmark 15 nbsp Djibouti 1 nbsp Dominican Republic 2 nbsp Ecuador 3 nbsp Egypt 7 nbsp El Salvador 2 nbsp Estonia 2 nbsp Ethiopia 2 nbsp Fiji 2 nbsp Finland 8 nbsp France 30 nbsp Gabon 1 nbsp The Gambia 1 nbsp Georgia 2 nbsp Germany 29 nbsp Great Britain 28 nbsp Ghana 2 nbsp Greece 15 nbsp Grenada 2 nbsp Guam 2 nbsp Guinea 2 nbsp Guatemala 2 nbsp Guyana 2 nbsp Haiti 2 nbsp Honduras 2 nbsp Hong Kong 7 nbsp Hungary 35 nbsp Iceland 3 nbsp India 2 nbsp Indonesia 2 nbsp Iran 1 nbsp Iraq 1 nbsp Ireland 3 nbsp Israel 7 nbsp Italy 38 nbsp Ivory Coast 2 nbsp Jamaica 2 nbsp Japan 36 nbsp Jordan 2 nbsp Kazakhstan 3 nbsp Kenya 2 nbsp Kosovo 2 nbsp Independent Olympic Athletes 2 nbsp Kyrgyzstan 2 nbsp Laos 2 nbsp Latvia 2 nbsp Lebanon 2 nbsp Libya 2 nbsp Liechtenstein 2 nbsp Lithuania 6 nbsp Luxembourg 3 nbsp Macedonia 2 nbsp Madagascar 2 nbsp Malaysia 3 nbsp Malawi 2 nbsp Maldives 2 nbsp Mali 2 nbsp Malta 2 nbsp Marshall Islands 2 nbsp Mauritius 2 nbsp Mexico 3 nbsp Federated States of Micronesia 2 nbsp Moldova 2 nbsp Mongolia 2 nbsp Montenegro 2 nbsp Morocco 2 nbsp Mozambique 2 nbsp Myanmar 1 nbsp Netherlands 17 nbsp Nepal 2 nbsp New Zealand 9 nbsp Nicaragua 2 nbsp Niger 2 nbsp Nigeria 2 nbsp Norway 2 nbsp Palau 2 nbsp Palestine 2 nbsp Pakistan 2 nbsp Panama 2 nbsp Papua New Guinea 1 nbsp Paraguay 2 nbsp Peru 2 nbsp Philippines 2 nbsp Poland 20 nbsp Portugal 5 nbsp Qatar 2 nbsp Refugee Olympic Team 2 nbsp Romania 6 nbsp Puerto Rico 2 nbsp Russia 36 nbsp Rwanda 2 nbsp Saint Lucia 1 nbsp Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2 nbsp Samoa 2 nbsp Senegal 2 nbsp Serbia 6 nbsp Seychelles 2 nbsp Sierra Leone 2 nbsp Singapore 3 nbsp Slovakia 3 nbsp Slovenia 10 nbsp South Africa 13 nbsp South Korea 8 nbsp Spain 24 nbsp Sri Lanka 2 nbsp Sweden 11 nbsp Switzerland 8 nbsp Sudan 2 nbsp Suriname 2 nbsp Syria 2 nbsp Chinese Taipei 2 nbsp Tajikistan 2 nbsp Tanzania 2 nbsp Thailand 2 nbsp Togo 2 nbsp Tonga 2 nbsp Trinidad and Tobago 2 nbsp Tunisia 2 nbsp Turkey 4 nbsp Turkmenistan 2 nbsp Uganda 2 nbsp Ukraine 7 nbsp United Arab Emirates 2 nbsp United States 47 nbsp Uruguay 2 nbsp Uzbekistan 2 nbsp Venezuela 6 nbsp Vietnam 2 nbsp Virgin Islands 2 nbsp Yemen 2 nbsp Zambia 2 nbsp Zimbabwe 2 Medal summary editMedal table edit Host nation Brazil RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 nbsp United States1689332 nbsp Australia343103 nbsp Hungary32274 nbsp Japan22375 nbsp Netherlands20026 nbsp Great Britain15067 nbsp China12368 nbsp Canada11469 nbsp Italy112410 nbsp Sweden111311 nbsp Denmark1012 nbsp Spain101213 nbsp Kazakhstan1001 nbsp Singapore100115 nbsp South Africa030316 nbsp Russia022417 nbsp France021318 nbsp Belgium0101 nbsp Greece010120 nbsp Belarus0011 nbsp Brazil 0011Totals 21 entries 353534104Men s events edit Games Gold Silver Bronze50 m freestyledetails Anthony Ervin nbsp United States 21 40 Florent Manaudou nbsp France 21 41 Nathan Adrian nbsp United States 21 49100 m freestyledetails Kyle Chalmers nbsp Australia 47 58 WJ Pieter Timmers nbsp Belgium 47 80 NR Nathan Adrian nbsp United States 47 85200 m freestyledetails Sun Yang nbsp China 1 44 65 Chad le Clos nbsp South Africa 1 45 20 AF Conor Dwyer nbsp United States 1 45 23400 m freestyledetails Mack Horton nbsp Australia 3 41 55 Sun Yang nbsp China 3 41 68 Gabriele Detti nbsp Italy 3 43 491500 m freestyledetails Gregorio Paltrinieri nbsp Italy 14 34 57 Connor Jaeger nbsp United States 14 39 48 AM Gabriele Detti nbsp Italy 14 40 86100 m backstrokedetails Ryan Murphy nbsp United States 51 97 OR Xu Jiayu nbsp China 52 31 David Plummer nbsp United States 52 40200 m backstrokedetails Ryan Murphy nbsp United States 1 53 62 Mitch Larkin nbsp Australia 1 53 96 Evgeny Rylov nbsp Russia 1 53 97 ER100 m breaststrokedetails Adam Peaty nbsp Great Britain 57 13 WR Cameron van der Burgh nbsp South Africa 58 69 Cody Miller nbsp United States 58 87 AM200 m breaststrokedetails Dmitriy Balandin nbsp Kazakhstan 2 07 46 NR Josh Prenot nbsp United States 2 07 53 Anton Chupkov nbsp Russia 2 07 70 NR100 m butterflydetails Joseph Schooling nbsp Singapore 50 39 OR AS Michael Phelps nbsp United StatesChad le Clos nbsp South AfricaLaszlo Cseh nbsp Hungary 51 14 Not awardedas there was a tie for silver 200 m butterflydetails Michael Phelps nbsp United States 1 53 36 Masato Sakai nbsp Japan 1 53 40 Tamas Kenderesi nbsp Hungary 1 53 62200 m individual medleydetails Michael Phelps nbsp United States 1 54 66 Kosuke Hagino nbsp Japan 1 56 61 Wang Shun nbsp China 1 57 05400 m individual medleydetails Kosuke Hagino nbsp Japan 4 06 05 AS Chase Kalisz nbsp United States 4 06 75 Daiya Seto nbsp Japan 4 09 714 100 m freestyle relaydetails nbsp United States USA Caeleb Dressel 48 10 Michael Phelps 47 12 Ryan Held 47 73 Nathan Adrian 46 97 Jimmy Feigen a Blake Pieroni a Anthony Ervin a 3 09 92 nbsp France FRA Mehdy Metella 48 08 Fabien Gilot 48 20 Florent Manaudou 47 14 Jeremy Stravius 47 11 Clement Mignon a William Meynard a 3 10 53 nbsp Australia AUS James Roberts 48 88 Kyle Chalmers 47 38 James Magnussen 48 11 Cameron McEvoy 47 00 Matthew Abood a 3 11 374 200 m freestyle relaydetails nbsp United States USA Conor Dwyer 1 45 23 Townley Haas 1 44 14 Ryan Lochte 1 46 03 Michael Phelps 1 45 26 Clark Smith a Jack Conger a Gunnar Bentz a 7 00 66 nbsp Great Britain GBR Stephen Milne 1 46 97 Duncan Scott 1 45 05 Daniel Wallace 1 46 26 James Guy 1 44 85 Robbie Renwick a 7 03 13 NR nbsp Japan JPN Kosuke Hagino 1 45 34 Naito Ehara 1 46 11 Yuki Kobori 1 45 71 Takeshi Matsuda 1 46 34 7 03 504 100 m medley relaydetails nbsp United States USA Ryan Murphy 51 85 WRCody Miller 59 03 Michael Phelps 50 33 Nathan Adrian 46 74 David Plummer a Kevin Cordes a Tom Shields a Caeleb Dressel a 3 27 95 OR nbsp Great Britain GBR Chris Walker Hebborn 53 68 Adam Peaty 56 59 James Guy 51 35 Duncan Scott 47 62 3 29 24 NR nbsp Australia AUS Mitch Larkin 53 19 Jake Packard 58 84 David Morgan 51 18 Kyle Chalmers 46 72 Cameron McEvoy a 3 29 9310 km open waterdetails Ferry Weertman nbsp Netherlands 1 52 59 8 Spyridon Gianniotis nbsp Greece 1 53 00 5 Marc Antoine Olivier nbsp France 1 53 02 0AF African Record AM Americas Record SA South American Record AS Asian Record ER European Record OC Oceanian Record OR Olympic Record WJR World Junior Record WR World Record NR National Record any World Record is necessarily also an Olympic area and national record Area records for continental regions are also national records a Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals Women s events edit Games Gold Silver Bronze50 m freestyledetails Pernille Blume nbsp Denmark 24 07 NR Simone Manuel nbsp United States 24 09 Aliaksandra Herasimenia nbsp Belarus 24 11 NR100 m freestyledetails Penny Oleksiak nbsp CanadaSimone Manuel nbsp United States 52 70 OR WJ AM52 70 OR AM Not awardedas there was a tie for gold Sarah Sjostrom nbsp Sweden 52 99200 m freestyledetails Katie Ledecky nbsp United States 1 53 73 Sarah Sjostrom nbsp Sweden 1 54 08 NR Emma McKeon nbsp Australia 1 54 92400 m freestyledetails Katie Ledecky nbsp United States 3 56 46 WR Jazmin Carlin nbsp Great Britain 4 01 23 Leah Smith nbsp United States 4 01 92800 m freestyledetails Katie Ledecky nbsp United States 8 04 79 WR Jazmin Carlin nbsp Great Britain 8 16 17 Boglarka Kapas nbsp Hungary 8 16 37 NR100 m backstrokedetails Katinka Hosszu nbsp Hungary 58 45 NR Kathleen Baker nbsp United States 58 75 Kylie Masse nbsp CanadaFu Yuanhui nbsp China 58 76 NR58 76 NR200 m backstrokedetails Maya DiRado nbsp United States 2 05 99 Katinka Hosszu nbsp Hungary 2 06 05 Hilary Caldwell nbsp Canada 2 07 54100 m breaststrokedetails Lilly King nbsp United States 1 04 93 OR Yulia Efimova nbsp Russia 1 05 50 Katie Meili nbsp United States 1 05 69200 m breaststrokedetails Rie Kaneto nbsp Japan 2 20 30 Yulia Efimova nbsp Russia 2 21 97 Shi Jinglin nbsp China 2 22 28100 m butterflydetails Sarah Sjostrom nbsp Sweden 55 48 WR Penny Oleksiak nbsp Canada 56 46 WJ NR Dana Vollmer nbsp United States 56 63200 m butterflydetails Mireia Belmonte Garcia nbsp Spain 2 04 85 Madeline Groves nbsp Australia 2 04 88 Natsumi Hoshi nbsp Japan 2 05 20200 m individual medleydetails Katinka Hosszu nbsp Hungary 2 06 58 OR Siobhan Marie O Connor nbsp Great Britain 2 06 88 NR Maya DiRado nbsp United States 2 08 79400 m individual medleydetails Katinka Hosszu nbsp Hungary 4 26 36 WR Maya DiRado nbsp United States 4 31 15 Mireia Belmonte Garcia nbsp Spain 4 32 394 100 m freestyle relaydetails nbsp Australia AUS Emma McKeon 53 41 Brittany Elmslie 53 12 Bronte Campbell 52 15 Cate Campbell 51 97 Madison Wilson b 3 30 65 WR nbsp United States USA Simone Manuel 53 36 Abbey Weitzeil 52 56 Dana Vollmer 53 18 Katie Ledecky 52 79 Amanda Weir b Lia Neal b Allison Schmitt b 3 31 89 AM nbsp Canada CAN Sandrine Mainville 53 86 Chantal Van Landeghem 53 12 Taylor Ruck 53 19 Penny Oleksiak 52 72 Michelle Williams b 3 32 89 NR4 200 m freestyle relaydetails nbsp United States USA Allison Schmitt 1 56 21 Leah Smith 1 56 69 Maya DiRado 1 56 39 Katie Ledecky 1 53 74 Missy Franklin b Melanie Margalis b Cierra Runge b 7 43 03 nbsp Australia AUS Leah Neale 1 57 95 Emma McKeon 1 54 64 Bronte Barratt 1 55 81 Tamsin Cook 1 56 47 Jessica Ashwood b 7 44 87 nbsp Canada CAN Katerine Savard 1 57 91 Taylor Ruck 1 56 18 Brittany MacLean 1 56 36 Penny Oleksiak 1 54 94 Kennedy Goss b Emily Overholt b 7 45 39 NR4 100 m medley relaydetails nbsp United States USA Kathleen Baker 59 00 Lilly King 1 05 70 Dana Vollmer 56 00 Simone Manuel 52 43 Olivia Smoliga b Katie Meili b Kelsi Worrell b Abbey Weitzeil b 3 53 13 nbsp Australia AUS Emily Seebohm 58 83 Taylor McKeown 1 07 05 Emma McKeon 56 95 Cate Campbell 52 17 Madison Wilson b Madeline Groves b Brittany Elmslie b 3 55 00 nbsp Denmark DEN Mie Nielsen 58 75 Rikke Moller Pedersen 1 06 62 Jeanette Ottesen 56 43 Pernille Blume 53 21 3 55 01 ER10 km open waterdetails Sharon van Rouwendaal nbsp Netherlands 1 56 32 1 Rachele Bruni nbsp Italy 1 56 49 5 Poliana Okimoto nbsp Brazil 1 56 51 4AF African Record AM Americas Record SA South American Record AS Asian Record ER European Record OC Oceanian Record OR Olympic Record WJR World Junior Record WR World Record NR National Record any World Record is necessarily also an Olympic area and national record Area records for continental regions are also national records b Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals Olympic and world records broken editSee also World and Olympic records set at the 2016 Summer Olympics Men edit Event Established for Date Round Name Nationality Time Record DayMen s 100 metre breaststroke same 6 August Heats Adam Peaty nbsp Great Britain 57 55 WR 1Men s 100 metre breaststroke same 7 August Final Adam Peaty nbsp Great Britain 57 13 WR 2Men s 100 metre backstroke same 8 August Final Ryan Murphy nbsp United States 51 97 OR 3Men s 200 metre breaststroke same 9 August Semifinal Ippei Watanabe nbsp Japan 2 07 22 OR 4Men s 100 metre butterfly same 12 August Final Joseph Schooling nbsp Singapore 50 39 OR 7Men s 4 100 metre medley relay Men s 100 metre backstroke 13 August Final Ryan Murphy nbsp United States 51 85 r WR 8Men s 4 100 metre medley relay same 13 August Final Ryan Murphy 51 85 Cody Miller 59 03 Michael Phelps 50 33 Nathan Adrian 46 74 nbsp United States 3 27 95 OR 8Women edit Event Date Round Name Nationality Time Record DayWomen s 4 100 metre freestyle relay 6 August Heats Madison Wilson 54 11 Brittany Elmslie 53 22 Bronte Campbell 53 26 Cate Campbell 51 80 nbsp Australia 3 32 39 OR 1Women s 100 metre butterfly 6 August Semifinal Sarah Sjostrom nbsp Sweden 55 84 OR 1Women s 400 metre individual medley 6 August Final Katinka Hosszu nbsp Hungary 4 26 36 WR 1Women s 4 100 metre freestyle relay 6 August Final Emma McKeon 53 41 Brittany Elmslie 53 12 Bronte Campbell 52 15 Cate Campbell 51 97 nbsp Australia 3 30 65 WR 1Women s 400 metre freestyle 7 August Heats Katie Ledecky nbsp United States 3 58 71 OR 2Women s 100 metre butterfly 7 August Final Sarah Sjostrom nbsp Sweden 55 48 WR 2Women s 400 metre freestyle 7 August Final Katie Ledecky nbsp United States 3 56 46 WR 2Women s 200 metre individual medley 8 August Heats Katinka Hosszu nbsp Hungary 2 07 45 OR 3Women s 100 metre breaststroke 8 August Final Lilly King nbsp United States 1 04 93 OR 3Women s 200 metre individual medley 9 August Final Katinka Hosszu nbsp Hungary 2 06 58 OR 4Women s 100 metre freestyle 10 August Heats Cate Campbell nbsp Australia 52 78 OR 5Women s 100 metre freestyle 10 August Semifinals Cate Campbell nbsp Australia 52 71 OR 5Women s 800 metre freestyle 11 August Heats Katie Ledecky nbsp United States 8 12 86 OR 6Women s 100 metre freestyle 11 August Final Simone Manuel nbsp United States 52 70 OR 6Women s 100 metre freestyle 11 August Final Penny Oleksiak nbsp Canada 52 70 OR 6Women s 800 metre freestyle 12 August Final Katie Ledecky nbsp United States 8 04 79 WR 7Legend r First leg of relay All world records WR are consequently Olympic records OR See also editSwimming at the 2016 Summer ParalympicsReferences edit Olympedia Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics www olympedia org Retrieved 17 December 2023 Rio 2016 Daily competition schedule PDF Rio 2016 Organization Archived from the original PDF on 24 June 2015 Retrieved 26 January 2016 Exclusive Studies find super bacteria in Rio s Olympic venues top beaches Reuters 11 June 2016 The first of the two new studies showed the presence of the microbes at five of Rio s showcase beaches including the ocean front Copacabana where open water and triathlon swimming will take place Scientists reportedly find super bacteria in several Rio Olympic venues Fox News 11 June 2016 Rio Olympics Water quality not an issue in open water 10k race Newsday 15 August 2016 Retrieved 20 August 2016 Baxter Kevin 15 August 2016 Marathon swimmers find Rio s water to their taste Los Angeles Times Retrieved 20 August 2016 Olympics on NBC through 2032 USA Today Gannett Company 7 May 2014 Fewer Russians Could Be a Windfall for U S Olympic Business The New York Times 7 December 2017 Retrieved 5 February 2018 Longman Jere 12 February 2018 For Olympic Figure Skaters a New Meaning to Morning Routine The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on 16 February 2018 Retrieved 17 February 2018 a b Swimming At The 2016 Olympic Games The Complete Schedule SwimSwam Retrieved 30 December 2015 FINA By Law 9 FINA Archived from the original on 18 June 2010 Retrieved 23 January 2015 a b FINA Releases 2016 Olympic Qualifying Time Standards Swimming World Magazine 16 January 2015 Retrieved 23 January 2015 a b c d Rio 2016 FINA Swimming Qualification System PDF Rio 2016 FINA Archived from the original PDF on 21 February 2015 Retrieved 23 January 2015 Rio 2016 FINA Marathon Swimming Qualification System PDF Rio 2016 FINA Archived from the original PDF on 6 October 2015 Retrieved 23 January 2015 Keith Braden 7 January 2015 2016 Olympic Marathon Swim Qualifier returning to Setubal Portugal SwimSwam com Retrieved 23 January 2015 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics Rio2016 com Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 Retrieved 23 July 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Marathon Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics Rio2016 com Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 Retrieved 23 July 2018 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics at SR Olympics archived NBC Olympics Swimming Results Book Swimming Results Book Marathon Swimming Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics amp oldid 1190406878, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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