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Livias

March 12, 2023

Not to be confused with Julias (Gaulonitis).

Livias was a city in Transjordan in Classical Antiquity. In the writings of Josephus (English translation), the name is presented as Julias.[1]

The site of Tall el-Hammam

Numerous authors have presented a chain of evidence connecting Beth-Haram from the Book of Joshua (Josh. 13:27), considered to be the same as Bethharan from Numbers (Num. 32:36),[2] with Talmudic Beit Ramata (Hebrew: בית רמתה)[3] and Roman-period Betharamtha (Βηθαραμθα)[dubious – discuss] or Betharamphtha.[4][5]

Location

The traditional location of the Roman city is at Tell er-Rameh, a small hill rising in the plain beyond Jordan, about twelve miles from Jericho.[6]

In 2011 Graves and Stripling proposed that, while Tell er-Rameh was the commercial and residential center of Livias, the area around Tell el-Hammam, which grew in the Early Roman period, was the administrative epicenter of the city. This suggestion is based on the evidence from Tell el-Hammam excavations: a large Roman bath complex (thermae, 35x50m), several hot springs, aqueduct, Roman coins, Roman glass, Roman pottery, and a Byzantine church mosaic nearby.[7]

Archaeological evidence from Shuneh el-Janubiyyeh has shown the existence of a church in the diocese, dating from the sixth-eighth centuries.[8] A third Byzantine church was discovered between Tall Kafrayn and Tell el-Hammam (2.6 km or 1.6 mi west of the latter), with a large mosaic floor, now being used as a Muslim cemetery.[9]

Josephus (AD 37–c. 100) and others describe Livias as a city (πόλις polis) of Perea,[10] and specifically differentiate it from a small town (πόλίχνη polichnē) or from its surrounding fourteen villages (κώμας kōmas).[11]

A directional reference is the fifth milestone north of Livias located at Bethnambris (Bethnamaris; Bethnamran[12]) or Tall Nimrin (TMP 749034E, 3532378N). According to Eusebius' Onomasticon, Livias is five Roman miles (7.5 km/ 4.7 m) south of Tall Nimrin[dubious – discuss].[13]

These directional references, together with a statement provided by Theodosius that "the city of Livias is across the Jordan, twelve [Roman] miles [17.75 km/ 11 m] from Jericho" (Wilkinson)[14] to the east, provide east/west and north–south co-ordinates that when triangulated place Livias at Tall el-Hammam.[7]

History

The city of Betharan is twice mentioned in the Bible (Numbers 32:36; Joshua 13:27).

At about 80 BC, Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus captured a city later called by his son "Libias" from the Nabataeans;[15] it was then called Betharamphtha (Hebrew: בית רמתה). According Josephus, in the 1st century AD, Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, fortified the city of "Betharamphtha" with strong walls and called it Julias after the wife of Augustus,[16] whose birth name was Livia Drusilla, but who became known as Julia Augusta after adoption. Nero gave it with its fourteen villages to Agrippa II.[17] In the First Jewish-Roman War the Roman general Placidus captured it in 68,[18][19] and the town was used to resettle deserters who had joined the Roman ranks.[20] After the revolt was quelled, the area was returned to Agrippa. He died without heir, and his territories were annexed to Judaea province. In later reorganizations of Roman provinces, it was included in Syria Palaestina (135), Palaestina (286) and Palaestina Prima (425), never gaining a colonia status.

In the time of Eusebius and St. Jerome the natives still called it Bethramtha.[19]

Bishopric

Livias was an episcopal see, a suffragan of the diocese Caesarea in Palaestina. Le Quien[21] mentions three bishops:

No longer a residential bishopric, Livias is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.[22]

References

  1. ^ Josephus (1895). Antiquities, 18.2.1. (18.26).
  2. ^ Bethharan, Smith's Bible Dictionary
  3. ^ Jerusalem Talmud, Shevi'it 9:2.
  4. ^ Josephus (1895). Antiquities 18.2.1. (18.26)
  5. ^ Josephus (1895). War 2.4.2. (2.57)
  6. ^
    • Jastrow, Morris and Buhl, Frants. "Beth–Aram". Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1906, p. 119.
    • Vailhé, Siméon. "Livias", trans. Mario Anello, Catholic Encyclopedia (New York, N.Y.: Appleton Company, 1910), 9:315.
    • Albright, William F. "The Jordan Valley in the Bronze Age". Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 6 (1925 1924): 49 (JSTOR 3768510).
    • Glueck, Nelson. "Some Ancient Towns in the Plains of Moab", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 91 (1943): 11 (JSTOR 3219054).
    • Prag, Kay. "A Walk in the Wadi Hesban". Palestine Exploration Quarterly 123 (1991): 60–61.
    • Donner, Herbert (1992). "The Mosaic Map of Madaba: An Introductory Guide". Palaestina Antiqua 7 (Kampen: Kok Pharos), p. 39.
    • Dvorjetski, Estee. "Leisure, Pleasure, and Healing: Spa Culture and Medicine in Ancient Eastern Mediterranean". Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 116 (Leiden: Brill, 2007), p. 202.
    • Parker, S., R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies (20 October 2012). "Places: 697697 (Livias)". Pleiades. Retrieved 22 August 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b Graves & Stripling (2011)
  8. ^ Piccirillo
  9. ^ Graves (2011), p. 195
  10. ^ Josephus A.J. 20.29; B.J. 2.168; 2.252; see also Theodosius Theodosius 19.1
  11. ^ Josephus A.J. 20.29; B.J. 4.438
  12. ^ cf. Numbers 32:36
  13. ^ Eusebius Onomasticon 44; see also Jerome 45
  14. ^ Theodosius Topografia 19
  15. ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 14.1.4., Perseus Project AJ14.1.4, .
  16. ^
  17. ^ Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews. 20.8.4., Perseus Project AJ20.8.4, .
  18. ^ Josephus. The Jewish War. 4.7.6., Perseus Project BJ4.7.6, .
  19. ^ a b Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Livias" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  20. ^ Josephus (1895). War, 4.7.6 (4.437).
  21. ^ Le Quien, Michel (1740). Oriens Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus tertius, Ecclesiam Maronitarum, Patriarchatum Hierosolymitanum, & quotquot fuerunt Ritûs Latini tam Patriarchæ quàm inferiores Præsules in quatuor Patriarchatibus & in Oriente universo, complectens (in Latin). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. cols. 655–658. OCLC 955922748.
  22. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 918

Bibliography

  • Graves, David E.; Stripling, Scott (2011). "Re-Examination of the Location for the Ancient City of Livias". Levant. 43 (2): 178–200. doi:10.1179/175638011X13112549593122. S2CID 162399714.
  • Josephus (1895) [1737]. The Works of Flavius Josephus. Translated by William Whiston. Auburn and Buffalo, NY: John E. Beardsley. Retrieved 31 January 2022 – via Perseus Project.
  • Piccirillo, Michele. . Franciscan Archaeological Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2008-01-03.

External links

March 12, 2023
livias, confused, with, julias, gaulonitis, city, transjordan, classical, antiquity, writings, josephus, english, translation, name, presented, julias, site, tall, hammam, numerous, authors, have, presented, chain, evidence, connecting, beth, haram, from, book. Not to be confused with Julias Gaulonitis Livias was a city in Transjordan in Classical Antiquity In the writings of Josephus English translation the name is presented as Julias 1 The site of Tall el Hammam Numerous authors have presented a chain of evidence connecting Beth Haram from the Book of Joshua Josh 13 27 considered to be the same as Bethharan from Numbers Num 32 36 2 with Talmudic Beit Ramata Hebrew בית רמתה 3 and Roman period Betharamtha Bh8aram8a dubious discuss or Betharamphtha 4 5 Contents 1 Location 2 History 2 1 Bishopric 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External linksLocation EditThe traditional location of the Roman city is at Tell er Rameh a small hill rising in the plain beyond Jordan about twelve miles from Jericho 6 In 2011 Graves and Stripling proposed that while Tell er Rameh was the commercial and residential center of Livias the area around Tell el Hammam which grew in the Early Roman period was the administrative epicenter of the city This suggestion is based on the evidence from Tell el Hammam excavations a large Roman bath complex thermae 35x50m several hot springs aqueduct Roman coins Roman glass Roman pottery and a Byzantine church mosaic nearby 7 Archaeological evidence from Shuneh el Janubiyyeh has shown the existence of a church in the diocese dating from the sixth eighth centuries 8 A third Byzantine church was discovered between Tall Kafrayn and Tell el Hammam 2 6 km or 1 6 mi west of the latter with a large mosaic floor now being used as a Muslim cemetery 9 Josephus AD 37 c 100 and others describe Livias as a city polis polis of Perea 10 and specifically differentiate it from a small town polixnh polichne or from its surrounding fourteen villages kwmas kōmas 11 A directional reference is the fifth milestone north of Livias located at Bethnambris Bethnamaris Bethnamran 12 or Tall Nimrin TMP 749034E 3532378N According to Eusebius Onomasticon Livias is five Roman miles 7 5 km 4 7 m south of Tall Nimrin dubious discuss 13 These directional references together with a statement provided by Theodosius that the city of Livias is across the Jordan twelve Roman miles 17 75 km 11 m from Jericho Wilkinson 14 to the east provide east west and north south co ordinates that when triangulated place Livias at Tall el Hammam 7 History EditThe city of Betharan is twice mentioned in the Bible Numbers 32 36 Joshua 13 27 At about 80 BC Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus captured a city later called by his son Libias from the Nabataeans 15 it was then called Betharamphtha Hebrew בית רמתה According Josephus in the 1st century AD Herod Antipas Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea fortified the city of Betharamphtha with strong walls and called it Julias after the wife of Augustus 16 whose birth name was Livia Drusilla but who became known as Julia Augusta after adoption Nero gave it with its fourteen villages to Agrippa II 17 In the First Jewish Roman War the Roman general Placidus captured it in 68 18 19 and the town was used to resettle deserters who had joined the Roman ranks 20 After the revolt was quelled the area was returned to Agrippa He died without heir and his territories were annexed to Judaea province In later reorganizations of Roman provinces it was included in Syria Palaestina 135 Palaestina 286 and Palaestina Prima 425 never gaining a colonia status In the time of Eusebius and St Jerome the natives still called it Bethramtha 19 Bishopric Edit Livias was an episcopal see a suffragan of the diocese Caesarea in Palaestina Le Quien 21 mentions three bishops Letoius who was at the Council of Ephesus in 431 Pancratius at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 Zacharias at a synod called by Patriarch Menas of Constantinople in 536 No longer a residential bishopric Livias is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see 22 References Edit Josephus 1895 Antiquities 18 2 1 18 26 Bethharan Smith s Bible Dictionary Jerusalem Talmud Shevi it 9 2 Josephus 1895 Antiquities 18 2 1 18 26 Josephus 1895 War 2 4 2 2 57 Jastrow Morris and Buhl Frants Beth Aram Jewish Encyclopedia New York Funk amp Wagnalls 1906 p 119 Vailhe Simeon Livias trans Mario Anello Catholic Encyclopedia New York N Y Appleton Company 1910 9 315 Albright William F The Jordan Valley in the Bronze Age Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 6 1925 1924 49 JSTOR 3768510 Glueck Nelson Some Ancient Towns in the Plains of Moab Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 91 1943 11 JSTOR 3219054 Prag Kay A Walk in the Wadi Hesban Palestine Exploration Quarterly 123 1991 60 61 Donner Herbert 1992 The Mosaic Map of Madaba An Introductory Guide Palaestina Antiqua 7 Kampen Kok Pharos p 39 Dvorjetski Estee Leisure Pleasure and Healing Spa Culture and Medicine in Ancient Eastern Mediterranean Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 116 Leiden Brill 2007 p 202 Parker S R Talbert T Elliott S Gillies 20 October 2012 Places 697697 Livias Pleiades Retrieved 22 August 2014 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link a b Graves amp Stripling 2011 Piccirillo Graves 2011 p 195 Josephus A J 20 29 B J 2 168 2 252 see also Theodosius Theodosius 19 1 Josephus A J 20 29 B J 4 438 cf Numbers 32 36 Eusebius Onomasticon 44 see also Jerome 45 Theodosius Topografia 19 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 14 1 4 Perseus Project AJ14 1 4 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 18 2 1 Perseus Project AJ18 2 1 Josephus The Jewish War 2 9 1 Perseus Project BJ2 9 1 Josephus Antiquities of the Jews 20 8 4 Perseus Project AJ20 8 4 Josephus The Jewish War 4 7 6 Perseus Project BJ4 7 6 a b Herbermann Charles ed 1913 Livias Catholic Encyclopedia New York Robert Appleton Company Josephus 1895 War 4 7 6 4 437 Le Quien Michel 1740 Oriens Christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus quo exhibentur ecclesiae patriarchae caeterique praesules totius Orientis Tomus tertius Ecclesiam Maronitarum Patriarchatum Hierosolymitanum amp quotquot fuerunt Ritus Latini tam Patriarchae quam inferiores Praesules in quatuor Patriarchatibus amp in Oriente universo complectens in Latin Paris Ex Typographia Regia cols 655 658 OCLC 955922748 Annuario Pontificio 2013 Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978 88 209 9070 1 p 918Bibliography EditGraves David E Stripling Scott 2011 Re Examination of the Location for the Ancient City of Livias Levant 43 2 178 200 doi 10 1179 175638011X13112549593122 S2CID 162399714 Josephus 1895 1737 The Works of Flavius Josephus Translated by William Whiston Auburn and Buffalo NY John E Beardsley Retrieved 31 January 2022 via Perseus Project Antiquities see at Perseus Wars see at Perseus Piccirillo Michele The Christian Sanctuaries in Transjordan part 07 Franciscan Archaeological Institute Archived from the original on 2012 02 24 Retrieved 2008 01 03 External links Edit Singer Isidore et al eds 1901 1906 BETH ARAM Josh xiii 27 or BETH HARAN The Jewish Encyclopedia New York Funk amp Wagnalls Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Livias amp oldid 1137793504, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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