Perinatal mortality (PNM) is the death of a fetus or neonate and is the basis to calculate the perinatal mortality rate.[1]Perinatal means "relating to the period starting a few weeks before birth and including the birth and a few weeks after birth."[2]
Perinatal mortality
Other names
Perinatal death, neonatal death
Infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality rates: United States, 1940–2005
Variations in the precise definition of the perinatal mortality exist, specifically concerning the issue of inclusion or exclusion of early fetal and late neonatal fatalities. The World Health Organization defines perinatal mortality as the "number of stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life per 1,000 total births, the perinatal period commences at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation,[3] and ends seven completed days after birth",[4] but other definitions have been used.[5]
The UK figure is about 8 per 1,000 and varies markedly by social class with the highest rates seen in Asian women. Globally, an estimated 2.6 million neonates died in 2013 before the first month of age down from 4.5 million in 1990.[6]
Preterm birth is the most common cause of perinatal mortality, causing almost 30 percent of neonatal deaths.[7]Infant respiratory distress syndrome, in turn, is the leading cause of death in preterm infants, affecting about 1% of newborn infants.[8]Birth defects cause about 21 percent of neonatal death.[7]
Fetal mortalityedit
Fetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death.[9] It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm. In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality (week 20–27 gestation) is not included, and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death. Fetal death can also be divided into death prior to labor, antenatal (antepartum) death, and death during labor, intranatal (intrapartum) death.
Neonatal mortalityedit
Neonatal mortality refers to death of a live-born baby within the first 28 days of life. Early neonatal mortality refers to the death of a live-born baby within the first seven days of life, while late neonatal mortality refers to death after 7 days until before 28 days. Some definitions of the PNM include only the early neonatal mortality. Neonatal mortality is affected by the quality of in-hospital care for the neonate. Neonatal mortality and postneonatal mortality (covering the remaining 11 months of the first year of life) are reflected in the infant mortality rate.
Perinatal mortality rateedit
Top ten countries with the highest perinatal mortality rates – 2012[10][11][12]
As per 2014 "Save the Children" report for intrapartum stillbirths and neonatal deaths on first day of birth (per 1,000 total births)
The PNMR refers to the number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births. It is usually reported on an annual basis.[13] It is a major marker to assess the quality of health care delivery. Comparisons between different rates may be hampered by varying definitions, registration bias, and differences in the underlying risks of the populations.
PNMRs vary widely and may be below 10 for certain developed countries and more than 10 times higher in developing countries.[14] The WHO has not published contemporary data.
Effects of neonatal nutrition on neonatal mortalityedit
Probiotic supplementation of preterm and low birthweight babies during their first month of life can reduce the risk of blood infections, bowel sickness and death in low- and middle-income settings. However, supplementing with Vitamin A does not reduce the risk of death and increases the risk of bulging fontanelle, which may cause brain damage.[15]
^. www.who.int. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
^Richardus JH, Graafmans WC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Mackenbach JP (January 1998). "The perinatal mortality rate as an indicator of quality of care in international comparisons". Medical Care. 36 (1): 54–66. doi:10.1097/00005650-199801000-00007. PMID 9431331.
^GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC4340604. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ abMarch of Dimes / Neonatal Death 2014-10-24 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on November 10, 2014
^Rodriguez RJ, Martin RJ, and Fanaroff, AA. Respiratory distress syndrome and its management. Fanaroff and Martin (eds.) Neonatal-perinatal medicine: Diseases of the fetus and infant; 7th ed. (2002):1001–1011. St. Louis: Mosby.
^"NVSS – Fetal Deaths". www.cdc.gov. 8 November 2017.
^Imdad, Aamer; Rehman, Faseeha; Davis, Evans; Ranjit, Deepika; Surin, Gamael S. S.; Attia, Suzanna L.; Lawler, Sarah; Smith, Abigail A.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. (2021). "Effects of neonatal nutrition interventions on neonatal mortality and child health and development outcomes: A systematic review". Campbell Systematic Reviews. 17 (1): e1141. doi:10.1002/cl2.1141. ISSN 1891-1803. PMC8356300. PMID 37133295. S2CID 240864559.
External linksedit
WHO 2005 report
European Perinatal Health Report 2010
April 26, 2024
perinatal, mortality, confused, with, embryo, loss, abortion, infant, mortality, death, fetus, neonate, basis, calculate, perinatal, mortality, rate, perinatal, means, relating, period, starting, weeks, before, birth, including, birth, weeks, after, birth, oth. Not to be confused with embryo loss abortion or infant mortality Perinatal mortality PNM is the death of a fetus or neonate and is the basis to calculate the perinatal mortality rate 1 Perinatal means relating to the period starting a few weeks before birth and including the birth and a few weeks after birth 2 Perinatal mortalityOther namesPerinatal death neonatal deathInfant neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates United States 1940 2005SpecialtyPublic health Variations in the precise definition of the perinatal mortality exist specifically concerning the issue of inclusion or exclusion of early fetal and late neonatal fatalities The World Health Organization defines perinatal mortality as the number of stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life per 1 000 total births the perinatal period commences at 22 completed weeks 154 days of gestation 3 and ends seven completed days after birth 4 but other definitions have been used 5 The UK figure is about 8 per 1 000 and varies markedly by social class with the highest rates seen in Asian women Globally an estimated 2 6 million neonates died in 2013 before the first month of age down from 4 5 million in 1990 6 Contents 1 Causes 2 Fetal mortality 3 Neonatal mortality 4 Perinatal mortality rate 5 Effects of neonatal nutrition on neonatal mortality 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksCauses editFurther information Preterm birth Specific risks for the preterm neonate Preterm birth is the most common cause of perinatal mortality causing almost 30 percent of neonatal deaths 7 Infant respiratory distress syndrome in turn is the leading cause of death in preterm infants affecting about 1 of newborn infants 8 Birth defects cause about 21 percent of neonatal death 7 Fetal mortality editFetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death 9 It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality week 20 27 gestation is not included and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death Fetal death can also be divided into death prior to labor antenatal antepartum death and death during labor intranatal intrapartum death Neonatal mortality editNeonatal mortality refers to death of a live born baby within the first 28 days of life Early neonatal mortality refers to the death of a live born baby within the first seven days of life while late neonatal mortality refers to death after 7 days until before 28 days Some definitions of the PNM include only the early neonatal mortality Neonatal mortality is affected by the quality of in hospital care for the neonate Neonatal mortality and postneonatal mortality covering the remaining 11 months of the first year of life are reflected in the infant mortality rate Perinatal mortality rate editTop ten countrieswith the highest perinatal mortality rates 2012 10 11 12 Rank Country PNMR Rank Country PNMR 1 nbsp Pakistan 40 7 6 nbsp Afghanistan 29 0 2 nbsp Nigeria 32 7 7 nbsp Bangladesh 28 9 3 nbsp Sierra Leone 30 8 8 nbsp Democratic Republic of the Congo 28 3 4 nbsp Somalia 29 7 9 nbsp Lesotho 27 5 5 nbsp Guinea Bissau 29 4 10 nbsp Angola 27 4 As per 2014 Save the Children report for intrapartum stillbirthsand neonatal deaths on first day of birth per 1 000 total births The PNMR refers to the number of perinatal deaths per 1 000 total births It is usually reported on an annual basis 13 It is a major marker to assess the quality of health care delivery Comparisons between different rates may be hampered by varying definitions registration bias and differences in the underlying risks of the populations PNMRs vary widely and may be below 10 for certain developed countries and more than 10 times higher in developing countries 14 The WHO has not published contemporary data Effects of neonatal nutrition on neonatal mortality editProbiotic supplementation of preterm and low birthweight babies during their first month of life can reduce the risk of blood infections bowel sickness and death in low and middle income settings However supplementing with Vitamin A does not reduce the risk of death and increases the risk of bulging fontanelle which may cause brain damage 15 See also editMaternal death Miscarriage Neonatal intensive care unit Neonaticide Pregnancy and Infant Loss Remembrance Day StillbirthReferences edit Perinatal mortality rate PMR MEASURE Evaluation www cpc unc edu 9 September 2020 Concise medical dictionary Jonathan Law E A Martin 10th ed Oxford 2020 ISBN 978 0 19 187376 8 OCLC 1142355883 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link CS1 maint others link UpToDate WHO Maternal and perinatal health www who int Archived from the original on December 3 2013 Richardus JH Graafmans WC Verloove Vanhorick SP Mackenbach JP January 1998 The perinatal mortality rate as an indicator of quality of care in international comparisons Medical Care 36 1 54 66 doi 10 1097 00005650 199801000 00007 PMID 9431331 GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators 17 December 2014 Global regional and national age sex specific all cause and cause specific mortality for 240 causes of death 1990 2013 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Lancet 385 9963 117 71 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 14 61682 2 PMC 4340604 PMID 25530442 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a first1 has generic name help CS1 maint numeric names authors list link a b March of Dimes Neonatal Death Archived 2014 10 24 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on November 10 2014 Rodriguez RJ Martin RJ and Fanaroff AA Respiratory distress syndrome and its management Fanaroff and Martin eds Neonatal perinatal medicine Diseases of the fetus and infant 7th ed 2002 1001 1011 St Louis Mosby NVSS Fetal Deaths www cdc gov 8 November 2017 Ending Newborn Deaths PDF Million babies die a year charity IOL Nigeria Pakistan India lead the world in infant deaths PM NEWS Nigeria 25 February 2014 Miscarriage Risk by Week and What Affects Your Risks of Miscarriage 23 August 2015 Centre for International Health Imdad Aamer Rehman Faseeha Davis Evans Ranjit Deepika Surin Gamael S S Attia Suzanna L Lawler Sarah Smith Abigail A Bhutta Zulfiqar A 2021 Effects of neonatal nutrition interventions on neonatal mortality and child health and development outcomes A systematic review Campbell Systematic Reviews 17 1 e1141 doi 10 1002 cl2 1141 ISSN 1891 1803 PMC 8356300 PMID 37133295 S2CID 240864559 External links editWHO 2005 report European Perinatal Health Report 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Perinatal mortality amp oldid 1219287175, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
