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Mikoyan MiG-31

August 24, 2023

For the fictional MiG-31 aircraft of the novel and movie Firefox, see List of fictional aircraft.

The Mikoyan MiG-31 (Russian: Микоян МиГ-31; NATO reporting name: Foxhound) is a supersonic interceptor aircraft developed for the Soviet Air Forces by the Mikoyan design bureau as a replacement for the earlier MiG-25 "Foxbat"; the MiG-31 is based on and shares design elements with the MiG-25.[2]

MiG-31
A Russian Air Force MiG-31DZ in flight over Russia
Role Interceptor aircraft, attack aircraft
National origin Soviet Union
Manufacturer Mikoyan-Gurevich/Mikoyan
First flight 16 September 1975; 47 years ago (1975-09-16)
Introduction 6 May 1981
Status In service
Primary users Russian Aerospace Forces
Kazakh Air Force
Produced 1975–1994
Number built 519[1]
Developed from Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25

The MiG-31 is among the fastest combat jets in the world.[3] It continues to be operated by the Russian Aerospace Forces and Kazakh Air Defense Forces following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Russian Defence Ministry expects the MiG-31 to remain in service until at least 2030; that was confirmed in 2020 when an announcement was made to extend the service lifetime of the existing airframes from 2,500 to 3,500 hours.[4][5]

Development

Background

The single-seat MiG-25 could achieve high speed, altitude and rate of climb; however, it lacked maneuverability at interception speeds and was difficult to fly at low altitudes. The MiG-25's speed was normally limited to Mach 2.83, but it could reach a maximum speed of at least Mach 3.2 with the risk of engine damage.[6][7]

 
A Russian Air Force MiG-31BM taking off from Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport, 2012

Development of the MiG-25's replacement began with the Ye-155MP (Russian: Е-155МП) prototype which first flew on 16 September 1975.[8] Although it bore a superficial resemblance to the MiG-25, it had a longer fuselage to accommodate the radar operator's cockpit and was in many respects a new design. An important development was the MiG-31's advanced radar, capable of both look-up and look-down/shoot-down engagement, as well as multiple target tracking. This gave the Soviet Union an interceptor with the capability to engage the most likely Western intruders (low-flying cruise missiles and bombers) at long range.[1] The MiG-31 replaced the Tu-128 as the Soviet Union's dedicated long-range interceptor,[9] with far more advanced sensors and weapons,[10] while its range is almost double that of the MiG-25.

Like that of its MiG-25 predecessor, the introduction of the MiG-31 was surrounded by early speculation and misinformation concerning its design and abilities. The West learned of the new interceptor from Lieutenant Viktor Belenko, a pilot who defected to Japan in 1976 with his MiG-25P.[11] Belenko described an upcoming "Super Foxbat" with two seats and an ability to intercept cruise missiles. According to his testimony, the new interceptor was to have air intakes similar to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23, which the MiG-31 does not have, at least in production variants.[12]

Production

Serial production of the MiG-31 began in 1979.[13][14] The first production batch of 519 MiG-31s including 349 "baseline models" was produced at the Sokol plant between 1976 and 1988. The second batch of 101 MiG-31DZs was produced from 1989 to 1991. The final batch of 69 MiG-31B aircraft was produced between 1990 and 1994. From the final batch 50 were retained by the Kazakhstan Air Force after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Of the "baseline models", 40 airframes were upgraded to MiG-31BS standard.[1]

MiG-31 production ended in 1994.[15]

Upgrades and replacement

Some upgrade programs have found their way into the MiG-31 fleet, like the MiG-31BM multirole version with upgraded avionics, new multimode radar, hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) controls, liquid crystal (LCD) color multi-function displays (MFDs), ability to carry the R-77 missile and various Russian air-to-ground missiles (AGMs) such as the Kh-31 anti-radiation missile (ARM), a new and more powerful computer, and digital data links. A project to upgrade the Russian MiG-31 fleet to the MiG-31BM standard began in 2010;[citation needed] 100 aircraft are to be upgraded to MiG-31BM standard by 2020.[16] Russian Federation Defence Ministry chief Colonel Yuri Balyko has claimed that the upgrade will increase the combat effectiveness of the aircraft several times over.[17] 18 MIG-31BMs were delivered in 2014.[18] The Russian military will receive more than 130 upgraded MiG-31BMs, and the first 24 aircraft have already been delivered, Russian Deputy Defense Minister Yuri Borisov told reporters on 9 April 2015.[19]

Russia plans to start development of a replacement for the MiG-31 by 2019. The aircraft will be called PAK-DP (ПАК ДП, Перспективный авиационный комплекс дальнего перехвата – Prospective Air Complex for Long-Range Interception).[20] Development of the new aircraft, designated MiG-41, began in April 2013. Such development is favored over restarting MiG-31 production.[citation needed] In March 2014, Russian test pilot Anatoly Kvochur said that work began on a Mach 4 capable MiG-41 based on the MiG-31.[21][22] Later reports said that development of the MiG-31 replacement is to begin in 2017, with the first aircraft to be delivered in 2020, and the replacement entering service in 2025.[23][needs update]

Design

 
Russian Air Force MiG-31B in 2011

Like the MiG-25, the MiG-31 is a large twin-engine aircraft with side-mounted air intake ramps, a shoulder-mounted wing with an aspect ratio of 2.94, and twin vertical tailfins. Unlike the MiG-25, it has two seats, with the rear occupied by a dedicated weapon systems officer.[24]

The MiG-31 was designed to fulfill the following mission objectives:[1]

  • Intercept cruise missiles and their launch aircraft by reaching missile launch range in the shortest possible time after departing the loiter area;
  • Detect and destroy low flying cruise missiles, UAVs and helicopters;
  • Long range escort of strategic bombers;
  • Provide strategic air defense in areas not covered by ground-based air defense systems.

The MiG-31 is limited to five g when travelling at supersonic speeds.[6] While flying under combat weight, its wing loading is marginal and its thrust-to-weight ratio is favorable. The MiG-31 is not designed for close combat or rapid turning.[6]

The wings and airframe of the MiG-31 are stronger than those of the MiG-25, permitting supersonic flight at low altitudes. Like the MiG-25, its flight surfaces are built primarily of nickel-steel alloy, enabling the aircraft to tolerate kinetic heating at airspeeds approaching Mach 3. The MiG-31 airframe comprises 49% arc-welded nickel steel, 33% light metal alloy, 16% titanium and 2% composites.[25] Its D30-F6 jet engines, each rated at 152 kN thrust, allow a maximum speed of Mach 1.23 at low altitude. High-altitude speed is temperature-redlined to Mach 2.83 – the thrust-to-drag ratio is sufficient for speeds in excess of Mach 3, but such speeds pose unacceptable hazards to engine and airframe life in routine use.[6]

Electronics suite

 
MiG-31BM showing its Zaslon phased-array radar

The MiG-31 was among the first aircraft with a phased array radar.[26]

The MiG-31 was the world's first operational fighter with a passive electronically scanned array (PESA) radar, the Zaslon S-800. Its maximum range against fighter-sized targets is approximately 200 km (120 mi), and it can track up to 10 targets and simultaneously attack four of them with its Vympel R-33 missiles. The radar is matched with an infrared search and track (IRST) system in a retractable undernose fairing.[6]

The MiG-31 was equipped with RK-RLDN and APD-518[27] digital secure datalinks. The RK-RLDN datalink is for communication with ground control centers. The APD-518 datalink enables a flight of four MiG-31 to automatically exchange radar-generated data within 200 km (120 mi) from each other. It also enables other aircraft with less sophisticated avionics,[28] such as MiG-23s, 25s, and 29s and Su-15s and 27s,[29] to be directed to targets spotted by MiG-31 (a maximum of four (long-range) for each MiG-31 aircraft). The A-50 AEW aircraft and MiG-31 can automatically exchange aerial and terrestrial radar target designation,[30] as well as air defense.[31] The MiG-31 is equipped with ECM of radar and infrared ranges.[32]

The flight-navigation equipment of the MiG-31 includes a complex of automatic control system SAU-155МP and sighting-navigation complex KN-25 with two inertial systems and IP-1-72A with digital computer, electronic long range navigation system Radical NP (312) or A-331, electronic system of the long-range navigation A-723. Distant radio navigation is carried out by means of two systems: Chayka (similar to the system of Loran) and «Route» (similar to the system of Omega).[clarification needed]

Similarly to the complex S-300 missile system,[33] aircraft group with APD-518 can share data obtained by various radars from different directions (active or passive scanning of radiation) and summarize the data. The target can be detected passively (via its emissions of jamming or use of its radar) and/or actively simultaneously from many different directions (with the MiG-31 using its radar). Every aircraft with the APD-518 will have the exact data, even if it is not involved in the search.[13][27][34]

  • interacting with ground-based automated digital control system (ACS «Rubezh» Operating radius of 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), can control multiple groups of planes), operating modes of remote aiming, semi-automated actions (coordinate support), singly, and also: to direct on the target missiles launched from the other aircraft.
  • Digital immune system provides the automatic exchange of tactical information in a group of four interceptors, remote one from another at a distance of 200 km (120 mi) and aiming at the target group of fighters with less-powerful avionics (in this case the aircraft performs the role of guidance point or repeater).[29]

A group of four MiG-31 interceptors is able to control an area of air space across a total length of 800 to 900 kilometres (500 to 560 mi);[35] its radar possessing a maximum detection range of 200 kilometres (120 mi) in distance (radius) and the typical width of detection along the front of 225 kilometres (140 mi).[29]

Radars

 
Diagram shows how four MiG-31s can keep up to 1,000 km (620 mi) under control, and how the leader can pass information to friendly fighters.

Adopted in 1981 RP-31 N007 backstop (Russian: Zaslon).[34]

  • the range of detection of air targets with Zaslon-A: 200 km (120 mi) (for the purpose of a radar cross-section of 19 m2 on a collision angle with probability 0.5)
  • target detection distance with radar cross-section of 3 m2 (32 sq ft) in the rear within 35 km (22 mi) with a probability of 0.5[36][37]
  • number of detected targets: 24 (was originally 10[38])
  • number of targets for attack: 6 (was originally 4[38][39])
  • range of automatic tracking: 120 kilometres (75 mi)
  • detection of infrared signature targets: 56 kilometres (35 mi)
  • Effective in the detection of cruise missiles and other targets against ground clutter[38]
  • Until 2000, it was the world's only fighter in service equipped with phased array radar,[32][40] when the Mitsubishi F-2 entered service with the J/APG-1 active phased array radar.
  • Able to intercept and destroy cruise missiles flying at extremely low altitudes.[41][31]

Variant differences

The basic differences between other versions and the MiG-31BM are:[39]

  • The onboard radar complex of the MiG-31BM can track 24 airborne targets at one time, six of which can be simultaneously attacked by R-33S missiles.
  • Modernized variants of the aircraft can be equipped with anti-radiation missiles Kh-31, Kh-25MR or MPU (up to six units), anti-ship Kh-31A (up to six), air-to-surface class missiles Kh-29 and Kh-59 (up to three) or Kh-59M (up to two units), up to six precision bombs KAB-1500 or eight KAB-500 with television or laser-guidance. Maximum mass of payload is 9,000 kilograms (20,000 lb).[citation needed]
  • The MiG-31M, MiG-31D, and MiG-31BM standard aircraft have an upgraded Zaslon-M radar, with larger antenna and greater detection range (said to be 400 kilometres (250 mi) against AWACS-size targets) and the ability to attack multiple targets  – air and ground – simultaneously. The Zaslon-M has a 1.4 m (4.6 ft) diameter (larger) antenna, with 50–100% better performance than Zaslon. In April 1994 it was used with an R-37 to hit a target at 300 kilometres (190 mi) distance.[34] It has a search range of 400 km (250 mi) for a 19–20 m2 (200–220 sq ft) RCS target and can track 24 targets at once, engaging six,[42][43] or 282 km (175 mi) for 5 m2 (54 sq ft).[44] Relative target speed detection increased from Mach 5 to Mach 6, improving the probability of destroying fast-moving targets.[34] The MiG-31BM is one of only a few aircraft able to intercept and destroy cruise missiles flying at extremely low altitude.[34][45][46]

Cockpit

 
Front seat cockpit of older MiG-31 variant

The aircraft is a two-seater with the rear seat occupant controlling the radar. Although cockpit controls are duplicated across cockpits, it is normal for the aircraft to be flown only from the front seat. The pilot flies the aircraft by means of a centre stick and left hand throttles. The rear cockpit has only two small vision ports on the sides of the canopy. The presence of the WSO (weapon systems operator) in the rear cockpit improves aircraft effectiveness since the WSO is entirely dedicated to radar operations and weapons deployment, thus decreasing the workload of the pilot and increasing efficiency. Both cockpits are fitted with zero/zero ejection seats which allow the crew to eject at any altitude and airspeed.[6]

Armament

 
A Russian Air Force MiG-31BM armed with R-33 missiles

The MiG-31's main armament is four R-33 air-to-air missiles (NATO codename AA-9 'Amos') carried under the belly.

  • One GSh-6-23 23 mm (0.91 in) cannon with 260 rounds. (The MiG-31's predecessor, the MiG-25 did not include a cannon.[citation needed])
  • Fuselage recesses for four R-33 (AA-9 'Amos') or four R-37 (AA-13 'Arrow') (MiG-31M/BM only).
  • Four underwing pylons for a combination of (six places for charging[47] (two spaces to add removable fuel tanks[15])
    • Six R-37 (missile) long-range air-to-air missiles 280 kilometres (170 mi).[48]
    • Four[29] R-33 long-range missiles 300 kilometres (190 mi) 2012.[49]
    • (?)× Kh-31 long-range air-to-ground missiles (200 kilometres [120 mi]) for high-speed target (maneuvering with an overload of 8 g).[49]
    • (?)× R-33 (AA-9 "Amos") (1981) 120 kilometres (75 mi), R-33S (1999) 160 kilometres (99 mi).[50]
    • Two[29] or four (superior limit)[51]× R-40TD1 (AA-6 'Acrid') medium-range missiles (R-40 – 50–80 kilometres [31–50 mi]), MiG-25P, 1970) launched at altitudes of 0.5–3 kilometres (0.31–1.86 mi) (maneuvering with overload four g).[52]
    • Four R-60 (AA-8 'Aphid')
       
      A Russian Aerospace Forces MiG-31BM armed with Kh-47M2 Kinzhal missile.
      • Four R-73 (AA-11 'Archer') short-range IR missiles,
      • Four R-77 (AA-12 'Adder') medium-range missiles (100 kilometres [62 mi]) for high-speed target (maneuvering with overload of 12 g).[53]
  • Some aircraft are equipped to launch the Kh-31P (AS-17 'Krypton') and Kh-58 (AS-11 'Kilter') anti-radiation missiles in the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) role. Anti-ship missiles Kh-31A (up to six) and air-to-surface missiles X-59 and X-29T (up to three) or X-59M (up to two units), up to six air bombs KAB-1500, or up to eight KAB-500 with a television or laser-guidance. Maximum weight of the combat load is 9,000 kilograms (20,000 lb).[54][55]
  • One Kh-47M2 Kinzhal high-precision ballistic missile with a range of about 2,000 km (1,200 mi), Mach 10 speed.[56][verification needed] It can carry both conventional and nuclear warheads.[57] This gave the MiG-31 long range strike capabilities for the first time, alongside its primary interceptor role.[58]

Operational history

 
A side view of a MiG-31 from 790th Fighter Order of Kutuzov Aviation Regiment on the runway of Khotilovo airbase, Tver region.
 
A MiG-31B on left and MiG-31BM on right flying in formation.

Serial production of the MiG-31 began in 1979.[13][14] The MiG-31 entered operational service with the Soviet Air Defence Forces (PVO) in 1981.[59]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, MiG-31 aircraft have reportedly shot down several Ukrainian aircraft, mainly by utilising the long range R-37 air-to-air missile. By remaining at high speed and high altitude, MiG-31s have been able to operate virtually unopposed due to Ukraine's own fighters lacking range, speed, or altitude necessary to engage the MiG-31.[60][61]

The R-37M has, since October 2022, been the main threat against the Ukrainian Air Force. The Ukrainian Air Force has a significant lack of fire-and-forget missiles. They relied on the R-27 missiles, both the R-27ER and R-27ET; the R-27ET's range is 60 miles. A Ukrainian pilot must illuminate a Russian aircraft with radar to guide the missile to the target. Russian pilots firing the active-radar, fire-and-forget R-77 give them the ability to launch their missiles and then take evasive action. Ukrainian pilots were forced to "exploit ground clutter and terrain-masking to get close enough to fire before being engaged". During the first three days of the war both sides lost aircraft. The Ukrainians replaced them with older airframes that were made flyable. However the Russian Aerospace Forces turned to the MiG-31 with the R-37M missile that has a range of 200 miles. Combined with the superior radar on the MiG-31, the Ukrainian Air Force has started losing more aircraft. A report by the Royal United Services Institute states that in October some six R-37Ms were being fired at the Ukrainian Air Force a day. Four MiG-31s were also deployed to Crimea. To avoid R-37M missiles, Ukraine has had to attempt to destroy MiG-31s while they are still on the ground, such as the attack on the Belbek airbase and an attempted drone attack in August.[62][63][64][65][66]

On the early morning of 4 May 2023, a Kh-47M2 Kinzhal missile was successfully intercepted by the Patriot air defense system according to the commander of the Ukrainian Air Force, general Mykola Oleschuk. The missile was fired from a MiG-31K in Russian airspace. Ukraine confirmed the intercept, saying it used the Patriot missile system protecting the Kyiv region.[67][68][69]

On the morning of 16 May 2023, some six Kh-47M2 Kinzhal missiles were fired at Kyiv. Ukrainian Air Force spokesperson said that they were launched from six MiG-31Ks. Ukraine claims that all Kinzhals were intercepted however one may have damaged a Patriot battery according to US officials.[70]

Export

In 1992 Russia offered the MiG-31 to Finland,[71] which had a selection programme ongoing for a new fighter, but the offer was not submitted to the program, where Russia had submitted the MiG-29.[72] Finland did not accept the offer,[71] and chose the new fighter from the selection programme.[72]

Syria ordered eight MiG-31E aircraft in 2007 for the Syrian Air Force.[73][74] The order was suspended in May 2009 reportedly either due to Israeli pressure or lack of Syrian funds.[75]

Variants

 
A front view of a MiG-31 on the ramp of Khotilovo airbase, Tver region
 
Bottom view of a MiG-31BM
Ye-155MP (MiG-25MP)
Prototype modification of the early MiG-31. First flight on 16 September 1975.
MiG-31
First variant which entered in serial production. 349 aircraft were built.
MiG-31M
Development of a more comprehensive advanced version, the MiG-31M, began in 1984 and first flew in 1985, but the dissolution of the Soviet Union prevented it from entering full production.[76][77] One piece rounded windscreen, small side windows for rear cockpit, wider and deeper dorsal spine. Digital flight controls added, multifunction CRT cockpit displays, multi-mode phased array radar. No gun fitted in this model, refueling probe moved to starboard side of aircraft, fuselage weapon stations increased from 4 to 6 by adding two centre-line stations. Maximum TO weight increased to 52,000 kg (115,000 lb) using increased thrust D-30F6M engines instead of the D-30F6 engines.[78] 1 prototype and 6 flyable pre-production units were produced.
MiG-31D
Two aircraft were designated as Type 31D and were manufactured as dedicated anti-satellite models with ballast in the nose instead of radars, flat fuselage undersurface (i.e. no recessed weapon system bays) and had large winglets above and below the wing-tips. Equipped with Vympel ASAT missiles.[78] Two prototypes were built.
MiG-31LL
Special modification used as a flying laboratory for testing of ejection seats during flight.
MiG-31 01DZ
Two-seat all weather, all altitude interceptor. Designated as MiG-31 01DZ when fitted with air-to-air refueling probe.[78] One hundred produced of DZ variant.[79]
MiG-31B
Second production batch with upgraded avionics and in-flight refueling probe introduced in 1990. Its development was the result of the Soviet discovery that Phazotron radar division engineer Adolf Tolkachev had sold information on advanced radars to the West. A new version of the compromised radar was hastily developed.[80] MiG-31B also have the improved ECM and EW equipment with integration of improved R-33S missiles. Long range navigation system compatible with Loran/Omega and Chaka ground stations added. This model replaced the 01DZ models in late 1990.[78]
MiG-31E
Export version of the MiG-31B with simplified avionics. Never entered in serial production.[78]
MiG-31BS
Designation applied to type 01DZ when converted to MiG-31B standard.[78]
MiG-31BM
After passing state testing in 2008, this modernized variant of MiG-31B was approved for introduction into air force of Russia. 50 planes are modified to the MiG-31BM (Bolshaya Modernizatsiya/Big Modernization) standard, in accordance with the 2011 contract.[81] The efficiency of the modernized MiG-31BM is 2.6 times greater than the basic MiG-31.[82] The MiG-31BМ's maximum detection range for air targets was increased in the upgrade to 320 km (200 mi). It had the ability to automatically track up to ten targets, and the latest units can track up to 24 targets and simultaneously engage up to eight targets. The on-board Argon-K is replaced with the new Baget 55-06 computer[83] that selects four targets of the highest priority, which simultaneously are engaged by long-range R-33S air-to-air missiles.[84] A new long range missile R-37 (missile) with speed of Mach 6 and range up to 400 km (250 mi) is developed during the modernization process for use with the newly modernized MiG-31.[83] The MiG-31BM has a multi-role capability, and is capable of using anti-radar, air-to-ship and air-to-ground missiles. Some of its avionics are unified with the MiG-29SMT. It also has a refueling probe.[85] MiG-31BM set a sustained flight record for the model while spending seven hours and four minutes in the air while covering the distance of 8,000 km (5,000 mi).[86]
MiG-31BSM
An upgrade of the BS version, it is the latest modernization variant first time contracted in 2014 for modernization of 60 aircraft, it is very similar in some aspects to the BM standard. Unlike the BS standard, aircraft modernized into the BSM standard are equipped with air refueling probe. Improvements were made to the aircraft canopy, where new and better heat resistant glass was used, thus enabling the MiG-31BSM to fly with cruise speed of 3,000 km/h (1,900 mph) at long distances without any damage. Furthermore, new faster central computer Baget-55-06 is used with addition of multi-functional displays, one for the pilot and three for the weapons operator-navigator. Also there is a new set of navigation equipment. The MiG-31BSM has multi-role capability with ability to use anti-radar, anti-ship and air-to-ground missiles. Main visible difference between the BS and BSM standards is adding of the rear-view periscope above the front cockpit canopy.[87]
MiG-31K
Modified MiG-31BM variant able to carry the hypersonic Kh-47M2 Kinzhal ALBM. Ten aircraft were modified by May 2018.[88] With this modification and with removed APU for air-to-air missiles, the aircraft gained a sole role of an attack aircraft.[89][90]
MiG-31F
Planned fighter-bomber intended for use with TV, radar and laser-guided ASM weapon systems. Never entered serial production.[78]
MiG-31FE
Planned export version of the MiG-31F.[78]
MiG-31I (Ishim)
Proposed modification for air launch to orbit of small spacecraft with a payload of 160 kg (350 lb) to 300 km (190 mi) altitude or 120 kg (260 lb) to 600 km (370 mi) altitude orbit.[91]
MiG-31 (Izdeliye 08)
MiG-31 modified into a launch-platform for the Izdeliye 293 Burevestnik anti-satellite missile. At least two prototypes are converted. Tests from September 2018.[92]

Operators

  Kazakhstan
  Russia

Former operators

  Soviet Union

Notable accidents

On 4 April 1984, a MiG-31 crashed while on a test flight, killing Mikoyan chief test pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union, Aleksandr Vasilyevich Fedotov and his navigator V. Zaitsev.[111]

On 26 April 2017, a MiG-31 crashed after it was accidentally hit by "friendly fire" during a training session near the Telemba proving ground in Russian Far East.[112] This occurred during a training exercise over the Telemba proving ground in Buryatia; both crew members ejected successfully.[113] While Russian state media did not offer any details, independent investigators discovered from a leaked government document that the aircraft was shot down by an R-33 missile fired from another MiG-31 and that pilot error from both airplanes was at fault. The report also suggested problems with the Zaslon-AM radar and Baget-55 fire control system that might increase the risk of more accidental shootdowns.[114]

On 16 April 2020, a MiG-31 interceptor of the Kazakh Air Force crashed in the country's Karaganda region.[115][importance?]

On 8 April 2022, a MiG-31 of the Russian Aerospace Forces crashed in the Leningrad region.[116][importance?]

On 2 December 2022, a MiG-31 of the Russian Aerospace Forces crashed during a training flight in the far eastern Primorsky Region.[117][importance?]

On 26 April 2023, a MiG-31 of the Russian Aerospace Forces crashed during a training flight in northern Murmansk. The pilots reportedly ejected and survived.[118][importance?]

On 4 July 2023, a MiG-31 of the Russian Aerospace Forces crashed during a training flight over Avacha Bay.[119][importance?]

Specifications (MiG-31)

 
MiG-31 3-view drawing
 
MiG-31E landing, with brake chute deployed
 
MiG-31BM take-off with afterburner

Data from Great Book of Modern Warplanes,[2] Mikoyan,[120] Combat Aircraft since 1945,[121] airforce-technology.com,[122] deagel.com[123]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2 (pilot and weapons systems officer)
  • Length: 22.62 m (74 ft 3 in)
  • Wingspan: 13.456 m (44 ft 2 in)
  • Height: 6.456 m (21 ft 2 in)
  • Wing area: 61.6 m2 (663 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 21,820 kg (48,105 lb)
  • Gross weight: 41,000 kg (90,390 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 46,200 kg (101,854 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 35,550 lb (16,130 kg) internals, plus optional external fuel tanks[35]
  • Powerplant: 2 × Soloviev D-30F6 afterburning turbofan engines, 93 kN (21,000 lbf) thrust each dry, 152 kN (34,000 lbf) with afterburner

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 3,000 km/h (1,900 mph, 1,600 kn) / Mach 2.83 at 21,500 m (70,538 ft)
1,500 km/h (930 mph; 810 kn) / Mach 1.21 at low altitude
  • Cruise speed: 2,500 km/h (1,600 mph, 1,300 kn) / Mach 2.35
  • Range: 3,000 km (1,900 mi, 1,600 nmi) with 4 x R-33E and 2 drop tanks
5,400 km (3,400 mi; 2,900 nmi) with 4 x R-33E and 2 drop tanks with one aerial refueling[124]
  • Combat range: 1,450 km (900 mi, 780 nmi) at Mach 0.8 and 10,000 m (32,808 ft)
720 km (450 mi; 390 nmi) at Mach 2.35 and 18,000 m (59,055 ft)[37]
  • Service ceiling: 25,000 m (82,000 ft) +[125]
  • g limits: +5
  • Rate of climb: 288 m/s (56,700 ft/min)
  • Wing loading: 665 kg/m2 (136 lb/sq ft)
  • Thrust/weight: 0.85

Armament

Avionics

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Mladenov, Alexander (July 2015). "The Foxhound's New Tricks". Air International. 19 (1): 28.
  2. ^ a b Spick 2000.
  3. ^ Stilwell, Blake (13 July 2019). "These are the 5 fastest military aircraft in service today". Business Insider. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  4. ^ Kovalenko, Aleksandr (27 July 2020). [Russian MiG-31 will be put on an endless "resuscitation"]. Information Resistance (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2020-09-28. Retrieved 2020-08-19.
  5. ^ "Russia's Modernized Soviet-Era MiG-31 Fighters to Fly for 50 Years". The Moscow Times. 9 April 2015. from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Dawes, Alan (December 2002). "Mikoyan's Long-Legged Hunting Dog". Air International. pp. 396–401.
  7. ^ Gunston & Spick 1983, pp. 132–133.
  8. ^ Eden 2004, p. 323.
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Bibliography

  • Butowski, Piotr (July 2020). "New roles for the Foxhound". Air International. Vol. 99, no. 1. pp. 62–64. ISSN 0306-5634.
  • Crickmore, Paul F (2004). Lockheed Blackbird: Beyond the Secret Missions. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-694-1.
  • Eden, Paul (2004). "Mikoyan MiG-25 'Foxbat' & Mikoyan MiG-31 'Foxhound'". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London: Amber Books. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.
  • Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitriy (2011). Mikoyan MiG-31: Defender of the Homeland. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1473869196.
  • Gordon, Yefim (1997). MiG-25 'Foxbat', MiG-31 'Foxhound': Russia's Defensive Front Line. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-064-8.
  • Spick, Mike (2000). "MiG-31 'Foxhound'". The Great Book of Modern Warplanes. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI. ISBN 0-7603-0893-4.
  • Wilson, Stewart (2000). Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications. ISBN 1-875671-50-1.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-31.
  • . Russian Aircraft Corporation "MiG". Archived from the original on 2008-01-07.
  • "MiG-31". Milavia.net.
  • "MiG-31 Foxhound". Global Security.

August 24, 2023
mikoyan, fictional, aircraft, novel, movie, firefox, list, fictional, aircraft, russian, Микоян, МиГ, nato, reporting, name, foxhound, supersonic, interceptor, aircraft, developed, soviet, forces, mikoyan, design, bureau, replacement, earlier, foxbat, based, s. For the fictional MiG 31 aircraft of the novel and movie Firefox see List of fictional aircraft The Mikoyan MiG 31 Russian Mikoyan MiG 31 NATO reporting name Foxhound is a supersonic interceptor aircraft developed for the Soviet Air Forces by the Mikoyan design bureau as a replacement for the earlier MiG 25 Foxbat the MiG 31 is based on and shares design elements with the MiG 25 2 MiG 31A Russian Air Force MiG 31DZ in flight over RussiaRole Interceptor aircraft attack aircraftNational origin Soviet UnionManufacturer Mikoyan Gurevich MikoyanFirst flight 16 September 1975 47 years ago 1975 09 16 Introduction 6 May 1981Status In servicePrimary users Russian Aerospace ForcesKazakh Air ForceProduced 1975 1994Number built 519 1 Developed from Mikoyan Gurevich MiG 25The MiG 31 is among the fastest combat jets in the world 3 It continues to be operated by the Russian Aerospace Forces and Kazakh Air Defense Forces following the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 The Russian Defence Ministry expects the MiG 31 to remain in service until at least 2030 that was confirmed in 2020 when an announcement was made to extend the service lifetime of the existing airframes from 2 500 to 3 500 hours 4 5 Contents 1 Development 1 1 Background 1 2 Production 1 3 Upgrades and replacement 2 Design 2 1 Electronics suite 2 2 Radars 2 3 Variant differences 2 4 Cockpit 2 5 Armament 3 Operational history 3 1 Export 4 Variants 5 Operators 5 1 Former operators 6 Notable accidents 7 Specifications MiG 31 8 See also 9 References 9 1 Notes 9 2 Bibliography 10 External linksDevelopment EditBackground Edit The single seat MiG 25 could achieve high speed altitude and rate of climb however it lacked maneuverability at interception speeds and was difficult to fly at low altitudes The MiG 25 s speed was normally limited to Mach 2 83 but it could reach a maximum speed of at least Mach 3 2 with the risk of engine damage 6 7 A Russian Air Force MiG 31BM taking off from Chelyabinsk Shagol Airport 2012Development of the MiG 25 s replacement began with the Ye 155MP Russian E 155MP prototype which first flew on 16 September 1975 8 Although it bore a superficial resemblance to the MiG 25 it had a longer fuselage to accommodate the radar operator s cockpit and was in many respects a new design An important development was the MiG 31 s advanced radar capable of both look up and look down shoot down engagement as well as multiple target tracking This gave the Soviet Union an interceptor with the capability to engage the most likely Western intruders low flying cruise missiles and bombers at long range 1 The MiG 31 replaced the Tu 128 as the Soviet Union s dedicated long range interceptor 9 with far more advanced sensors and weapons 10 while its range is almost double that of the MiG 25 Like that of its MiG 25 predecessor the introduction of the MiG 31 was surrounded by early speculation and misinformation concerning its design and abilities The West learned of the new interceptor from Lieutenant Viktor Belenko a pilot who defected to Japan in 1976 with his MiG 25P 11 Belenko described an upcoming Super Foxbat with two seats and an ability to intercept cruise missiles According to his testimony the new interceptor was to have air intakes similar to the Mikoyan Gurevich MiG 23 which the MiG 31 does not have at least in production variants 12 Production Edit Serial production of the MiG 31 began in 1979 13 14 The first production batch of 519 MiG 31s including 349 baseline models was produced at the Sokol plant between 1976 and 1988 The second batch of 101 MiG 31DZs was produced from 1989 to 1991 The final batch of 69 MiG 31B aircraft was produced between 1990 and 1994 From the final batch 50 were retained by the Kazakhstan Air Force after the dissolution of the Soviet Union Of the baseline models 40 airframes were upgraded to MiG 31BS standard 1 MiG 31 production ended in 1994 15 Upgrades and replacement Edit Some upgrade programs have found their way into the MiG 31 fleet like the MiG 31BM multirole version with upgraded avionics new multimode radar hands on throttle and stick HOTAS controls liquid crystal LCD color multi function displays MFDs ability to carry the R 77 missile and various Russian air to ground missiles AGMs such as the Kh 31 anti radiation missile ARM a new and more powerful computer and digital data links A project to upgrade the Russian MiG 31 fleet to the MiG 31BM standard began in 2010 citation needed 100 aircraft are to be upgraded to MiG 31BM standard by 2020 16 Russian Federation Defence Ministry chief Colonel Yuri Balyko has claimed that the upgrade will increase the combat effectiveness of the aircraft several times over 17 18 MIG 31BMs were delivered in 2014 18 The Russian military will receive more than 130 upgraded MiG 31BMs and the first 24 aircraft have already been delivered Russian Deputy Defense Minister Yuri Borisov told reporters on 9 April 2015 19 Russia plans to start development of a replacement for the MiG 31 by 2019 The aircraft will be called PAK DP PAK DP Perspektivnyj aviacionnyj kompleks dalnego perehvata Prospective Air Complex for Long Range Interception 20 Development of the new aircraft designated MiG 41 began in April 2013 Such development is favored over restarting MiG 31 production citation needed In March 2014 Russian test pilot Anatoly Kvochur said that work began on a Mach 4 capable MiG 41 based on the MiG 31 21 22 Later reports said that development of the MiG 31 replacement is to begin in 2017 with the first aircraft to be delivered in 2020 and the replacement entering service in 2025 23 needs update Design Edit Russian Air Force MiG 31B in 2011Like the MiG 25 the MiG 31 is a large twin engine aircraft with side mounted air intake ramps a shoulder mounted wing with an aspect ratio of 2 94 and twin vertical tailfins Unlike the MiG 25 it has two seats with the rear occupied by a dedicated weapon systems officer 24 The MiG 31 was designed to fulfill the following mission objectives 1 Intercept cruise missiles and their launch aircraft by reaching missile launch range in the shortest possible time after departing the loiter area Detect and destroy low flying cruise missiles UAVs and helicopters Long range escort of strategic bombers Provide strategic air defense in areas not covered by ground based air defense systems The MiG 31 is limited to five g when travelling at supersonic speeds 6 While flying under combat weight its wing loading is marginal and its thrust to weight ratio is favorable The MiG 31 is not designed for close combat or rapid turning 6 The wings and airframe of the MiG 31 are stronger than those of the MiG 25 permitting supersonic flight at low altitudes Like the MiG 25 its flight surfaces are built primarily of nickel steel alloy enabling the aircraft to tolerate kinetic heating at airspeeds approaching Mach 3 The MiG 31 airframe comprises 49 arc welded nickel steel 33 light metal alloy 16 titanium and 2 composites 25 Its D30 F6 jet engines each rated at 152 kN thrust allow a maximum speed of Mach 1 23 at low altitude High altitude speed is temperature redlined to Mach 2 83 the thrust to drag ratio is sufficient for speeds in excess of Mach 3 but such speeds pose unacceptable hazards to engine and airframe life in routine use 6 Electronics suite Edit MiG 31BM showing its Zaslon phased array radarThe MiG 31 was among the first aircraft with a phased array radar 26 The MiG 31 was the world s first operational fighter with a passive electronically scanned array PESA radar the Zaslon S 800 Its maximum range against fighter sized targets is approximately 200 km 120 mi and it can track up to 10 targets and simultaneously attack four of them with its Vympel R 33 missiles The radar is matched with an infrared search and track IRST system in a retractable undernose fairing 6 The MiG 31 was equipped with RK RLDN and APD 518 27 digital secure datalinks The RK RLDN datalink is for communication with ground control centers The APD 518 datalink enables a flight of four MiG 31 to automatically exchange radar generated data within 200 km 120 mi from each other It also enables other aircraft with less sophisticated avionics 28 such as MiG 23s 25s and 29s and Su 15s and 27s 29 to be directed to targets spotted by MiG 31 a maximum of four long range for each MiG 31 aircraft The A 50 AEW aircraft and MiG 31 can automatically exchange aerial and terrestrial radar target designation 30 as well as air defense 31 The MiG 31 is equipped with ECM of radar and infrared ranges 32 The flight navigation equipment of the MiG 31 includes a complex of automatic control system SAU 155MP and sighting navigation complex KN 25 with two inertial systems and IP 1 72A with digital computer electronic long range navigation system Radical NP 312 or A 331 electronic system of the long range navigation A 723 Distant radio navigation is carried out by means of two systems Chayka similar to the system of Loran and Route similar to the system of Omega clarification needed Similarly to the complex S 300 missile system 33 aircraft group with APD 518 can share data obtained by various radars from different directions active or passive scanning of radiation and summarize the data The target can be detected passively via its emissions of jamming or use of its radar and or actively simultaneously from many different directions with the MiG 31 using its radar Every aircraft with the APD 518 will have the exact data even if it is not involved in the search 13 27 34 interacting with ground based automated digital control system ACS Rubezh Operating radius of 2 000 kilometres 1 200 mi can control multiple groups of planes operating modes of remote aiming semi automated actions coordinate support singly and also to direct on the target missiles launched from the other aircraft Digital immune system provides the automatic exchange of tactical information in a group of four interceptors remote one from another at a distance of 200 km 120 mi and aiming at the target group of fighters with less powerful avionics in this case the aircraft performs the role of guidance point or repeater 29 A group of four MiG 31 interceptors is able to control an area of air space across a total length of 800 to 900 kilometres 500 to 560 mi 35 its radar possessing a maximum detection range of 200 kilometres 120 mi in distance radius and the typical width of detection along the front of 225 kilometres 140 mi 29 Radars Edit Diagram shows how four MiG 31s can keep up to 1 000 km 620 mi under control and how the leader can pass information to friendly fighters Adopted in 1981 RP 31 N007 backstop Russian Zaslon 34 the range of detection of air targets with Zaslon A 200 km 120 mi for the purpose of a radar cross section of 19 m2 on a collision angle with probability 0 5 target detection distance with radar cross section of 3 m2 32 sq ft in the rear within 35 km 22 mi with a probability of 0 5 36 37 number of detected targets 24 was originally 10 38 number of targets for attack 6 was originally 4 38 39 range of automatic tracking 120 kilometres 75 mi detection of infrared signature targets 56 kilometres 35 mi Effective in the detection of cruise missiles and other targets against ground clutter 38 Until 2000 it was the world s only fighter in service equipped with phased array radar 32 40 when the Mitsubishi F 2 entered service with the J APG 1 active phased array radar Able to intercept and destroy cruise missiles flying at extremely low altitudes 41 31 Variant differences Edit The basic differences between other versions and the MiG 31BM are 39 The onboard radar complex of the MiG 31BM can track 24 airborne targets at one time six of which can be simultaneously attacked by R 33S missiles Modernized variants of the aircraft can be equipped with anti radiation missiles Kh 31 Kh 25MR or MPU up to six units anti ship Kh 31A up to six air to surface class missiles Kh 29 and Kh 59 up to three or Kh 59M up to two units up to six precision bombs KAB 1500 or eight KAB 500 with television or laser guidance Maximum mass of payload is 9 000 kilograms 20 000 lb citation needed The MiG 31M MiG 31D and MiG 31BM standard aircraft have an upgraded Zaslon M radar with larger antenna and greater detection range said to be 400 kilometres 250 mi against AWACS size targets and the ability to attack multiple targets air and ground simultaneously The Zaslon M has a 1 4 m 4 6 ft diameter larger antenna with 50 100 better performance than Zaslon In April 1994 it was used with an R 37 to hit a target at 300 kilometres 190 mi distance 34 It has a search range of 400 km 250 mi for a 19 20 m2 200 220 sq ft RCS target and can track 24 targets at once engaging six 42 43 or 282 km 175 mi for 5 m2 54 sq ft 44 Relative target speed detection increased from Mach 5 to Mach 6 improving the probability of destroying fast moving targets 34 The MiG 31BM is one of only a few aircraft able to intercept and destroy cruise missiles flying at extremely low altitude 34 45 46 Cockpit Edit Front seat cockpit of older MiG 31 variantThe aircraft is a two seater with the rear seat occupant controlling the radar Although cockpit controls are duplicated across cockpits it is normal for the aircraft to be flown only from the front seat The pilot flies the aircraft by means of a centre stick and left hand throttles The rear cockpit has only two small vision ports on the sides of the canopy The presence of the WSO weapon systems operator in the rear cockpit improves aircraft effectiveness since the WSO is entirely dedicated to radar operations and weapons deployment thus decreasing the workload of the pilot and increasing efficiency Both cockpits are fitted with zero zero ejection seats which allow the crew to eject at any altitude and airspeed 6 Armament Edit A Russian Air Force MiG 31BM armed with R 33 missilesThe MiG 31 s main armament is four R 33 air to air missiles NATO codename AA 9 Amos carried under the belly One GSh 6 23 23 mm 0 91 in cannon with 260 rounds The MiG 31 s predecessor the MiG 25 did not include a cannon citation needed Fuselage recesses for four R 33 AA 9 Amos or four R 37 AA 13 Arrow MiG 31M BM only Four underwing pylons for a combination of six places for charging 47 two spaces to add removable fuel tanks 15 Six R 37 missile long range air to air missiles 280 kilometres 170 mi 48 Four 29 R 33 long range missiles 300 kilometres 190 mi 2012 49 Kh 31 long range air to ground missiles 200 kilometres 120 mi for high speed target maneuvering with an overload of 8 g 49 R 33 AA 9 Amos 1981 120 kilometres 75 mi R 33S 1999 160 kilometres 99 mi 50 Two 29 or four superior limit 51 R 40TD1 AA 6 Acrid medium range missiles R 40 50 80 kilometres 31 50 mi MiG 25P 1970 launched at altitudes of 0 5 3 kilometres 0 31 1 86 mi maneuvering with overload four g 52 Four R 60 AA 8 Aphid A Russian Aerospace Forces MiG 31BM armed with Kh 47M2 Kinzhal missile Four R 73 AA 11 Archer short range IR missiles Four R 77 AA 12 Adder medium range missiles 100 kilometres 62 mi for high speed target maneuvering with overload of 12 g 53 Some aircraft are equipped to launch the Kh 31P AS 17 Krypton and Kh 58 AS 11 Kilter anti radiation missiles in the Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses SEAD role Anti ship missiles Kh 31A up to six and air to surface missiles X 59 and X 29T up to three or X 59M up to two units up to six air bombs KAB 1500 or up to eight KAB 500 with a television or laser guidance Maximum weight of the combat load is 9 000 kilograms 20 000 lb 54 55 One Kh 47M2 Kinzhal high precision ballistic missile with a range of about 2 000 km 1 200 mi Mach 10 speed 56 verification needed It can carry both conventional and nuclear warheads 57 This gave the MiG 31 long range strike capabilities for the first time alongside its primary interceptor role 58 Operational history Edit A side view of a MiG 31 from 790th Fighter Order of Kutuzov Aviation Regiment on the runway of Khotilovo airbase Tver region A MiG 31B on left and MiG 31BM on right flying in formation Serial production of the MiG 31 began in 1979 13 14 The MiG 31 entered operational service with the Soviet Air Defence Forces PVO in 1981 59 During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine MiG 31 aircraft have reportedly shot down several Ukrainian aircraft mainly by utilising the long range R 37 air to air missile By remaining at high speed and high altitude MiG 31s have been able to operate virtually unopposed due to Ukraine s own fighters lacking range speed or altitude necessary to engage the MiG 31 60 61 The R 37M has since October 2022 been the main threat against the Ukrainian Air Force The Ukrainian Air Force has a significant lack of fire and forget missiles They relied on the R 27 missiles both the R 27ER and R 27ET the R 27ET s range is 60 miles A Ukrainian pilot must illuminate a Russian aircraft with radar to guide the missile to the target Russian pilots firing the active radar fire and forget R 77 give them the ability to launch their missiles and then take evasive action Ukrainian pilots were forced to exploit ground clutter and terrain masking to get close enough to fire before being engaged During the first three days of the war both sides lost aircraft The Ukrainians replaced them with older airframes that were made flyable However the Russian Aerospace Forces turned to the MiG 31 with the R 37M missile that has a range of 200 miles Combined with the superior radar on the MiG 31 the Ukrainian Air Force has started losing more aircraft A report by the Royal United Services Institute states that in October some six R 37Ms were being fired at the Ukrainian Air Force a day Four MiG 31s were also deployed to Crimea To avoid R 37M missiles Ukraine has had to attempt to destroy MiG 31s while they are still on the ground such as the attack on the Belbek airbase and an attempted drone attack in August 62 63 64 65 66 On the early morning of 4 May 2023 a Kh 47M2 Kinzhal missile was successfully intercepted by the Patriot air defense system according to the commander of the Ukrainian Air Force general Mykola Oleschuk The missile was fired from a MiG 31K in Russian airspace Ukraine confirmed the intercept saying it used the Patriot missile system protecting the Kyiv region 67 68 69 On the morning of 16 May 2023 some six Kh 47M2 Kinzhal missiles were fired at Kyiv Ukrainian Air Force spokesperson said that they were launched from six MiG 31Ks Ukraine claims that all Kinzhals were intercepted however one may have damaged a Patriot battery according to US officials 70 Export Edit In 1992 Russia offered the MiG 31 to Finland 71 which had a selection programme ongoing for a new fighter but the offer was not submitted to the program where Russia had submitted the MiG 29 72 Finland did not accept the offer 71 and chose the new fighter from the selection programme 72 Syria ordered eight MiG 31E aircraft in 2007 for the Syrian Air Force 73 74 The order was suspended in May 2009 reportedly either due to Israeli pressure or lack of Syrian funds 75 Variants Edit A front view of a MiG 31 on the ramp of Khotilovo airbase Tver region Bottom view of a MiG 31BMYe 155MP MiG 25MP Prototype modification of the early MiG 31 First flight on 16 September 1975 MiG 31 First variant which entered in serial production 349 aircraft were built MiG 31M Development of a more comprehensive advanced version the MiG 31M began in 1984 and first flew in 1985 but the dissolution of the Soviet Union prevented it from entering full production 76 77 One piece rounded windscreen small side windows for rear cockpit wider and deeper dorsal spine Digital flight controls added multifunction CRT cockpit displays multi mode phased array radar No gun fitted in this model refueling probe moved to starboard side of aircraft fuselage weapon stations increased from 4 to 6 by adding two centre line stations Maximum TO weight increased to 52 000 kg 115 000 lb using increased thrust D 30F6M engines instead of the D 30F6 engines 78 1 prototype and 6 flyable pre production units were produced MiG 31D Two aircraft were designated as Type 31D and were manufactured as dedicated anti satellite models with ballast in the nose instead of radars flat fuselage undersurface i e no recessed weapon system bays and had large winglets above and below the wing tips Equipped with Vympel ASAT missiles 78 Two prototypes were built MiG 31LL Special modification used as a flying laboratory for testing of ejection seats during flight MiG 31 01DZ Two seat all weather all altitude interceptor Designated as MiG 31 01DZ when fitted with air to air refueling probe 78 One hundred produced of DZ variant 79 MiG 31B Second production batch with upgraded avionics and in flight refueling probe introduced in 1990 Its development was the result of the Soviet discovery that Phazotron radar division engineer Adolf Tolkachev had sold information on advanced radars to the West A new version of the compromised radar was hastily developed 80 MiG 31B also have the improved ECM and EW equipment with integration of improved R 33S missiles Long range navigation system compatible with Loran Omega and Chaka ground stations added This model replaced the 01DZ models in late 1990 78 MiG 31E Export version of the MiG 31B with simplified avionics Never entered in serial production 78 MiG 31BS Designation applied to type 01DZ when converted to MiG 31B standard 78 MiG 31BM After passing state testing in 2008 this modernized variant of MiG 31B was approved for introduction into air force of Russia 50 planes are modified to the MiG 31BM Bolshaya Modernizatsiya Big Modernization standard in accordance with the 2011 contract 81 The efficiency of the modernized MiG 31BM is 2 6 times greater than the basic MiG 31 82 The MiG 31BM s maximum detection range for air targets was increased in the upgrade to 320 km 200 mi It had the ability to automatically track up to ten targets and the latest units can track up to 24 targets and simultaneously engage up to eight targets The on board Argon K is replaced with the new Baget 55 06 computer 83 that selects four targets of the highest priority which simultaneously are engaged by long range R 33S air to air missiles 84 A new long range missile R 37 missile with speed of Mach 6 and range up to 400 km 250 mi is developed during the modernization process for use with the newly modernized MiG 31 83 The MiG 31BM has a multi role capability and is capable of using anti radar air to ship and air to ground missiles Some of its avionics are unified with the MiG 29SMT It also has a refueling probe 85 MiG 31BM set a sustained flight record for the model while spending seven hours and four minutes in the air while covering the distance of 8 000 km 5 000 mi 86 MiG 31BSM An upgrade of the BS version it is the latest modernization variant first time contracted in 2014 for modernization of 60 aircraft it is very similar in some aspects to the BM standard Unlike the BS standard aircraft modernized into the BSM standard are equipped with air refueling probe Improvements were made to the aircraft canopy where new and better heat resistant glass was used thus enabling the MiG 31BSM to fly with cruise speed of 3 000 km h 1 900 mph at long distances without any damage Furthermore new faster central computer Baget 55 06 is used with addition of multi functional displays one for the pilot and three for the weapons operator navigator Also there is a new set of navigation equipment The MiG 31BSM has multi role capability with ability to use anti radar anti ship and air to ground missiles Main visible difference between the BS and BSM standards is adding of the rear view periscope above the front cockpit canopy 87 MiG 31K Modified MiG 31BM variant able to carry the hypersonic Kh 47M2 Kinzhal ALBM Ten aircraft were modified by May 2018 88 With this modification and with removed APU for air to air missiles the aircraft gained a sole role of an attack aircraft 89 90 MiG 31F Planned fighter bomber intended for use with TV radar and laser guided ASM weapon systems Never entered serial production 78 MiG 31FE Planned export version of the MiG 31F 78 MiG 31I Ishim Proposed modification for air launch to orbit of small spacecraft with a payload of 160 kg 350 lb to 300 km 190 mi altitude or 120 kg 260 lb to 600 km 370 mi altitude orbit 91 MiG 31 Izdeliye 08 MiG 31 modified into a launch platform for the Izdeliye 293 Burevestnik anti satellite missile At least two prototypes are converted Tests from September 2018 92 Operators Edit KazakhstanKazakh Air Defense Forces 610th Air Base Sary Arka Airport 93 From 20 94 to 31 95 in inventory as of 2020 RussiaRussian Aerospace Forces 4th Centre for Combat Application and Crew Training Savasleyka 96 22nd Fighter Aviation Regiment Tsentralnaya Uglovaya 96 98th Independent Composite Aviation Regiment Monchegorsk 96 764th Fighter Aviation Regiment Perm Bolshoye Savino 96 712th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment Kansk 96 790th Fighter Aviation Regiment Khotilovo Borisovskiy 96 929th V P Chkalova State Flight Test Centre Akhtubinsk 96 From 85 97 to 131 98 MiG 31BM in inventory as of 2020 Deliveries of updated aircraft drawn from older models stocks continue as of 2023 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 Ten jets have been modified to the MiG 31K version and carry the Kh 47M2 Kinzhal missile as of May 2018 88 With this modification and with removed APU for air to air missiles the aircraft gained a sole role of an attack aircraft 89 90 Russian Naval Aviation 7060th Naval Aviation Air Base Petropavlovsk Kamchatskiy Yelizovo 109 10 MiG 31B BS and 22 MiG 31BM in inventory as of 2020 110 Former operators Edit Soviet UnionSoviet Air Forces aircraft passed to the Russian and Kazakh Air Forces after the dissolution of the Soviet Union Soviet Air Defence ForcesNotable accidents EditOn 4 April 1984 a MiG 31 crashed while on a test flight killing Mikoyan chief test pilot and Hero of the Soviet Union Aleksandr Vasilyevich Fedotov and his navigator V Zaitsev 111 On 26 April 2017 a MiG 31 crashed after it was accidentally hit by friendly fire during a training session near the Telemba proving ground in Russian Far East 112 This occurred during a training exercise over the Telemba proving ground in Buryatia both crew members ejected successfully 113 While Russian state media did not offer any details independent investigators discovered from a leaked government document that the aircraft was shot down by an R 33 missile fired from another MiG 31 and that pilot error from both airplanes was at fault The report also suggested problems with the Zaslon AM radar and Baget 55 fire control system that might increase the risk of more accidental shootdowns 114 On 16 April 2020 a MiG 31 interceptor of the Kazakh Air Force crashed in the country s Karaganda region 115 importance On 8 April 2022 a MiG 31 of the Russian Aerospace Forces crashed in the Leningrad region 116 importance On 2 December 2022 a MiG 31 of the Russian Aerospace Forces crashed during a training flight in the far eastern Primorsky Region 117 importance On 26 April 2023 a MiG 31 of the Russian Aerospace Forces crashed during a training flight in northern Murmansk The pilots reportedly ejected and survived 118 importance On 4 July 2023 a MiG 31 of the Russian Aerospace Forces crashed during a training flight over Avacha Bay 119 importance Specifications MiG 31 Edit MiG 31 3 view drawing MiG 31E landing with brake chute deployed MiG 31BM take off with afterburnerData from Great Book of Modern Warplanes 2 Mikoyan 120 Combat Aircraft since 1945 121 airforce technology com 122 deagel com 123 General characteristicsCrew 2 pilot and weapons systems officer Length 22 62 m 74 ft 3 in Wingspan 13 456 m 44 ft 2 in Height 6 456 m 21 ft 2 in Wing area 61 6 m2 663 sq ft Empty weight 21 820 kg 48 105 lb Gross weight 41 000 kg 90 390 lb Max takeoff weight 46 200 kg 101 854 lb Fuel capacity 35 550 lb 16 130 kg internals plus optional external fuel tanks 35 Powerplant 2 Soloviev D 30F6 afterburning turbofan engines 93 kN 21 000 lbf thrust each dry 152 kN 34 000 lbf with afterburnerPerformance Maximum speed 3 000 km h 1 900 mph 1 600 kn Mach 2 83 at 21 500 m 70 538 ft 1 500 km h 930 mph 810 kn Mach 1 21 at low altitude dd dd dd Cruise speed 2 500 km h 1 600 mph 1 300 kn Mach 2 35 Range 3 000 km 1 900 mi 1 600 nmi with 4 x R 33E and 2 drop tanks5 400 km 3 400 mi 2 900 nmi with 4 x R 33E and 2 drop tanks with one aerial refueling 124 dd dd Combat range 1 450 km 900 mi 780 nmi at Mach 0 8 and 10 000 m 32 808 ft 720 km 450 mi 390 nmi at Mach 2 35 and 18 000 m 59 055 ft 37 dd dd dd Service ceiling 25 000 m 82 000 ft 125 g limits 5 Rate of climb 288 m s 56 700 ft min Wing loading 665 kg m2 136 lb sq ft Thrust weight 0 85Armament Guns 1 23 mm Gryazev Shipunov GSh 6 23M rotary cannon with up to 800 rounds later removed Hardpoints 4 semi recessed under the fuselage and 4 underwing pylons with capacity of up to 9 000 kg 20 000 lb of ordnance citation needed with provisions to carry combinations of Missiles Air to air missiles 4 R 33E 2 R 40RD TD 4 R 60MK 4 R 73 4 x R 37M MiG 31BM only 4 x R 77M MiG 31BM only Air to surface missiles 4 Kh 58UShKE anti radiation missile 1 Kh 47M2 Kinzhal hypersonic air launched ballistic missileAvionics 8TK IRST 126 Phazotron Zaslon passive electronically scanned array radarSee also Edit Aviation portalFirefox novel and Firefox film the premise of which is the theft of a speculated fictional version of the MiG 31Related development Mikoyan Gurevich MiG 25 Mikoyan MiG 41Aircraft of comparable role configuration and era Grumman F 14 Tomcat McDonnell Douglas F 15 Eagle Panavia Tornado ADV Sukhoi Su 27Related lists List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CISReferences EditNotes Edit a b c d Mladenov Alexander July 2015 The Foxhound s New Tricks Air International 19 1 28 a b Spick 2000 Stilwell Blake 13 July 2019 These are the 5 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postupila na vooruzhenie CVO v 2021 godu CAMTO Na Kamchatku posle modernizacii pribyli usovershenstvovannye istrebiteli perehvatchiki MiG 31BM Armstrade org Retrieved 2022 03 08 CAMTO Istrebitelnyj aviapolk CVO poluchil modernizirovannye istrebiteli perehvatchiki MiG 31BM CAMTO Na Kamchatku pribyli dva istrebitelya perehvatchika MiG 31BM proshedshih glubokuyu modernizaciyu CAMTO OAK peredala Minoborony partiyu istrebitelej perehvatchikov MiG 31 posle remonta i modernizacii Russian Federation Naval Aviation AVMF RF Scramble nl Retrieved 2021 07 06 The Military Balance 2021 Routledge 2021 p 196 ISBN 978 1 03201 227 8 Gordon amp Komissarov 2011 p 32 Russian MiG 31 fighter was downed by friendly fire Report Defense World 25 April 2019 Retrieved 2020 05 09 MiG 31 interceptor jet crashes in Russia TASS 26 April 2017 Retrieved 2019 09 05 Trevithick Joseph 23 April 2019 Russian MiG 31 Foxhound Shot Down Its Wingman During Disastrous Live Fire Exercise The Drive Retrieved 2019 09 05 Kazakhstan 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from the original on 2015 10 01 Retrieved 2015 09 30 The combat in middle space at what altitude are able to fight the Russian MiG 31 Center of Strategic Analysis and Forecasts 22 February 2017 Archived from the original on 2018 10 04 Retrieved 2018 12 29 Butowski Piotr 2 May 2018 MiG 31 dale rozvijen MiG 31 further developed MagnetPress in Czech Bibliography Edit Butowski Piotr July 2020 New roles for the Foxhound Air International Vol 99 no 1 pp 62 64 ISSN 0306 5634 Crickmore Paul F 2004 Lockheed Blackbird Beyond the Secret Missions Oxford UK Osprey Publishing ISBN 1 84176 694 1 Eden Paul 2004 Mikoyan MiG 25 Foxbat amp Mikoyan MiG 31 Foxhound Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft London Amber Books ISBN 1 904687 84 9 Gordon Yefim Komissarov Dmitriy 2011 Mikoyan MiG 31 Defender of the Homeland Pen and Sword Books ISBN 978 1473869196 Gordon Yefim 1997 MiG 25 Foxbat MiG 31 Foxhound Russia s Defensive Front Line Hinckley UK Midland Publishing ISBN 1 85780 064 8 Spick Mike 2000 MiG 31 Foxhound The Great Book of Modern Warplanes St Paul Minnesota MBI ISBN 0 7603 0893 4 Wilson Stewart 2000 Combat Aircraft since 1945 Fyshwick Australia Aerospace Publications ISBN 1 875671 50 1 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mikoyan Gurevich MiG 31 MiG 31E Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG Archived from the original on 2008 01 07 MiG 31 Milavia net MiG 31 Foxhound Global Security Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mikoyan MiG 31 amp oldid 1168223038, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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