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Manda Formation

May 04, 2024

The Manda Formation (also known as the Manda Beds) is a Middle Triassic (Anisian?) or possibly Late Triassic (Carnian?) geologic formation in Tanzania. It preserves fossils of many terrestrial vertebrates from the Triassic, including some of the earliest dinosauromorph archosaurs.[1] The formation is often considered to be Anisian in age according to general tetrapod biochronology hypotheses and correlations to the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone of South Africa.[2] However, some recent studies cast doubt to this age, suggesting that parts deposits may actually be younger (Carnian) in age.[3][4][5]

Manda Formation
Stratigraphic range: Anisian? - Carnian?
Map of the outcropping Manda Formation
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofSongea Group
Sub-unitsKingori Sandstone Member, Lifua Member
UnderliesNone
OverliesUsili Formation
Lithology
PrimarySandstone
OtherMudstone, siltstone, marl
Location
Coordinates10°18′S 35°12′E / 10.3°S 35.2°E / -10.3; 35.2
Approximate paleocoordinates53°42′S 23°00′E / 53.7°S 23.0°E / -53.7; 23.0
RegionIringa & Ruvuma Regions
Country Tanzania
ExtentRuhuhu Basin
Manda Formation (Tanzania)

History of study edit

One of the first to study rocks of the Manda Formation was British geologist G. M. Stockley. In 1932, Stockley explored the geology of the Ruhuhu Basin in Tanzania. He called a series of layers dating from the Late Carboniferous to the Middle Triassic the Songea Series and divided it into eight units labelled K1-K8. Stockley was also the first to describe fossils from these rocks, naming an older layer the "Lower Bone Bed" and a younger layer the "Upper Bone Bed".

In 1957, paleontologist Alan J. Charig described many more fossils from the bone beds in his Ph.D. thesis for the University of Cambridge.[6][7] Charig renamed the youngest of Stockley's units in 1963, calling unit K6 the Kawinga Formation, K7 the Kingori Sandstones, and K8 the Manda Formation. Fossils were identified in many strata, invalidating Stockley's division into two distinct bone beds. Since Charig's description, the Kawinga Formation has been renamed the Usili Formation, the Kingori Sandstones have become the Kingori Sandstone Member of the Manda Formation, and Charig's original Manda Formation has become a subunit of the formation called the Lifua Member.[1] Six formations and one informal unit are currently recognized in the Songea Group (Ruhuhu basin) rocks range in age from Pennsylvanian to Anisian, including the Idusi (K1), Mchuchuma (K2), Mbuyura (K3), Mhukuru (K4), Ruhuhu (K5), and Usili (K6) formations and the informal Manda Beds, which include the Kingori Sandstone (K7) and Lifua Member (K8).[8]

Paleobiota edit

Tetrapods edit

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Temnospondyls edit

Taxon Species Member Material Notes Images
Stanocephalosaurus S. pronus[9] Lifua Remains of a temnospondyl amphibian previously referred either to Parotosuchus or Eryosuchus[10]

Parareptiles edit

Taxon Species Member Material Notes Images
Ruhuhuaria R. reiszi[11] Lifua CAMZM T997, poorly preserved but complete skull and mandible An owenettid

Archosauromorphs edit

Taxon Species Member Material Notes Images
Asperoris Asperoris mnyama Lifua NHMUK PV R36615, incomplete skull A non-crurotarsan archosauriform of uncertain phylogenetic placement  
"Stagonosuchus" S. tanganyikaensis[12] Lifua Member SAM 11754, right humerus An indeterminate archosauromorph; possibly a rhynchosaur unrelated to Stagonosuchus nyassicus.
Stenaulorhynchus S. stockleyi Lifua A rhynchosaur
Unnamed Archosauromorph[9] Indeterminate. Lifua NHMUK PV R36619, incomplete skull and partial postcranial skeleton A non-archosaurian archosauriform
Archosaurs edit
Taxon Species Member Material Notes Images
Asilisaurus A. kongwe Lifua A silesaurid dinosauriform  
Hypselorhachis H. mirabilis Lifua NHMUK R16586, a complete dorsal vertebra A sail-backed archosaur possibly belonging to the family Ctenosauriscidae
Mambawakale M. ruhuhu[13] Lifua Member NHMUK R36620, partial skull and some postcranial fragments A paracrocodylomorph; previously informally known as "Pallisteria angustimentum".
 
Mandasuchus M. tanyauchen[14] Lifua Member NHMUK R6792, partial mandible and postcranial skeletons A paracrocodylomorph
Nundasuchus N. songeaensis[9][15] Lifua NMT RB48, partial skeleton and skull A pseudosuchian of uncertain affinities, possibly a suchian 
 
Nyasasaurus N. parringtoni[2] Lifua NHMUK R6856, a right humerus, three partial presacral vertebrae and three sacral vertebrae. SAM-PK-K10654 is also potentially referable - see "Thecodontosaurus" alophos below. A theropod or an ornithischian or the most advanced non-dinosaurian dinosauriform. Possibly the oldest dinosaur.[2]
Stagonosuchus S. nyassicus A loricatan closely related to Prestosuchus, and sometimes considered a species within that genus.
Teleocrater T. rhadinus Lifua NHMUK R6795, vertebrae, limb bones and other elements. Additional material referred from two other individuals. An early avemetatarsalian in the group Aphanosauria.[16] 
 
"Thecodontosaurus" "T." alophos[2] Lifua Member SAM-PK-K10654, three neck vertebrae and two rear presacral vertebrae A probable subjective senior synonym of Nyasasaurus, initially identified as a sauropodomorph dinosaur.[2]
Unnamed archosaur[17] Unidentified. Lifua Nearly complete skull and partial skeleton A stem-aetosaur

Therapsids edit

Dicynodonts edit
Taxon Species Member Material Notes Images
Angonisaurus A. cruickshanki Lifua A kannemeyeriiform
Kannemeyeria K. simocephalus Lifua A kannemeyeriid kannemeyeriiform  
Sangusaurus S. parringtonii Lifua A stahleckeriid kannemeyeriiform
Shansiodon Indeterminate Lifua Skull A shansiodontid kannemeyeriiform
Tetragonias T. njalilus Lifua A shansiodontid kannemeyeriiform  
Cynodonts edit
Taxon Species Member Material Notes Images
Aleodon A. brachyrhamphus Lifua A possible chiniquodontid
Cricodon C. metabolus Lifua A trirachodontid
Cynognathus C. crateronotus[18] Lifua A cynognathid  
Diademodon D. tetragonas Lifua A diademodontid  
Scalenodon S. angustifrons Lifua A traversodontid
S? attridgei Lifua A traversodontid; may fall outside the genus Scalenodon and may be a synonym of "Scalenodon" charigi
S? charigi Lifua A traversodontid; may fall outside the genus Scalenodon
Mandagomphodon M. hirschoni Lifua A traversodontid; originally classified in the genus Scalenodon; named after the Manda Beds

Age and correlations edit

The upper Manda Beds have been assigned to the Perovkan LVF based on reports that Eryosuchus,[19] Shansiodon,[20] Angonisaurus, and Scalenodon[21] were present.[22] Angonisaurus does seem to tie the Manda Beds to subzone C of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone in the Karoo Basin.[23] However, the relations of the other Tanzanian taxa are more ambiguous. Purported Tanzanian "Eryosuchus" and "Shansiodon" specimens likely represent new genera unrelated to their supposed namesakes,[24][23] while Scalenodon may be endemic to Africa due to the uncertain relations of non-African "Scalenodon" species.[25] One Upper Manda cynodont, Aleodon, has also been found in the Dinodontosaurus assemblage zone of the Santa Maria Formation in Brazil.[26]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Butler, R. J.; Barrett, P. M.; Abel, R. L.; Gower, D. J. (2009). "A possible ctenosauriscid archosaur from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1022–1031. doi:10.1671/039.029.0404. S2CID 86267617.
  2. ^ a b c d e Nesbitt, S. J.; Barrett, P. M.; Werning, S.; Sidor, C. A.; Charig, A. J. (2013). "The oldest dinosaur? A Middle Triassic dinosauriform from Tanzania". Biol. Lett. 9 (1): 20120949. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0949. PMC 3565515. PMID 23221875.
  3. ^ Nesbitt, S; Butler, R; Ezcurra, M; Charig, A; Barrett, P (2020-07-08). "The anatomy of Teleocrater rhadinus, an early avemetatarsalian from the lower portion of the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds (Middle Triassic) (project)". MorphoBank datasets. doi:10.7934/p3173. S2CID 226195075. Retrieved 2021-11-25.
  4. ^ Marsicano, Claudia A.; Irmis, Randall B.; Mancuso, Adriana C.; Mundil, Roland; Chemale, Farid (2015-12-07). "The precise temporal calibration of dinosaur origins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (3): 509–513. doi:10.1073/pnas.1512541112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4725541. PMID 26644579.
  5. ^ Ottone, Eduardo G.; Monti, Mariana; Marsicano, Claudia A.; de la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Naipauer, Maximiliano; Armstrong, Richard; Mancuso, Adriana C. (December 2014). "A new Late Triassic age for the Puesto Viejo Group (San Rafael depocenter, Argentina): SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating and biostratigraphic correlations across southern Gondwana". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 56: 186–199. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.08.008. hdl:11336/85022. ISSN 0895-9811.
  6. ^ Charig, A. J. (1957). New Triassic archosaurs from Tanganyika, including Mandasuchus and Teleocrater: Dissertation Abstracts. Cambridge University.
  7. ^ Nesbitt, S. J.; Butler, R. J. (2012). "Redescription of the archosaur Parringtonia gracilis from the Middle Triassic Manda beds of Tanzania, and the antiquity of Erpetosuchidae". Geological Magazine. 150 (2): 225–238. doi:10.1017/S0016756812000362. S2CID 129115107.
  8. ^ Sidor, C. A.; Angielczyk, K. D.; Weide †, D. M.; Smith, R. M. H.; Nesbitt, S. J.; Tsuji, L. A. (2010). "Tetrapod fauna of the lowermost Usili Formation (Songea Group, Ruhuhu Basin) of southern Tanzania, with a new burnetiid record". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (3): 696–703. doi:10.1080/02724631003758086. S2CID 55397720.
  9. ^ a b c Sidor, C. A.; Vilhena, D. A.; Angielczyk, K. D.; Huttenlocker, A. K.; Nesbitt, S. J.; Peecook, B. R.; Steyer, J. S.; Smith, R. M. H.; Tsuji, L. A. (2013). "Provincialization of terrestrial faunas following the end-Permian mass extinction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (20): 8129–8133. doi:10.1073/pnas.1302323110. PMC 3657826. PMID 23630295.
  10. ^ Sues, H.-D.; Fraser, N.C. (2010). "Early and early Middle Triassic in Gondwana". Triassic Life on Land: The Great Transition. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 19–36. ISBN 9780231135221. ISBN 0-231-13522-X
  11. ^ Tsuji, L. A.; Sobral, G.; Müller, J. (2013). "Ruhuhuaria reiszi, a new procolophonoid reptile from the Triassic Ruhuhu Basin of Tanzania". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 12 (7–8): 487–494. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2013.08.002.
  12. ^ Lautenschlager, S.; Desojo, J. B. (2011). "Reassessment of the Middle Triassic rauisuchian archosaurs Ticinosuchus ferox and Stagonosuchus nyassicus". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 85 (4): 357–381. doi:10.1007/s12542-011-0105-1. hdl:11336/68929. S2CID 86671911.
  13. ^ Butler, R.J.; Fernandez, V.; Nesbitt, N.J.; Leite, J.V.; Gower, D.J. (2022). "A new pseudosuchian archosaur, Mambawakale ruhuhu gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania". The Royal Society. 9 (2): 211622. doi:10.1098/rsos.211622. PMC 8826131. PMID 35154797. S2CID 246652851.
  14. ^ Richard J. Butler; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Alan J. Charig; David J. Gower; Paul M. Barrett (2018). "Mandasuchus tanyauchen, gen. et sp. nov., a pseudosuchian archosaur from the Manda Beds (?Middle Triassic) of Tanzania" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (Supplement to No. 6): 96–121. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1343728. S2CID 90164051.
  15. ^ Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Sidor, Christian A.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Tsuji, Linda A. (November 2014). "A new archosaur from the Manda beds (Anisian, Middle Triassic) of southern Tanzania and its implications for character state optimizations at Archosauria and Pseudosuchia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (6): 1357–1382. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.859622. S2CID 129558756.
  16. ^ Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Barrett, Paul M.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Sidor, Christian A.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Charig, Alan J. (2017). "The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan" (PDF). Nature. 544 (7651): 484–487. doi:10.1038/nature22037. PMID 28405026. S2CID 9095072.
  17. ^ Nesbitt, S.J.; Sidor, C.A.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Smith, R.M.; Parker, W. (2012). "Derivation of the aetosaur osteoderm carapace: evidence from a new, exceptionally preserved "stem aetosaur" from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) Manda Beds of southwestern Tanzania". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (Supp. 1): 149. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.10635175. S2CID 220409377.
  18. ^ Brenen M. Wynd; Brandon R. Peecook; Megan R. Whitney; Christian A. Sidor (2018). "The first occurrence of Cynognathus crateronotus (Cynodontia: Cynognathia) in Tanzania and Zambia, with implications for the age and biostratigraphic correlation of Triassic strata in southern Pangea". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (Supplement to No. 6): 228–239. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1421548. S2CID 89972431.
  19. ^ Damiani, Ross J. (2001-12-01). "A systematic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Triassic mastodonsauroids (Temnospondyli: Stereospondyli)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 133 (4): 379–482. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb00635.x. ISSN 0024-4082.
  20. ^ Surkov, Mikhail V.; Benton, Michael J. (2004). "The basicranium of dicynodonts (Synapsida) and its use in phylogenetic analysis". Palaeontology. 47 (3): 619–638. doi:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00382.x. ISSN 1475-4983. S2CID 84244568.
  21. ^ Crompton, Alfred Walker (1972). "Postcanine occlusion in cynodonts and tritylodontids". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology. 21 (2): 29–71.
  22. ^ Lucas, Spencer G. (2010-01-01). "The Triassic timescale based on nonmarine tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 334 (1): 447–500. doi:10.1144/SP334.15. ISSN 0305-8719. S2CID 128911449.
  23. ^ a b Hancox, P. John; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2013-05-01). "Angonisaurus and Shansiodon, dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from subzone C of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Middle Triassic) of South Africa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (3): 655–676. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.723551. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 128538910.
  24. ^ Schoch, Rainer (2008). "The Capitosauria (Amphibia): characters, phylogeny, and stratigraphy" (PDF). Palaeodiversity. 1: 189–226.
  25. ^ Liu, Jun; Abdala, Fernando (2014), Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Fröbisch, Jörg (eds.), "Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Traversodontidae", Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 255–279, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_15, ISBN 978-94-007-6841-3
  26. ^ Martinelli, Agustín G.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Melo, Tomaz P.; Neto, Voltaire D. Paes; Ribeiro, Ana Maria; Da-Rosa, Átila A. S.; Schultz, Cesar L.; Soares, Marina Bento (2017-06-14). "The African cynodont Aleodon (Cynodontia, Probainognathia) in the Triassic of southern Brazil and its biostratigraphic significance". PLOS ONE. 12 (6): e0177948. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177948. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5470689. PMID 28614355.

May 04, 2024
manda, formation, also, known, manda, beds, middle, triassic, anisian, possibly, late, triassic, carnian, geologic, formation, tanzania, preserves, fossils, many, terrestrial, vertebrates, from, triassic, including, some, earliest, dinosauromorph, archosaurs, . The Manda Formation also known as the Manda Beds is a Middle Triassic Anisian or possibly Late Triassic Carnian geologic formation in Tanzania It preserves fossils of many terrestrial vertebrates from the Triassic including some of the earliest dinosauromorph archosaurs 1 The formation is often considered to be Anisian in age according to general tetrapod biochronology hypotheses and correlations to the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone of South Africa 2 However some recent studies cast doubt to this age suggesting that parts deposits may actually be younger Carnian in age 3 4 5 Manda FormationStratigraphic range Anisian Carnian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NMap of the outcropping Manda FormationTypeGeological formationUnit ofSongea GroupSub unitsKingori Sandstone Member Lifua MemberUnderliesNoneOverliesUsili FormationLithologyPrimarySandstoneOtherMudstone siltstone marlLocationCoordinates10 18 S 35 12 E 10 3 S 35 2 E 10 3 35 2Approximate paleocoordinates53 42 S 23 00 E 53 7 S 23 0 E 53 7 23 0RegionIringa amp Ruvuma RegionsCountry TanzaniaExtentRuhuhu BasinManda Formation Tanzania Contents 1 History of study 2 Paleobiota 2 1 Tetrapods 2 1 1 Temnospondyls 2 1 2 Parareptiles 2 1 3 Archosauromorphs 2 1 3 1 Archosaurs 2 1 4 Therapsids 2 1 4 1 Dicynodonts 2 1 4 2 Cynodonts 3 Age and correlations 4 See also 5 ReferencesHistory of study editOne of the first to study rocks of the Manda Formation was British geologist G M Stockley In 1932 Stockley explored the geology of the Ruhuhu Basin in Tanzania He called a series of layers dating from the Late Carboniferous to the Middle Triassic the Songea Series and divided it into eight units labelled K1 K8 Stockley was also the first to describe fossils from these rocks naming an older layer the Lower Bone Bed and a younger layer the Upper Bone Bed In 1957 paleontologist Alan J Charig described many more fossils from the bone beds in his Ph D thesis for the University of Cambridge 6 7 Charig renamed the youngest of Stockley s units in 1963 calling unit K6 the Kawinga Formation K7 the Kingori Sandstones and K8 the Manda Formation Fossils were identified in many strata invalidating Stockley s division into two distinct bone beds Since Charig s description the Kawinga Formation has been renamed the Usili Formation the Kingori Sandstones have become the Kingori Sandstone Member of the Manda Formation and Charig s original Manda Formation has become a subunit of the formation called the Lifua Member 1 Six formations and one informal unit are currently recognized in the Songea Group Ruhuhu basin rocks range in age from Pennsylvanian to Anisian including the Idusi K1 Mchuchuma K2 Mbuyura K3 Mhukuru K4 Ruhuhu K5 and Usili K6 formations and the informal Manda Beds which include the Kingori Sandstone K7 and Lifua Member K8 8 Paleobiota editTetrapods edit Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text crossed out taxa are discredited Temnospondyls edit Taxon Species Member Material Notes Images Stanocephalosaurus S pronus 9 Lifua Remains of a temnospondyl amphibian previously referred either to Parotosuchus or Eryosuchus 10 Parareptiles edit Taxon Species Member Material Notes Images Ruhuhuaria R reiszi 11 Lifua CAMZM T997 poorly preserved but complete skull and mandible An owenettid Archosauromorphs edit Taxon Species Member Material Notes Images Asperoris Asperoris mnyama Lifua NHMUK PV R36615 incomplete skull A non crurotarsan archosauriform of uncertain phylogenetic placement nbsp Stagonosuchus S tanganyikaensis 12 Lifua Member SAM 11754 right humerus An indeterminate archosauromorph possibly a rhynchosaur unrelated to Stagonosuchus nyassicus Stenaulorhynchus S stockleyi Lifua A rhynchosaur Unnamed Archosauromorph 9 Indeterminate Lifua NHMUK PV R36619 incomplete skull and partial postcranial skeleton A non archosaurian archosauriform Archosaurs edit Taxon Species Member Material Notes Images Asilisaurus A kongwe Lifua A silesaurid dinosauriform nbsp Hypselorhachis H mirabilis Lifua NHMUK R16586 a complete dorsal vertebra A sail backed archosaur possibly belonging to the family Ctenosauriscidae Mambawakale M ruhuhu 13 Lifua Member NHMUK R36620 partial skull and some postcranial fragments A paracrocodylomorph previously informally known as Pallisteria angustimentum nbsp Mandasuchus M tanyauchen 14 Lifua Member NHMUK R6792 partial mandible and postcranial skeletons A paracrocodylomorph Nundasuchus N songeaensis 9 15 Lifua NMT RB48 partial skeleton and skull A pseudosuchian of uncertain affinities possibly a suchian nbsp Nyasasaurus N parringtoni 2 Lifua NHMUK R6856 a right humerus three partial presacral vertebrae and three sacral vertebrae SAM PK K10654 is also potentially referable see Thecodontosaurus alophos below A theropod or an ornithischian or the most advanced non dinosaurian dinosauriform Possibly the oldest dinosaur 2 Stagonosuchus S nyassicus A loricatan closely related to Prestosuchus and sometimes considered a species within that genus Teleocrater T rhadinus Lifua NHMUK R6795 vertebrae limb bones and other elements Additional material referred from two other individuals An early avemetatarsalian in the group Aphanosauria 16 nbsp Thecodontosaurus T alophos 2 Lifua Member SAM PK K10654 three neck vertebrae and two rear presacral vertebrae A probable subjective senior synonym of Nyasasaurus initially identified as a sauropodomorph dinosaur 2 Unnamed archosaur 17 Unidentified Lifua Nearly complete skull and partial skeleton A stem aetosaur Therapsids edit Dicynodonts edit Taxon Species Member Material Notes Images Angonisaurus A cruickshanki Lifua A kannemeyeriiform Kannemeyeria K simocephalus Lifua A kannemeyeriid kannemeyeriiform nbsp Sangusaurus S parringtonii Lifua A stahleckeriid kannemeyeriiform Shansiodon Indeterminate Lifua Skull A shansiodontid kannemeyeriiform Tetragonias T njalilus Lifua A shansiodontid kannemeyeriiform nbsp Cynodonts edit Taxon Species Member Material Notes Images Aleodon A brachyrhamphus Lifua A possible chiniquodontid Cricodon C metabolus Lifua A trirachodontid Cynognathus C crateronotus 18 Lifua A cynognathid nbsp Diademodon D tetragonas Lifua A diademodontid nbsp Scalenodon S angustifrons Lifua A traversodontid S attridgei Lifua A traversodontid may fall outside the genus Scalenodon and may be a synonym of Scalenodon charigi S charigi Lifua A traversodontid may fall outside the genus Scalenodon Mandagomphodon M hirschoni Lifua A traversodontid originally classified in the genus Scalenodon named after the Manda BedsAge and correlations editThe upper Manda Beds have been assigned to the Perovkan LVF based on reports that Eryosuchus 19 Shansiodon 20 Angonisaurus and Scalenodon 21 were present 22 Angonisaurus does seem to tie the Manda Beds to subzone C of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone in the Karoo Basin 23 However the relations of the other Tanzanian taxa are more ambiguous Purported Tanzanian Eryosuchus and Shansiodon specimens likely represent new genera unrelated to their supposed namesakes 24 23 while Scalenodon may be endemic to Africa due to the uncertain relations of non African Scalenodon species 25 One Upper Manda cynodont Aleodon has also been found in the Dinodontosaurus assemblage zone of the Santa Maria Formation in Brazil 26 See also editGeology of Tanzania Beaufort Group Omingonde FormationReferences edit a b Butler R J Barrett P M Abel R L Gower D J 2009 A possible ctenosauriscid archosaur from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 4 1022 1031 doi 10 1671 039 029 0404 S2CID 86267617 a b c d e Nesbitt S J Barrett P M Werning S Sidor C A Charig A J 2013 The oldest dinosaur A Middle Triassic dinosauriform from Tanzania Biol Lett 9 1 20120949 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2012 0949 PMC 3565515 PMID 23221875 Nesbitt S Butler R Ezcurra M Charig A Barrett P 2020 07 08 The anatomy of Teleocrater rhadinus an early avemetatarsalian from the lower portion of the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds Middle Triassic project MorphoBank datasets doi 10 7934 p3173 S2CID 226195075 Retrieved 2021 11 25 Marsicano Claudia A Irmis Randall B Mancuso Adriana C Mundil Roland Chemale Farid 2015 12 07 The precise temporal calibration of dinosaur origins Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 3 509 513 doi 10 1073 pnas 1512541112 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 4725541 PMID 26644579 Ottone Eduardo G Monti Mariana Marsicano Claudia A de la Fuente Marcelo S Naipauer Maximiliano Armstrong Richard Mancuso Adriana C December 2014 A new Late Triassic age for the Puesto Viejo Group San Rafael depocenter Argentina SHRIMP U Pb zircon dating and biostratigraphic correlations across southern Gondwana Journal of South American Earth Sciences 56 186 199 doi 10 1016 j jsames 2014 08 008 hdl 11336 85022 ISSN 0895 9811 Charig A J 1957 New Triassic archosaurs from Tanganyika including Mandasuchus and Teleocrater Dissertation Abstracts Cambridge University Nesbitt S J Butler R J 2012 Redescription of the archosaur Parringtonia gracilis from the Middle Triassic Manda beds of Tanzania and the antiquity of Erpetosuchidae Geological Magazine 150 2 225 238 doi 10 1017 S0016756812000362 S2CID 129115107 Sidor C A Angielczyk K D Weide D M Smith R M H Nesbitt S J Tsuji L A 2010 Tetrapod fauna of the lowermost Usili Formation Songea Group Ruhuhu Basin of southern Tanzania with a new burnetiid record Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 3 696 703 doi 10 1080 02724631003758086 S2CID 55397720 a b c Sidor C A Vilhena D A Angielczyk K D Huttenlocker A K Nesbitt S J Peecook B R Steyer J S Smith R M H Tsuji L A 2013 Provincialization of terrestrial faunas following the end Permian mass extinction Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 20 8129 8133 doi 10 1073 pnas 1302323110 PMC 3657826 PMID 23630295 Sues H D Fraser N C 2010 Early and early Middle Triassic in Gondwana Triassic Life on Land The Great Transition New York Columbia University Press pp 19 36 ISBN 9780231135221 ISBN 0 231 13522 X Tsuji L A Sobral G Muller J 2013 Ruhuhuaria reiszi a new procolophonoid reptile from the Triassic Ruhuhu Basin of Tanzania Comptes Rendus Palevol 12 7 8 487 494 doi 10 1016 j crpv 2013 08 002 Lautenschlager S Desojo J B 2011 Reassessment of the Middle Triassic rauisuchian archosaurs Ticinosuchus ferox and Stagonosuchus nyassicus Palaontologische Zeitschrift 85 4 357 381 doi 10 1007 s12542 011 0105 1 hdl 11336 68929 S2CID 86671911 Butler R J Fernandez V Nesbitt N J Leite J V Gower D J 2022 A new pseudosuchian archosaur Mambawakale ruhuhu gen et sp nov from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania The Royal Society 9 2 211622 doi 10 1098 rsos 211622 PMC 8826131 PMID 35154797 S2CID 246652851 Richard J Butler Sterling J Nesbitt Alan J Charig David J Gower Paul M Barrett 2018 Mandasuchus tanyauchen gen et sp nov a pseudosuchian archosaur from the Manda Beds Middle Triassic of Tanzania PDF Journal of 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Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Dordrecht Springer Netherlands pp 255 279 doi 10 1007 978 94 007 6841 3 15 ISBN 978 94 007 6841 3 Martinelli Agustin G Kammerer Christian F Melo Tomaz P Neto Voltaire D Paes Ribeiro Ana Maria Da Rosa Atila A S Schultz Cesar L Soares Marina Bento 2017 06 14 The African cynodont Aleodon Cynodontia Probainognathia in the Triassic of southern Brazil and its biostratigraphic significance PLOS ONE 12 6 e0177948 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0177948 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 5470689 PMID 28614355 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Manda Formation amp oldid 1192285573, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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