Maaloula
Maaloula (Western Neo-Aramaic: ܡܥܠܘܠܐ - מעלולא, romanized: Maʿlūlā or Arabic: مَعلُولَا) is a town in the Rif Dimashq Governorate in Syria. The town is located 56 km to the northeast of Damascus and is built into the rugged mountainside at an altitude of more than 1,500m. It is known as one of two remaining villages where Western Neo-Aramaic is spoken, the other one being the nearby smaller village of Jubb'adin. Until the Syrian Civil War, Bakhʽa also had speakers of Western Neo-Aramaic. However, Bakhʽa was completely destroyed during the war, and all the survivors fled to other parts of Syria or to Lebanon.[2]
Maaloula ܡܥܠܘܠܐ معلولا | |
|---|---|
Town | |
Overview of Maaloula, 2006 | |
Maaloula Location in Syria | |
| Coordinates: 33°50′39″N 36°32′48″E / 33.84417°N 36.54667°E | |
| Country | Syria |
| Governorate | Rif Dimashq |
| District | al-Qutayfah |
| Subdistrict | Maaloula |
| Elevation | 1,500 m (4,900 ft) |
| Population (2004 census)[1] | |
| • Total | 2,762 |
Etymology edit
Maʿlūlā is said to derive from the Aramaic word maʿəlā, meaning "entrance". The name is romanized in multiple different ways, such as Maaloula, Ma'loula, Maalula, Ma'lula, Malula. However, "Maaloula" is the most common one.[3]
Population edit
In 1838, its inhabitants were Antiochan Greek Orthodox Christians, Melkite Catholics, and Sunni Muslims.[4] Presently, the population maintains religious diversity, with both Christians and Muslims identifying ethnically as Arameans (Syriacs).[5][6][7][8][9][10] Notably, the Muslim inhabitants have a remarkable legacy as they haven’t embraced an Arabic ethnic identity, unlike the majority of other Syrians who underwent Islamization and, consequently, Arabization over the centuries.[11]
Half a century ago, 15,000 people lived in Maaloula.[12]
According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Maaloula had a population of 2,762 in the 2004 census.[1] However, during summer, it increases to about 10,000, due to people coming from Damascus for holidays.[13]
Language edit
With two other nearby towns, Bakh'a and Jubb'adin, Maaloula is the only place where a Western Aramaic language is still spoken, which it has been able to retain amidst the rise of Arabic due to its distance from other major cities and its isolating geological features. However, modern roads and transportation, as well as accessibility to Arabic-language television and print media – and for some time until recently, also state policy – have eroded that linguistic heritage.
As the last remaining area where Western Neo-Aramaic is still spoken, the three villages represent an important source for anthropological linguistic studies regarding first century Western Aramaic. According to scholarly consensus, the language of Jesus was a Western Middle Aramaic variety, Galilean Aramaic.
Monasteries edit
There are two important monasteries in Maaloula: the Melkite monastery of Mar Sarkis and the Antiochan Convent of Saint Thecla.
Saint Sarkis Monastic Complex edit
The Saint Sarkis Monastic Complex of Maaloula is one of the oldest surviving monasteries in Syria. It was built on the site of a pagan temple, and has elements which go back to the fifth to sixth century Byzantine period.[14]
Saint Sarkis is the Syriac name for Sergius, a Roman soldier who was executed for his Christian beliefs. This monastery still maintains its solemn historical character.
The monastery has two of the oldest icons in the world, one depicting the Last Supper.
Convent of Saint Thecla edit
This convent holds the remains of Thecla, which the second-century Acts of Paul and Thecla accounts a noble virgin and pupil of Paul the Apostle. According to later legend not in the Acts, Thecla was being pursued by soldiers of her father to capture her because of her Christian faith. She came upon a mountain, and after praying, the mountain split open and let her escape through. The town gets its name from this gap or entrance in the mountain. However, there are many variations to this story among the residents of Maaloula.
Other monasteries edit
There are also the remains of numerous monasteries, convents, churches, shrines and sanctuaries. There are some that lie in ruins, while others continue to stand, defying age. Many pilgrims come to Maaloula, both Muslim and Christian, and they go there to gain blessings and make offerings.
War in Syria edit
Maaloula became the scene of battle between the Al-Qaeda-linked insurgent group Al-Nusra Front and the Syrian Army in September 2013.[15]
The insurgents took over the town on October 21. Around 13 people were killed, with many more wounded.[16]
On October 28, government forces recaptured the town.[16]
Maaloula was taken over by al-Nusra Front, opposing the Syrian government, again on December 3, 2013. The group took 12 Orthodox nuns as hostages.[17] The nuns were moved between different locations and ended up in Yabroud where they were held for three months. Officials from Lebanon negotiated a deal for their release. Those negotiations produced an agreement on a prisoner exchange under which around 150 Syrian women detained by the government were also freed.[18] After the nuns were freed on the 9th of March 2014, they stated that they were mostly treated well by their captors.[19][failed verification][20]
On 14 April 2014, with the help of Hezbollah and SSNP, the Syrian Army once more took control of Maaloula. This government success was part of a string of other successes in the strategic Qalamoun region, including the seizure of the former rebel bastion of Yabroud in the previous month.[21][22]
Virgin Mary statue edit
| External image | |
|---|---|
| image of Lady of Peace statue |
The people of Maaloula celebrated as a new statue of Mary, mother of Jesus was erected in its centre, replacing the figure destroyed in Islamists attacks in 2013. On 13 June 2015, Syrian officials unveiled the new statue of the Virgin Mary, draped in a white robe topped with a blue shawl, her hands lifted in prayer. The fibreglass figure stood at just over 3 metres (10 feet) tall and was placed on the base of the original statue.[23]
The statue is titled "Lady of Peace" (Arabic: سيدة السلام).
Climate edit
| Climate data for Maaloula | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) | 8.0 (46.4) | 11.7 (53.1) | 16.3 (61.3) | 21.6 (70.9) | 26.0 (78.8) | 28.5 (83.3) | 28.7 (83.7) | 25.8 (78.4) | 20.8 (69.4) | 12.9 (55.2) | 8.7 (47.7) | 18.0 (64.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) | 3.3 (37.9) | 6.3 (43.3) | 10.4 (50.7) | 14.8 (58.6) | 18.9 (66.0) | 20.9 (69.6) | 21.3 (70.3) | 18.4 (65.1) | 14.2 (57.6) | 8.2 (46.8) | 4.3 (39.7) | 12.0 (53.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) | −1.4 (29.5) | 0.8 (33.4) | 4.5 (40.1) | 8.0 (46.4) | 11.7 (53.1) | 13.3 (55.9) | 13.8 (56.8) | 11.0 (51.8) | 7.5 (45.5) | 3.5 (38.3) | −0.1 (31.8) | 5.9 (42.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46 (1.8) | 38 (1.5) | 22 (0.9) | 16 (0.6) | 14 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.1) | 16 (0.6) | 30 (1.2) | 45 (1.8) | 229 (9.1) |
| Source: Climate-data.com[24] | |||||||||||||
Sister city edit
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b General Census of Population and Housing 2004. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Rif Dimashq Governorate. (in Arabic)
- ^ https://www.aymennjawad.org/2020/01/the-village-of-bakha-in-qalamoun-interview
- ^ Etymology of Maaloula, in Yawna.org
- ^ Smith, in Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 172
- ^ اثرنا في الايقليم السوري (in Arabic). 1960. p. 56.
السريان في معلولا وجبعدين ولا يزال الأهلون فيها يتكلمون (The Syriacs in Maaloula and Jubb'adin still speak their language.…)
- ^ Western Neo-Aramaic The Dialect of Jubaadin (in English and Arabic). Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 2.
Jubaadinis are very proud of their language and their Aramean identity and they have no trouble at all balancing their religious and ethnic identities.…
- ^ ”…The city of Jubaadin in Syria, which is close to Maaloula, is inhabited by Aramaic-speaking people who are Syriac Arameans…“, translated quote from the Arabic book (Atlas of Religions) معلولا السريان
- ^ The Semitic Heritage of Northwest Syria, p. 271
- ^ “…Maaloula Syriacs have maintained their Syriac identity since ancient times, and there is ample evidence of their Syriac heritage, especially in Maaloula, Ain Tineh, Bakhah, and Jubaadin…“, translated quote from the book إلياس أنطون نصر الله في معلولا, p. 45
- ^ "Hilfe für das Aramäerdorf Maaloula e.V. | an aid project in Syria".
- ^ Provence, Michael (2005). The Great Syrian Revolt and the Rise of Arab Nationalism. University of Texas Press. p. 123. ISBN 0-292-70680-4.
- ^ Sly, Liz (2003-03-12). "Language of Jesus clings to life". Chicago Tribune.
- ^ . 30 March 2002. Archived from the original on 30 March 2002.
- ^ Ross Burns, The Monuments of Syria, I. B. Taurus, 3rd edition 2009, p. 193.
- ^ "Syria rebels withdraw from ancient Christian town of Maaloula". BBC News. September 6, 2013.
- ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2013-12-07. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
- ^ "Syria Nun Kidnapping: Greek Orthodox Patriarch Urges Release of Maaloula Sisters". International Business Times UK. 3 December 2013.
- ^ Salma Abdelaziz and Ashley Fantz (9 March 2014). "Reports: 13 nuns freed by kidnappers in Syria". CNN.
- ^ "Nuns yet to reach Syria after reported release by rebels". Reuters. 9 March 2014 – via www.reuters.com.
- ^ "Syria rebels free kidnapped nuns". BBC News. 10 March 2014.
- ^ . Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 2014-04-17.
- ^ "Syria rebels driven from Christian town of Maaloula". BBC News. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
- ^ "Ancient Syrian Christian town dedicates new Virgin Mary statue". NDTV. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
- ^ "Climate: Maaloula, Syria". Retrieved November 11, 2017.
Bibliography edit
- Wehbi, Rimon (2021). "Zwei neuwestaramäische Texte über die Wassermühlen in Maalula (Syrien)". Mediterranean language review. 28: 135–153.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
External links edit
- Yawna Maaloula Aramaic A non-profit educational initiative dedicated to the preservation of Aramaic - the language of Jesus - and the rich cultural heritage of Maaloula.
- New York Times article on Aramaic language in Maaloula and other villages in Syria
- Syrian village clings to Aramaic language at Al Jazeera English
- An episode from Australian program, Foreign Correspondent, about Maaloula.
- The dialect of Maalula. Grammar, vocabulary and texts. (1897–1898) By Jean Parisot (in French): Parts 1, 2, 3 at the Internet Archive.
- Samples of spoken Maaloula Aramaic at the Semitisches Tonarchiv (Semitic Audio Archive)