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Lwów Ghetto

January 01, 1970

The Lwów Ghetto (German: Ghetto Lemberg; Polish: getto we Lwowie) was a Nazi ghetto in the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine) in the territory of Nazi-administered General Government in German-occupied Poland.

Lwów Ghetto
Hanging of the Lwów Ghetto Judenrat, 1942
Also known asGerman: Ghetto Lemberg
LocationLwów, Zamarstynów
(German-occupied Poland)
Date8 November 1941 to 2 June 1943
Incident typeImprisonment, mass shootings, forced labor, starvation, forced abortions and sterilization
OrganizationsSS
CampBelzec extermination camp
Janowska concentration camp
Victims120,000 Polish Jews
Survivors823

The ghetto, set up in the second half of 1941, was liquidated in June 1943; all its inhabitants who survived prior killings were deported to the Bełżec extermination camp and the Janowska concentration camp.

Background edit

Lviv (Polish: Lwów) was a multicultural city just before World War II, with a population of 312,231. The city's 157,490 ethnic Poles constituted just over 50 percent of the population, with Jews at 32 percent (99,595) and Ukrainians at 16 percent (49,747).[1] On 28 September 1939, after the joint Soviet-German invasion, the USSR and Germany signed the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty, which assigned about 200,000 km2 (77,000 sq mi) of Polish territory inhabited by 13.5 million people of all nationalities to the Soviet Union. Lviv was then annexed to the Soviet Union.[2] At the time of the German attack on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, about 160,000 Jews lived in the city;[3] the number had swelled by tens of thousands due to the arrival of Jewish refugees from German-occupied Poland in late 1939.[4] All along the German-Soviet front, the Soviet secret police (the NKVD) engaged in mass murder of prisoners, in what later became known as the NKVD prisoner massacres. According to estimates by contemporary historians, the number of victims in Western Ukraine was probably between 10,000 and 40,000,[5] with at least two-thirds of them ethnic Ukrainians.[6]

German invasion and pogroms edit

Main article: Lviv pogroms

Lviv was occupied by the German Wehrmacht in the early hours of 30 June 1941. That day, Jews were press-ganged by the Germans to remove bodies of the NKVD's victims from the three local jails.[7] During the morning of 30 June, an ad hoc Ukrainian People's Militia was formed in the city.[8] It included OUN activists who had moved in from Kraków with the Germans, OUN members who lived in Lviv, and former Soviet policemen—who had either decided to switch sides or who were OUN members that had infiltrated the Soviet police.[9] A full-blown pogrom began on the next day, 1 July. Jews were taken from their apartments, made to clean streets on their hands and knees, or perform rituals that identified them with Communism.[10] Jews continued to be brought to the three prisons, first to exhume the bodies and then to be killed.[11] Sub-units of Einsatzgruppe C arrived on 2 July, at which point violence escalated further.[12] The SS death squad conducted a series of mass-murder operations which continued for the next few days.[13]

A second pogrom took place in the last days of July 1941 and was named the "Petlura Days" after the assassinated Ukrainian leader and pogromist Symon Petliura.[14][15] This pogrom was organized by the Nazis, but carried out by the Ukrainians, as a prologue to the total annihilation of the Jewish population of Lwów. Somewhere in the neighborhood of between 5,000–7,000 Jews were brutally beaten and more than 2,000 murdered[16] in this massacre.[17] In addition, some 3,000 persons, mostly Jews, were executed in the municipal stadium by the German military.[17]

The ghetto edit

Following the Nazi takeover, SS-Brigadeführer Fritz Katzmann became the SS and Police Leader (SSPF) of Lwów.[18] On his orders the ghetto called Jüdischer Wohnbezirk was established on 8 November 1941 in the northern part of the city. Some 80,000 Jews were ordered to move there by 15 December 1941 and all Poles and Ukrainians to move out.[19] Zamarstynów (now Zamarstyniv) neighborhood was designated to form the Jewish quarter. Before the beginning of World War II it was one of the poorest suburbs of Lwów. German police also began a series of "selections" in an operation called "Action under the bridge" - 5,000 elderly and sick Jews were shot as they crossed under the rail bridge on Pełtewna Street (called bridge of death by the Jews) moving slowly toward the gate. Eventually, between 110,000 and 120,000 Jews were forced into the new ghetto. The living conditions there were extremely poor, coupled with severe overcrowding. For example, food rations allocated to the Jews were estimated to equal only 10% of the German and 50% of the Ukrainian or Polish rations.[20]

The Germans established a Jewish police force called the Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst Lemberg wearing dark blue Polish police uniforms from before World War II, but with the Polish insignia replaced by a Magen David and the new letters J.O.L. in various positions on their uniform. They were given rubber truncheons. Their ranks numbered from 500 to 750 policemen.[20] The Jewish police force answered to the Jewish National city council known as the Judenrat, which in turn answered to the Gestapo.

 
1941 Lwów Ghetto residence permit.

Deportations edit

 
Locations of the Lwów ghetto and the Belzec extermination camp (lower right)

The Lemberg Ghetto was one of the first to have Jews transported to the death camps as part of Aktion Reinhard. Between 16 March and 1 April 1942, approximately 15,000 Jews were taken to the Kleparów railway station and deported to the Belzec extermination camp. Following these initial deportations, and death by disease and random shootings, around 86,000 Jews officially remained in the ghetto, though there were many more not recorded. During this period, many Jews were also forced to work for the Wehrmacht and the ghetto's German administration, especially in the nearby Janowska labor camp. On 24–25 June 1942, 2,000 Jews were taken to the labor camp; only 120 were used for forced labor, and all of the others were shot.

Between 10 and 31 August 1942, the "Great Aktion" was carried out, where between 40,000 and 50,000 Jews were rounded up, gathered at transit point placed in Janowska camp and then deported to Belzec. Many who were not deported, including local orphans and hospital inpatients, were shot. On 1 September 1942 the Gestapo hanged the head of Lwów’s Judenrat and members of the ghetto's Jewish police force on balconies of Judenrat's building at Łokietka street and Hermana street corner. Around 65,000 Jews remained while winter approached with no heating or sanitation, leading to an outbreak of typhus.

Between 5 and 7 January 1943, another 15,000-20,000 Jews, including the last members of the Judenrat, were shot outside of the town on the orders of Fritz Katzmann. After this aktion in January 1943 Judenrat was dissolved, that what remained of the ghetto was renamed Judenlager Lemberg (Jewish Camp Lwów), thus formally redesigned as labor camp with about 12,000 legal Jews, able to work in the German war industry and several thousands illegal Jews (mainly women, children and elderly) hiding in it.[20]

At the beginning of June 1943 Germans decided to end the existence of the Jewish quarter and its inhabitants. As Nazis entered the ghetto they met some sporadic acts of armed resistance, facing grenades and Molotov cocktails. The Germans and their Ukrainian collaborators lost 9 killed and 20 wounded.[21] However, most of the Jews were trying to hide themselves in earlier prepared hideouts (so called bunkers). In effect many buildings were suffused with gasoline and burned in order to "flush out" Jews from their hiding places. Some Jews managed to escape or to conceal themselves in the sewer system.

By the time that the Soviet Red Army entered Lwów on 26 July 1944, only a few hundred Jews remained in the city. The number varies from 200 to 900 (823 according to data of Jewish Provisional Committee in Lwów, Polish: Tymczasowy Komitet Żydowski we Lwowie from 1945).

Among its notable inhabitants was Chaim Widawski, who disseminated news about the war picked up with an illegal radio.[22] Polish Olympic football player Leon Sperling was shot to death by the Nazis in the ghetto in December 1941.[23] Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal was one of the best-known Jewish inhabitants of Lemberg Ghetto to survive the war (as his memoirs The Executioners Among Us indicate, he was saved from execution by a Ukrainian policeman), though he was later transported to a concentration camp, rather than remaining in the ghetto.

Some[specify] local gentiles attempted to aid and shelter the Jews. Kazimiera Nazarewicz, a Polish nanny hired by a Jewish family, sheltered their daughter throughout the war, and delivered aid to her parents who were imprisoned in the ghetto. After the war, Nazarewicz became one of the recipients of the Righteous Among the Nations title.[24] Leopold Socha and Stefan Wróblewski, laborers maintaining the municipal sewage system, organized in their shelters for 21 one Jews who survived the ghetto's liquidation; 10 of them survived the war. Socha, Wróblewski and their wives received the Righteous titles after the war.[25] Another Righteous, Miroslav Kravchuk, with the help of some acquaintances, shelter his Jewish ex-wife, and some of their other family members and acquaintances. Kravchuk survived 6-month imprisonment by Gestapo following their arrest of him under the suspicion of him helping Jews.[26]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Himka 2011, p. 210.
  2. ^ Gross 2002, pp. 17, 28–30.
  3. ^ Beorn 2018, p. 136.
  4. ^ Kulke 2012, p. 802.
  5. ^ Kiebuzinski & Motyl 2017, pp. 30–31.
  6. ^ Kiebuzinski & Motyl 2017, p. 41.
  7. ^ Himka 2011, p. 211.
  8. ^ Himka 2011, p. 227.
  9. ^ Himka 2011, p. 229.
  10. ^ Himka 2011, pp. 211–212.
  11. ^ Himka 2011, p. 218.
  12. ^ Beorn 2018, p. 137.
  13. ^ Himka 2011, pp. 219–220.
  14. ^ "Lwów". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  15. ^ "July 25: Pogrom in Lwów". Chronology of the Holocaust. Yad Vashem. 2004. Archived from the original on 2005-03-11.
  16. ^ . Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  17. ^ a b Richard Breitman. Himmler and the 'Terrible Secret' among the Executioners. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 26, No. 3/4, The Impact of Western Nationalisms: Essays Dedicated to Walter Z. Laqueur on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday (Sep., 1991), pp. 431-451
  18. ^ Waldemar „Scypion” Sadaj (January 27, 2010). "Fritz Friedrich Katzmann". SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS und Polizei. Allgemeine SS & Waffen-SS. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  19. ^ Claudia Koonz (November 2, 2005). (PDF). The Raul Hilberg Lecture. University of Vermont: 2, 11, 16–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
  20. ^ a b c Filip Friedman, Zagłada Żydów lwowskich (Extermination of the Jews of Lwów) OCLC 38706656.
  21. ^ Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust, p. 266
  22. ^ Trunk, Isaiah; Shapiro, Robert Moses (2006). Łódź Ghetto: a history. Indiana University Press. p. lvi. ISBN 978-0-253-34755-8.
  23. ^ Kay Schaffer & Sidonie Smith (2000). The Olympics at the Millennium: Power, Politics, and the Games. Rutgers University Press. p. 61. ISBN 0-8135-2820-8.
  24. ^ "The Righteous Among The Nations: Nazarewicz-Gruszko, Kazimiera". db.yadvashem.org. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  25. ^ "Leopold and Magdalena Socha | www.yadvashem.org". socha.html. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  26. ^ "The Righteous Among The Nations: Kravchuk, Miroslav". db.yadvashem.org. Retrieved 2019-06-12.

References edit

Further reading edit

  • Marek Herman, From the Alps to the Red Sea. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishers and Beit Lohamei Haghetaot, 1985. pp. 14–60
  • Dawid Kahane, Lvov Ghetto Diary. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990. ISBN 0-87023-726-8 (Published in Hebrew as Yoman getto Lvov, Jerusalem:Yad Vashem, 1978)
  • Dr Filip Friedman, Zagłada Żydów lwowskich, Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna, Centralny Komitet Żydów Polskich, Nr 4, Łódź 1945
  • Mick, Christoph (7 April 2011). "Incompatible Experiences: Poles, Ukrainians and Jews in Lviv under Soviet and German Occupation, 1939-44" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary History. 46 (2): 336–363. doi:10.1177/0022009410392409. S2CID 159856277. Open access preprint here. {{cite journal}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  • Weiss, Jakob, The Lemberg Mosaic. New York : Alderbrook Press, 2010.
  • Chiger, Krystyna, The Girl in the Green sweater: A life in Holocaust's Shadow, Macmillan, 2010. ISBN 1429961252
  • Leon Weliczker Wells, The Janowska Road (original publication Macmillan, 1963). Amazon: Halo Pr, 1999. ISBN 089604159X

External links edit

  • US Holocaust Museum information on Lviv
  • Database of names from the Lviv Ghetto
  • Lviv, Ukraine at JewishGen

49°50′22″N 24°1′58″E / 49.83944°N 24.03278°E / 49.83944; 24.03278

January 01, 1970
lwów, ghetto, german, ghetto, lemberg, polish, getto, lwowie, nazi, ghetto, city, lwów, lviv, ukraine, territory, nazi, administered, general, government, german, occupied, poland, hanging, judenrat, 1942also, known, asgerman, ghetto, lemberglocationlwów, zama. The Lwow Ghetto German Ghetto Lemberg Polish getto we Lwowie was a Nazi ghetto in the city of Lwow now Lviv Ukraine in the territory of Nazi administered General Government in German occupied Poland Lwow GhettoHanging of the Lwow Ghetto Judenrat 1942Also known asGerman Ghetto LembergLocationLwow Zamarstynow German occupied Poland Date8 November 1941 to 2 June 1943Incident typeImprisonment mass shootings forced labor starvation forced abortions and sterilizationOrganizationsSSCampBelzec extermination camp Janowska concentration campVictims120 000 Polish JewsSurvivors823 The ghetto set up in the second half of 1941 was liquidated in June 1943 all its inhabitants who survived prior killings were deported to the Belzec extermination camp and the Janowska concentration camp Contents 1 Background 2 German invasion and pogroms 3 The ghetto 3 1 Deportations 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksBackground editLviv Polish Lwow was a multicultural city just before World War II with a population of 312 231 The city s 157 490 ethnic Poles constituted just over 50 percent of the population with Jews at 32 percent 99 595 and Ukrainians at 16 percent 49 747 1 On 28 September 1939 after the joint Soviet German invasion the USSR and Germany signed the German Soviet Frontier Treaty which assigned about 200 000 km2 77 000 sq mi of Polish territory inhabited by 13 5 million people of all nationalities to the Soviet Union Lviv was then annexed to the Soviet Union 2 At the time of the German attack on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 about 160 000 Jews lived in the city 3 the number had swelled by tens of thousands due to the arrival of Jewish refugees from German occupied Poland in late 1939 4 All along the German Soviet front the Soviet secret police the NKVD engaged in mass murder of prisoners in what later became known as the NKVD prisoner massacres According to estimates by contemporary historians the number of victims in Western Ukraine was probably between 10 000 and 40 000 5 with at least two thirds of them ethnic Ukrainians 6 German invasion and pogroms editMain article Lviv pogroms Lviv was occupied by the German Wehrmacht in the early hours of 30 June 1941 That day Jews were press ganged by the Germans to remove bodies of the NKVD s victims from the three local jails 7 During the morning of 30 June an ad hoc Ukrainian People s Militia was formed in the city 8 It included OUN activists who had moved in from Krakow with the Germans OUN members who lived in Lviv and former Soviet policemen who had either decided to switch sides or who were OUN members that had infiltrated the Soviet police 9 A full blown pogrom began on the next day 1 July Jews were taken from their apartments made to clean streets on their hands and knees or perform rituals that identified them with Communism 10 Jews continued to be brought to the three prisons first to exhume the bodies and then to be killed 11 Sub units of Einsatzgruppe C arrived on 2 July at which point violence escalated further 12 The SS death squad conducted a series of mass murder operations which continued for the next few days 13 A second pogrom took place in the last days of July 1941 and was named the Petlura Days after the assassinated Ukrainian leader and pogromist Symon Petliura 14 15 This pogrom was organized by the Nazis but carried out by the Ukrainians as a prologue to the total annihilation of the Jewish population of Lwow Somewhere in the neighborhood of between 5 000 7 000 Jews were brutally beaten and more than 2 000 murdered 16 in this massacre 17 In addition some 3 000 persons mostly Jews were executed in the municipal stadium by the German military 17 The ghetto editFollowing the Nazi takeover SS Brigadefuhrer Fritz Katzmann became the SS and Police Leader SSPF of Lwow 18 On his orders the ghetto called Judischer Wohnbezirk was established on 8 November 1941 in the northern part of the city Some 80 000 Jews were ordered to move there by 15 December 1941 and all Poles and Ukrainians to move out 19 Zamarstynow now Zamarstyniv neighborhood was designated to form the Jewish quarter Before the beginning of World War II it was one of the poorest suburbs of Lwow German police also began a series of selections in an operation called Action under the bridge 5 000 elderly and sick Jews were shot as they crossed under the rail bridge on Peltewna Street called bridge of death by the Jews moving slowly toward the gate Eventually between 110 000 and 120 000 Jews were forced into the new ghetto The living conditions there were extremely poor coupled with severe overcrowding For example food rations allocated to the Jews were estimated to equal only 10 of the German and 50 of the Ukrainian or Polish rations 20 The Germans established a Jewish police force called the Judischer Ordnungsdienst Lemberg wearing dark blue Polish police uniforms from before World War II but with the Polish insignia replaced by a Magen David and the new letters J O L in various positions on their uniform They were given rubber truncheons Their ranks numbered from 500 to 750 policemen 20 The Jewish police force answered to the Jewish National city council known as the Judenrat which in turn answered to the Gestapo nbsp 1941 Lwow Ghetto residence permit Deportations edit nbsp Locations of the Lwow ghetto and the Belzec extermination camp lower right The Lemberg Ghetto was one of the first to have Jews transported to the death camps as part of Aktion Reinhard Between 16 March and 1 April 1942 approximately 15 000 Jews were taken to the Kleparow railway station and deported to the Belzec extermination camp Following these initial deportations and death by disease and random shootings around 86 000 Jews officially remained in the ghetto though there were many more not recorded During this period many Jews were also forced to work for the Wehrmacht and the ghetto s German administration especially in the nearby Janowska labor camp On 24 25 June 1942 2 000 Jews were taken to the labor camp only 120 were used for forced labor and all of the others were shot Between 10 and 31 August 1942 the Great Aktion was carried out where between 40 000 and 50 000 Jews were rounded up gathered at transit point placed in Janowska camp and then deported to Belzec Many who were not deported including local orphans and hospital inpatients were shot On 1 September 1942 the Gestapo hanged the head of Lwow s Judenrat and members of the ghetto s Jewish police force on balconies of Judenrat s building at Lokietka street and Hermana street corner Around 65 000 Jews remained while winter approached with no heating or sanitation leading to an outbreak of typhus Between 5 and 7 January 1943 another 15 000 20 000 Jews including the last members of the Judenrat were shot outside of the town on the orders of Fritz Katzmann After this aktion in January 1943 Judenrat was dissolved that what remained of the ghetto was renamed Judenlager Lemberg Jewish Camp Lwow thus formally redesigned as labor camp with about 12 000 legal Jews able to work in the German war industry and several thousands illegal Jews mainly women children and elderly hiding in it 20 At the beginning of June 1943 Germans decided to end the existence of the Jewish quarter and its inhabitants As Nazis entered the ghetto they met some sporadic acts of armed resistance facing grenades and Molotov cocktails The Germans and their Ukrainian collaborators lost 9 killed and 20 wounded 21 However most of the Jews were trying to hide themselves in earlier prepared hideouts so called bunkers In effect many buildings were suffused with gasoline and burned in order to flush out Jews from their hiding places Some Jews managed to escape or to conceal themselves in the sewer system By the time that the Soviet Red Army entered Lwow on 26 July 1944 only a few hundred Jews remained in the city The number varies from 200 to 900 823 according to data of Jewish Provisional Committee in Lwow Polish Tymczasowy Komitet Zydowski we Lwowie from 1945 Among its notable inhabitants was Chaim Widawski who disseminated news about the war picked up with an illegal radio 22 Polish Olympic football player Leon Sperling was shot to death by the Nazis in the ghetto in December 1941 23 Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal was one of the best known Jewish inhabitants of Lemberg Ghetto to survive the war as his memoirs The Executioners Among Us indicate he was saved from execution by a Ukrainian policeman though he was later transported to a concentration camp rather than remaining in the ghetto Some specify local gentiles attempted to aid and shelter the Jews Kazimiera Nazarewicz a Polish nanny hired by a Jewish family sheltered their daughter throughout the war and delivered aid to her parents who were imprisoned in the ghetto After the war Nazarewicz became one of the recipients of the Righteous Among the Nations title 24 Leopold Socha and Stefan Wroblewski laborers maintaining the municipal sewage system organized in their shelters for 21 one Jews who survived the ghetto s liquidation 10 of them survived the war Socha Wroblewski and their wives received the Righteous titles after the war 25 Another Righteous Miroslav Kravchuk with the help of some acquaintances shelter his Jewish ex wife and some of their other family members and acquaintances Kravchuk survived 6 month imprisonment by Gestapo following their arrest of him under the suspicion of him helping Jews 26 See also editIn Darkness 2011 historical drama by David F Shamoon and Agnieszka Holland Jewish ghettos in German occupied Poland The Holocaust in Poland World War II casualties of PolandNotes edit Himka 2011 p 210 Gross 2002 pp 17 28 30 Beorn 2018 p 136 Kulke 2012 p 802 Kiebuzinski amp Motyl 2017 pp 30 31 Kiebuzinski amp Motyl 2017 p 41 Himka 2011 p 211 Himka 2011 p 227 Himka 2011 p 229 Himka 2011 pp 211 212 Himka 2011 p 218 Beorn 2018 p 137 Himka 2011 pp 219 220 Lwow Holocaust Encyclopedia United States Holocaust Memorial Museum July 25 Pogrom in Lwow Chronology of the Holocaust Yad Vashem 2004 Archived from the original on 2005 03 11 Lvov Holocaust Encyclopedia United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Washington D C Archived from the original on March 7 2012 Retrieved April 4 2012 a b Richard Breitman Himmler and the Terrible Secret among the Executioners Journal of Contemporary History Vol 26 No 3 4 The Impact of Western Nationalisms Essays Dedicated to Walter Z Laqueur on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday Sep 1991 pp 431 451 Waldemar Scypion Sadaj January 27 2010 Fritz Friedrich Katzmann SS Gruppenfuhrer und Generalleutnant der Waffen SS und Polizei Allgemeine SS amp Waffen SS Retrieved January 31 2015 Claudia Koonz November 2 2005 SS Man Katzmann s Solution of the Jewish Question in the District of Galicia PDF The Raul Hilberg Lecture University of Vermont 2 11 16 18 Archived from the original PDF on February 5 2015 Retrieved January 30 2015 a b c Filip Friedman Zaglada Zydow lwowskich Extermination of the Jews of Lwow OCLC 38706656 Historical Dictionary of the Holocaust p 266 Trunk Isaiah Shapiro Robert Moses 2006 Lodz Ghetto a history Indiana University Press p lvi ISBN 978 0 253 34755 8 Kay Schaffer amp Sidonie Smith 2000 The Olympics at the Millennium Power Politics and the Games Rutgers University Press p 61 ISBN 0 8135 2820 8 The Righteous Among The Nations Nazarewicz Gruszko Kazimiera db yadvashem org Retrieved 2019 06 12 Leopold and Magdalena Socha www yadvashem org socha html Retrieved 2019 06 12 The Righteous Among The Nations Kravchuk Miroslav db yadvashem org Retrieved 2019 06 12 References editBeorn Waitman Wade 2018 The Holocaust in Eastern Europe At the Epicenter of the Final Solution Bloomsbury Publishing ISBN 978 1474232227 Gross Jan Tomasz 2002 Revolution from Abroad The Soviet Conquest of Poland s Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia Princeton NJ Princeton University Press ISBN 0691096031 Himka John Paul 2011 The Lviv Pogrom of 1941 The Germans Ukrainian Nationalists and the Carnival Crowd Canadian Slavonic Papers 53 2 4 209 243 doi 10 1080 00085006 2011 11092673 ISSN 0008 5006 S2CID 159577084 Taylor amp Francis Kiebuzinski Ksenya Motyl Alexander 2017 Introduction In Ksenya Kiebuzinski Alexander Motyl eds The Great West UkrainianPrison Massacre of 1941 A Sourcebook Amsterdam University Press ISBN 978 90 8964 834 1 Kulke Christine 2012 Lwow In Geoffrey P Megargee ed Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933 1945 Ghettos in German Occupied Eastern Europe Vol II part A The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ISBN 978 0 253 00202 0 A True Story of Holocaust Survivors The documentary includes 60 historical pictures 1932 1944 Lwow Poland now Lviv Ukraine Aharon Weiss Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust vol 3 pp 928 931 Map photos Filip Friedman Zaglada Zydow lwowskich Extermination of the Jews of Lwow online in Polish Ukrainian and RussianFurther reading editMarek Herman From the Alps to the Red Sea Tel Aviv Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishers and Beit Lohamei Haghetaot 1985 pp 14 60 Dawid Kahane Lvov Ghetto Diary Amherst University of Massachusetts Press 1990 ISBN 0 87023 726 8 Published in Hebrew as Yoman getto Lvov Jerusalem Yad Vashem 1978 Dr Filip Friedman Zaglada Zydow lwowskich Centralna Zydowska Komisja Historyczna Centralny Komitet Zydow Polskich Nr 4 Lodz 1945 Mick Christoph 7 April 2011 Incompatible Experiences Poles Ukrainians and Jews in Lviv under Soviet and German Occupation 1939 44 PDF Journal of Contemporary History 46 2 336 363 doi 10 1177 0022009410392409 S2CID 159856277 Open access preprint here a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a External link in code class cs1 code postscript code help CS1 maint postscript link Weiss Jakob The Lemberg Mosaic New York Alderbrook Press 2010 Chiger Krystyna The Girl in the Green sweater A life in Holocaust s Shadow Macmillan 2010 ISBN 1429961252 Leon Weliczker Wells The Janowska Road original publication Macmillan 1963 Amazon Halo Pr 1999 ISBN 089604159XExternal links editUS Holocaust Museum information on Lviv Database of names from the Lviv Ghetto Lviv Ukraine at JewishGen 49 50 22 N 24 1 58 E 49 83944 N 24 03278 E 49 83944 24 03278 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lwow Ghetto amp oldid 1206917887, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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