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Ludwig Cancer Research

January 01, 1970

Ludwig Cancer Research is an international community of scientists focused on cancer research, with the goal of preventing and controlling cancer.[1] It encompasses the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, an international non-profit organization founded in 1971 by philanthropist Daniel K. Ludwig. The Institute is headquartered in New York City, with a European office located in Zürich. There are currently three Ludwig Branches: Ludwig Lausanne, Ludwig Oxford and Ludwig Princeton. In addition, there are six Ludwig Centers at leading institutions across the United States of America. Together, the Institute, Branches and Centers are known as Ludwig Cancer Research.

Ludwig Cancer Research
Founded1971
FounderDaniel K. Ludwig
FocusCancer Research
HeadquartersNew York, NY, USA
Zürich, Switzerland (European Office)
Area served
International
Key people
Edward A. McDermott,Jr., President and CEO, Chi Van Dang, MD,PhD, Scientific Director
Websitewww.ludwigcancerresearch.org

Since its founding in 1971, Ludwig Cancer Research has committed more than US$2.5 billion to cancer research. Ludwig Cancer Research focuses on both basic research and translational research, with specific emphasis on cell biology, genomics, immunology, neuroscience, prevention, cell signaling, stem cells, therapeutics, and tumor biology, as well as clinical trials and the design and development of small molecules with drug-like properties.[2] Its researchers also focus on particular types of malignancy, including brain cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, and melanoma.[3]

Founder and history edit

Daniel K. Ludwig was a shipping magnate and real estate investor. Born in South Haven, Michigan in 1897, he used a $5,000 loan from his father to create a global business based on a fleet of supertankers.[4] In the 1960s and 1970s, Ludwig was among the richest men in the world, owning approximately 200 companies.[5]

He founded the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research as an independent organization in 1971, the same year that the “War on Cancer,” declared by his friend President Richard Nixon, led to the establishment of the US National Cancer Institute.[6] Ludwig believed that tackling the problem of cancer required the best minds operating in the most favorable conditions with the best resources to accomplish the task. This principle continues to guide Ludwig Cancer Research.[7]

Daniel K. Ludwig endowed the Institute with all of the foreign assets from his business holdings. Upon his death in 1992, that endowment had grown to more than $700 million,[4] and, as of 2012, it stands at more than $1.2 billion.[6]

After Ludwig's death, his US-based assets were also put into a trust to support additional cancer research efforts. These funds led to the establishment of Ludwig Centers at six research institutions in 2006.[8] The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Ludwig Centers have been known collectively as Ludwig Cancer Research since 2012.[9] In total, Ludwig Cancer Research has committed more than US$2.5 billion to cancer research worldwide since 1971.[10]

Mission and goals edit

The primary objectives of Ludwig Cancer Research are to prevent and control cancer through basic and translational research.[1]

Research edit

Immunotherapy edit

Lloyd J. Old, the organization's former director, and scientific chairman, participated in the discovery of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)[11] and the tumor suppressor p53.[12] He contributed to the immunosurveillance hypothesis, from which modern cancer immunotherapy can be derived.[7]

Thierry Boon, former director of the organization's Brussels branch, made foundational contributions to the field of cancer immunotherapy. The prevailing model of carcinogenesis in the late 1970s held that spontaneously arising tumors were unlikely to elicit immune responses. Boon and his team, who believed otherwise, were the first to isolate genes that code for a family of tumor antigens and show that T cells could recognize and target cancer cells bearing such antigens.[13] This theory is being tested in a number of current clinical trials.[14]

Ludwig researchers in Melbourne discovered and cloned[15] the granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) through a collaboration with Australian immunologist Donald Metcalf. The factor is essential to the maturation of key white blood cells, and has been used extensively over the past few decades to help rebuild the immune system of patients undergoing chemotherapy. It is also being tested as a therapeutic agent in combination with several experimental immunotherapies for cancer. The Oncology Drug Advisory Committee of the US FDA recently recommended approval for T-VEC, a viral therapy for melanoma manufactured by Amgen that incorporates the gene for GM-CSF to support anti-cancer immune responses.[16]

Ludwig researchers in São Paulo played a role in establishing that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes cervical cancer. They ran the largest epidemiological studies of HPV infection and reported that chronic, though not transient, infection by the virus dramatically increases the risk of cervical cancer, laying the groundwork for the clinical development of an HPV vaccine.[17]

Current and former Ludwig researchers contributed to an emerging class of cancer immunotherapies known as checkpoint inhibitors. They explored the underlying immunology of the response and played a role in evaluating the first such drug in clinical trials for the treatment of advanced melanoma.[18] This led the development of new criteria for evaluating responses of cancer patients to immunotherapy in clinical trials.[19]

Cell signaling edit

Identification of signaling pathways and subsequent development of therapeutics are examples of contributions to the field of cell signaling. The PI3K family of proteins, for example, play an important role in cell signaling that feeds cancer.[20] This research resulted in the first Ludwig spin-off, Piramed Ltd., a biotech that sought to create cancer medicines based on this discovery. The pharmaceutical company Roche purchased the company. Drugs based on these discoveries are now being evaluated for the treatment of many cancers, including breast and lung cancer.[7]

Genomics edit

Contributions in the field of genomics include the work of Ludwig researchers at Johns Hopkins to sequence the full complement of genes expressed in many cancers, including head and neck, colon, and breast cancers, as well as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Ludwig researchers in San Diego significantly advanced studies of the epigenome, leading such efforts as the NIH's Roadmap Epigenomics Project.[21]

Leadership edit

The Ludwig Cancer Research board of directors helps oversee both the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and the Ludwig Fund. Although each of these entities has its own board, the boards comprise the same individuals.[22] The current chairman of the board is John L. Notter, an international financier and developer affiliated with a variety of companies, including Westlake Properties, Inc.[23]

The executive staff manages the organization's worldwide efforts. Edward A. McDermott, Jr has been with the organization since 1988 and its CEO since 2010.[24]

It was announced in December 2016 that Chi Van Dang will take over the role of Scientific Director in July 2017.[25] He will be responsible for coordinating the organization's global research efforts and activities.

Notable faculty edit

Notable awards received by past and present employees affiliated with Ludwig include:

Nobel Prize:

National Medal of Science (US):

Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences (US):[31]

Academy of Medical Sciences (UK):[39]

Locations edit

Branches and laboratories[42]

Ludwig Centers[42]

References edit

  1. ^ a b "About". Ludwig Cancer Research. from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  2. ^ Weintraub, Karen (6 January 2014). "Six cancer centers to share $540 million research gift". USA Today. from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  3. ^ "Collaborative Areas". Ludwig Cancer Research. from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  4. ^ a b Pace, Eric (29 August 1002). "Daniel Ludwig, Billionaire Businessman, Dies at 95". New York Times. from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  5. ^ Valdmanis, Richard (2014-01-06). "Billionaire Ludwig's estate donates $540 million for U.S. cancer research". Reuters. from the original on 2021-07-17. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
  6. ^ a b Marshall, Eliot (6 January 2014). "A Billionaire's Final Gift to Six US Cancer Centers". Science. from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  7. ^ a b c d Lane, Sir David (August 2014). "Trusting in Talent: How Daniel K. Ludwig's formula for success has fuelled four decades -- and counting -- of top-notch cancer research". Oncology News. from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  8. ^ Notter, John (10 April 2014). "Scientific Leaps Require Donors to Give Bigger". Chronicle of Philanthropy. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  9. ^ (PDF). Ludwig Cancer Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  10. ^ Lane, Sir David (24 March 2014). "Fighting Cancer With Smart Funding". Huffington Post. from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  11. ^ Old, Lloyd J.; et al. (October 1985). "Purification and characterization of a human tumor necrosis factor from the LuKII cell line". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 82 (19): 6637–6641. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.19.6637. PMC 391265. PMID 3863119.
  12. ^ Old, Lloyd J.; et al. (May 1979). "Detection of a transformation-related antigen in chemically induced sarcomas and other transformed cells of the mouse". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 76 (5): 2420–2424. doi:10.1073/pnas.76.5.2420. PMC 383613. PMID 221923.
  13. ^ Coulie, Pierre G.; et al. (24 January 2014). "Tumour antigens recognized by T lymphocytes: at the core of cancer immunotherapy". Nature Reviews Cancer. 14 (2): 135–146. doi:10.1038/nrc3670. PMID 24457417. S2CID 205469848.
  14. ^ "Search results for "MAGE"". ClinicalTrials.gov. from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  15. ^ Gough, N.M.; et al. (March 1985). "Structure and expression of the mRNA for murine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor". The EMBO Journal. 4 (3): 645–653. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03678.x. PMC 554237. PMID 3874057.
  16. ^ Davenport, Liam (28 May 2015). "Injectable T-VEC Offers Hope to Melanoma Patients". Medscape. from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  17. ^ Villa, L.L. (November 2007). "Overview of the clinical development and results of a quadrivalent HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18) vaccine". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 11 (Suppl 2): S17–25. doi:10.1016/S1201-9712(07)60017-4. PMID 18162241.
  18. ^ Hodi, F. Stephen; et al. (19 August 2010). "Improved Survival with Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (8): 711–723. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1003466. PMC 3549297. PMID 20525992.
  19. ^ Wolchok, J.D.; et al. (1 December 2009). "Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (23): 7412–7420. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1624. PMID 19934295.
  20. ^ Katso, R.; et al. (2001). "Cellular function of phosphoinositide 3-kinases: implications for development, homeostasis, and cancer". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 17: 615–675. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.615. PMID 11687500.
  21. ^ Vogelstein, Bert; et al. (29 March 2013). "Cancer Genome Landscapes". Science. 339 (6127): 1546–1558. doi:10.1126/science.1235122. PMC 3749880. PMID 23539594.
  22. ^ "Leadership". Ludwig Cancer Research. from the original on 4 August 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  23. ^ "John L. Notter". Conrad N. Hilton Foundation. from the original on 9 July 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  24. ^ "Edward McDermott Jr". Ludwig Cancer Research. from the original on 27 August 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  25. ^ "Press Release". from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  26. ^ "Peter Ratcliffe Nobel Prize facts". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  27. ^ a b "Lucy Shapiro Lab". Ludwig Cancer Research. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  28. ^ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details". National Science Foundation. from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  29. ^ a b "M.I.T. Center". Ludwig Cancer Research. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  30. ^ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details". National Science Foundation. from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  31. ^ "Member Directory". National Academy of Sciences. from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  32. ^ . Ludwig Cancer Research. Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  33. ^ . Ludwig Cancer Research. Archived from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  34. ^ . Ludwig Cancer Research. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  35. ^ "MSK Center". Ludwig Cancer Research. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  36. ^ "Stanford Center". Ludwig Cancer Research. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  37. ^ "Johns Hopkins Center". Ludwig Cancer Research. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  38. ^ "Harvard Center". Ludwig Cancer Research. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  39. ^ "Fellows Directory". The Academy of Medical Sciences. from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  40. ^ "Xin Lu Lab". Ludwig Cancer Research Oxford. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  41. ^ "Peter Ratcliffe Lab". Ludwig Cancer Research Oxford. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  42. ^ a b "Locations". Ludwig Cancer Research. Retrieved 16 April 2024.

External links edit

  • Official website

January 01, 1970
ludwig, cancer, research, this, article, contains, content, that, written, like, advertisement, please, help, improve, removing, promotional, content, inappropriate, external, links, adding, encyclopedic, content, written, from, neutral, point, view, june, 201. This article contains content that is written like an advertisement Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view June 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message Ludwig Cancer Research is an international community of scientists focused on cancer research with the goal of preventing and controlling cancer 1 It encompasses the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research an international non profit organization founded in 1971 by philanthropist Daniel K Ludwig The Institute is headquartered in New York City with a European office located in Zurich There are currently three Ludwig Branches Ludwig Lausanne Ludwig Oxford and Ludwig Princeton In addition there are six Ludwig Centers at leading institutions across the United States of America Together the Institute Branches and Centers are known as Ludwig Cancer Research Ludwig Cancer ResearchFounded1971FounderDaniel K LudwigFocusCancer ResearchHeadquartersNew York NY USA Zurich Switzerland European Office Area servedInternationalKey peopleEdward A McDermott Jr President and CEO Chi Van Dang MD PhD Scientific DirectorWebsitewww ludwigcancerresearch org Since its founding in 1971 Ludwig Cancer Research has committed more than US 2 5 billion to cancer research Ludwig Cancer Research focuses on both basic research and translational research with specific emphasis on cell biology genomics immunology neuroscience prevention cell signaling stem cells therapeutics and tumor biology as well as clinical trials and the design and development of small molecules with drug like properties 2 Its researchers also focus on particular types of malignancy including brain cancer breast cancer colon cancer and melanoma 3 Contents 1 Founder and history 2 Mission and goals 3 Research 3 1 Immunotherapy 3 2 Cell signaling 3 3 Genomics 4 Leadership 5 Notable faculty 6 Locations 7 References 8 External linksFounder and history editDaniel K Ludwig was a shipping magnate and real estate investor Born in South Haven Michigan in 1897 he used a 5 000 loan from his father to create a global business based on a fleet of supertankers 4 In the 1960s and 1970s Ludwig was among the richest men in the world owning approximately 200 companies 5 He founded the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research as an independent organization in 1971 the same year that the War on Cancer declared by his friend President Richard Nixon led to the establishment of the US National Cancer Institute 6 Ludwig believed that tackling the problem of cancer required the best minds operating in the most favorable conditions with the best resources to accomplish the task This principle continues to guide Ludwig Cancer Research 7 Daniel K Ludwig endowed the Institute with all of the foreign assets from his business holdings Upon his death in 1992 that endowment had grown to more than 700 million 4 and as of 2012 it stands at more than 1 2 billion 6 After Ludwig s death his US based assets were also put into a trust to support additional cancer research efforts These funds led to the establishment of Ludwig Centers at six research institutions in 2006 8 The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Ludwig Centers have been known collectively as Ludwig Cancer Research since 2012 9 In total Ludwig Cancer Research has committed more than US 2 5 billion to cancer research worldwide since 1971 10 Mission and goals editThe primary objectives of Ludwig Cancer Research are to prevent and control cancer through basic and translational research 1 Research editImmunotherapy edit Lloyd J Old the organization s former director and scientific chairman participated in the discovery of Tumor Necrosis Factor TNF 11 and the tumor suppressor p53 12 He contributed to the immunosurveillance hypothesis from which modern cancer immunotherapy can be derived 7 Thierry Boon former director of the organization s Brussels branch made foundational contributions to the field of cancer immunotherapy The prevailing model of carcinogenesis in the late 1970s held that spontaneously arising tumors were unlikely to elicit immune responses Boon and his team who believed otherwise were the first to isolate genes that code for a family of tumor antigens and show that T cells could recognize and target cancer cells bearing such antigens 13 This theory is being tested in a number of current clinical trials 14 Ludwig researchers in Melbourne discovered and cloned 15 the granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor GM CSF through a collaboration with Australian immunologist Donald Metcalf The factor is essential to the maturation of key white blood cells and has been used extensively over the past few decades to help rebuild the immune system of patients undergoing chemotherapy It is also being tested as a therapeutic agent in combination with several experimental immunotherapies for cancer The Oncology Drug Advisory Committee of the US FDA recently recommended approval for T VEC a viral therapy for melanoma manufactured by Amgen that incorporates the gene for GM CSF to support anti cancer immune responses 16 Ludwig researchers in Sao Paulo played a role in establishing that human papillomavirus HPV infection causes cervical cancer They ran the largest epidemiological studies of HPV infection and reported that chronic though not transient infection by the virus dramatically increases the risk of cervical cancer laying the groundwork for the clinical development of an HPV vaccine 17 Current and former Ludwig researchers contributed to an emerging class of cancer immunotherapies known as checkpoint inhibitors They explored the underlying immunology of the response and played a role in evaluating the first such drug in clinical trials for the treatment of advanced melanoma 18 This led the development of new criteria for evaluating responses of cancer patients to immunotherapy in clinical trials 19 Cell signaling edit Identification of signaling pathways and subsequent development of therapeutics are examples of contributions to the field of cell signaling The PI3K family of proteins for example play an important role in cell signaling that feeds cancer 20 This research resulted in the first Ludwig spin off Piramed Ltd a biotech that sought to create cancer medicines based on this discovery The pharmaceutical company Roche purchased the company Drugs based on these discoveries are now being evaluated for the treatment of many cancers including breast and lung cancer 7 Genomics edit Contributions in the field of genomics include the work of Ludwig researchers at Johns Hopkins to sequence the full complement of genes expressed in many cancers including head and neck colon and breast cancers as well as glioblastoma multiforme GBM Ludwig researchers in San Diego significantly advanced studies of the epigenome leading such efforts as the NIH s Roadmap Epigenomics Project 21 Leadership editThe Ludwig Cancer Research board of directors helps oversee both the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and the Ludwig Fund Although each of these entities has its own board the boards comprise the same individuals 22 The current chairman of the board is John L Notter an international financier and developer affiliated with a variety of companies including Westlake Properties Inc 23 The executive staff manages the organization s worldwide efforts Edward A McDermott Jr has been with the organization since 1988 and its CEO since 2010 24 It was announced in December 2016 that Chi Van Dang will take over the role of Scientific Director in July 2017 25 He will be responsible for coordinating the organization s global research efforts and activities Notable faculty editNotable awards received by past and present employees affiliated with Ludwig include Nobel Prize Peter Ratcliffe 26 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019 National Medal of Science US Lucy Shapiro 27 2011 Medal for Biological Sciences 28 Robert Weinberg 29 1997 Medal for Biological Sciences 30 Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences US 31 Webster K Cavenee 32 Don W Cleveland 33 Richard Kolodner 34 Thierry Boon 7 Alexander Y Rudensky 35 Irving L Weissman 36 Bert Vogelstein 37 Robert A Weinberg 29 Joan S Brugge 38 Lucy Shapiro 27 Academy of Medical Sciences UK 39 Xin Lu 40 Peter J Ratcliffe 41 Locations editBranches and laboratories 42 nbsp Brussels laboratory at the de Duve Institute of the UCLouvain Brussels Woluwe University of Louvain nbsp Lausanne branch at the University of Lausanne nbsp New York collaborative laboratory at the Weill Cornell Medicine nbsp Oxford branch at the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine of the University of Oxford nbsp Princeton branch at Princeton University Ludwig Centers 42 Baltimore Ludwig Center at the Johns Hopkins University Boston Ludwig Center at Harvard University Medical School Boston Ludwig Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Chicago Ludwig Center at the University of Chicago New York City Ludwig Center at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Palo Alto Ludwig Center at Stanford UniversityReferences edit a b About Ludwig Cancer Research Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 Weintraub Karen 6 January 2014 Six cancer centers to share 540 million research gift USA Today Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 Retrieved 4 August 2015 Collaborative Areas Ludwig Cancer Research Archived from the original on 16 September 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 a b Pace Eric 29 August 1002 Daniel Ludwig Billionaire Businessman Dies at 95 New York Times Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 Valdmanis Richard 2014 01 06 Billionaire Ludwig s estate donates 540 million for U S cancer research Reuters Archived from the original on 2021 07 17 Retrieved 2021 06 15 a b Marshall Eliot 6 January 2014 A Billionaire s Final Gift to Six US Cancer Centers Science Archived from the original on 9 January 2014 Retrieved 4 August 2015 a b c d Lane Sir David August 2014 Trusting in Talent How Daniel K Ludwig s formula for success has fuelled four decades and counting of top notch cancer research Oncology News Archived from the original on 24 March 2016 Retrieved 4 August 2015 Notter John 10 April 2014 Scientific Leaps Require Donors to Give Bigger Chronicle of Philanthropy Retrieved 4 August 2015 New Paths of Discovery 2012 Research Highlights PDF Ludwig Cancer Research Archived from the original PDF on 28 October 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 Lane Sir David 24 March 2014 Fighting Cancer With Smart Funding Huffington Post Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 Retrieved 4 August 2015 Old Lloyd J et al October 1985 Purification and characterization of a human tumor necrosis factor from the LuKII cell line Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82 19 6637 6641 doi 10 1073 pnas 82 19 6637 PMC 391265 PMID 3863119 Old Lloyd J et al May 1979 Detection of a transformation related antigen in chemically induced sarcomas and other transformed cells of the mouse Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 76 5 2420 2424 doi 10 1073 pnas 76 5 2420 PMC 383613 PMID 221923 Coulie Pierre G et al 24 January 2014 Tumour antigens recognized by T lymphocytes at the core of cancer immunotherapy Nature Reviews Cancer 14 2 135 146 doi 10 1038 nrc3670 PMID 24457417 S2CID 205469848 Search results for MAGE ClinicalTrials gov Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 12 August 2015 Gough N M et al March 1985 Structure and expression of the mRNA for murine granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor The EMBO Journal 4 3 645 653 doi 10 1002 j 1460 2075 1985 tb03678 x PMC 554237 PMID 3874057 Davenport Liam 28 May 2015 Injectable T VEC Offers Hope to Melanoma Patients Medscape Archived from the original on 23 April 2016 Retrieved 12 August 2015 Villa L L November 2007 Overview of the clinical development and results of a quadrivalent HPV types 6 11 16 18 vaccine International Journal of Infectious Diseases 11 Suppl 2 S17 25 doi 10 1016 S1201 9712 07 60017 4 PMID 18162241 Hodi F Stephen et al 19 August 2010 Improved Survival with Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma The New England Journal of Medicine 363 8 711 723 doi 10 1056 NEJMoa1003466 PMC 3549297 PMID 20525992 Wolchok J D et al 1 December 2009 Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors immune related response criteria Clinical Cancer Research 15 23 7412 7420 doi 10 1158 1078 0432 CCR 09 1624 PMID 19934295 Katso R et al 2001 Cellular function of phosphoinositide 3 kinases implications for development homeostasis and cancer Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 17 615 675 doi 10 1146 annurev cellbio 17 1 615 PMID 11687500 Vogelstein Bert et al 29 March 2013 Cancer Genome Landscapes Science 339 6127 1546 1558 doi 10 1126 science 1235122 PMC 3749880 PMID 23539594 Leadership Ludwig Cancer Research Archived from the original on 4 August 2015 Retrieved 8 August 2015 John L Notter Conrad N Hilton Foundation Archived from the original on 9 July 2015 Retrieved 8 August 2015 Edward McDermott Jr Ludwig Cancer Research Archived from the original on 27 August 2015 Retrieved 8 August 2015 Press Release Archived from the original on 6 February 2017 Retrieved 5 February 2017 Peter Ratcliffe Nobel Prize facts www nobelprize org Retrieved 18 April 2024 a b Lucy Shapiro Lab Ludwig Cancer Research Retrieved 16 April 2024 The President s National Medal of Science Recipient Details National Science Foundation Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 15 August 2015 a b M I T Center Ludwig Cancer Research Retrieved 16 April 2024 The President s National Medal of Science Recipient Details National Science Foundation Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 Retrieved 15 August 2015 Member Directory National Academy of Sciences Archived from the original on 26 March 2017 Retrieved 15 August 2015 Web Cavenee Lab Ludwig Cancer Research Archived from the original on 6 August 2015 Retrieved 15 August 2015 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Don Cleveland Lab Ludwig Cancer Research Archived from the original on 12 December 2018 Retrieved 15 August 2015 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link Richard Kolodner Lab Ludwig Cancer Research Archived from the original on 7 October 2015 Retrieved 15 August 2015 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint unfit URL link MSK Center Ludwig Cancer Research Retrieved 16 April 2024 Stanford Center Ludwig Cancer Research Retrieved 16 April 2024 Johns Hopkins Center Ludwig Cancer Research Retrieved 16 April 2024 Harvard Center Ludwig Cancer Research Retrieved 16 April 2024 Fellows Directory The Academy of Medical Sciences Archived from the original on 10 August 2015 Retrieved 15 August 2015 Xin Lu Lab Ludwig Cancer Research Oxford Retrieved 16 April 2024 Peter Ratcliffe Lab Ludwig Cancer Research Oxford Retrieved 16 April 2024 a b Locations Ludwig Cancer Research Retrieved 16 April 2024 External links editOfficial website Portal nbsp Biology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ludwig Cancer Research amp oldid 1220946525, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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