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List of threatened rays

January 31, 2023

See also: Threatened sharks

Threatened rays are those vulnerable to endangerment (extinction) in the near future. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) ranks threatened species in three categories:[4]

Manta rays include the largest rays in the world, and have been targeted by fisheries to the point where they have become vulnerable or endangered.[1] In 2013 they were listed as CITES Appendix II species, which gives them some international protection.[2]

The market for shark and ray products is first and foremost a luxury one: The gill plates, in the case of manta rays, are used in China for a tonic soup that has become fashionable because of perceived medicinal properties, even though it is not in the traditional Chinese pharmacopoeia. This is a recent trend and has caused a population loss of up to 86% in the last six to eight years.

– WWF 2013 [3]

Vulnerable species
Endangered species
Critically endangered species

The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories.[4] The terms can be used somewhat interchangeably, as all vulnerable species are threatened, all endangered species are vulnerable and threatened, and all critically endangered species are endangered, vulnerable and threatened. Threatened species are also referred to as a red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[5]

Together rays and sharks make up the class of modern cartilaginous fishes. Modern fish are either cartilaginous or bony. Cartilaginous fishes have skeletons made of cartilage while bony fishes have skeletons made of bone. Because rays and sharks are closely related, they are often studied together. In 2010 a global IUCN study of vertebrates found that of 1,044 cartilaginous (ray and shark) species examined, 345 or 33% were threatened with extinction.[6][7]

There are four orders of rays: stingrays, skates, electric rays and sawfishes. Like sharks, rays are relatively long living and thrive in stable populations. They are K-strategists which grow slowly, mature late sexually and produce few offspring. They cannot recover as rapidly as many faster growing fish can if their populations are depleted.[8] As with sharks, rays are increasingly becoming vulnerable because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-ray fisheries on the seabed and ray prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution.[9] Most particularly, the continuing decline of threatened rays and sharks is the consequence of unregulated fishing,[10] as illustrated by a recent international survey which listed only 38 species of skates and rays still subsisting in the highly impacted Mediterranean Sea.[11]

Sawfish are a family of rays which have a long rostrum resembling a saw. All species in the family are either endangered or critically endangered[12]

Manta rays are largest rays in the world, with wingspans reaching 7 metres.[13] They have one of the highest brain-to-body mass ratios of all fish.[14] Manta populations suffer when they are caught as bycatch by fishermen fishing for other species, but fisheries which target manta rays are even more harmful. Manta rays use their gills to filter plankton from the sea. Demand for their dried gill rakers, cartilaginous structures protecting the gills, has been growing in traditional Chinese medicine practices.[15] The market is "bogus" since dried manta gills have never been used historically in Chinese medicine, and there is no evidence that the gills have any medicinal value.[13][16][17] The flesh is edible and is consumed in some countries, but is tough and unattractive compared to other fish. To fill the growing demand in Asia for gill rakers, targeted fisheries have developed in other parts of the world, including Sri Lanka, Indonesia, West Africa and Central and South America.[18] Each year, thousands of manta rays, primarily the giant manta ray, are being caught and killed purely for their gill rakers. A fisheries study in Sri Lanka estimated that over a thousand of these were being sold in the country's fish markets each year.[19]

In 2011, manta rays became strictly protected in international waters thanks to their recent inclusion in the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals. The CMS is an international treaty organization concerned with conserving migratory species and habitats on a global scale. Although individual nations were already protecting manta rays, the fish often migrate through unregulated waters, putting them at increased risk from overfishing.[20] In 2013, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) listed both species of manta rays as CITES Appendix II species. This means that the international trade of manta rays will now be monitored and regulated.[2][21]

Sawfish are a less well known family of rays which have a long rostrum resembling a saw. Some species can reach 7 metres or 23 feet in length.[22][23][24] All species of sawfish are either endangered or critically endangered as a result of habitat destruction and overfishing.[12] Their young stay close to shore, and are particularly affected by coastal developments.[25] Because their rostrum is easily entangled, sawfishes can easily become bycatch in fishing nets. They are also exploited for the novelty value of their rostrum, their fins are eaten as a delicacy in China, and their liver oil used as a food supplement. While arguing for a global ban on international commerce in 2007, a representative from the National Museums of Kenya stated, "Only the meat is consumed locally; and artisanal fishermen can retire after catching one sawfish due to the high value of a single rostrum, up to $1,450."[12] In 2013 CITES uplisted the largetooth sawfish to Appendix I. This is CITES highest protection level, and means that all international trade of the species is banned.[26][27]

According to a 2021 study published in the journal Nature, relative fishing pressure in the oceans has increased by a factor of 18 since 1970.[28] This overfishing has resulted in the number of oceanic sharks and rays declining globally by 71%, and has increased the global extinction risk to the point where three-quarters of these species are now threatened with extinction. Precautionary science-based catch limits and strict prohibitions are now needed urgently if population collapse is to be avoided,[29][30] if the disruption of ecological functions is to be averted,[31] and if a start is to be made on rebuilding global fisheries.[32][28]

List

Order Image Scientific name Common name Population trend IUCN status Fish
Base 		FAO Comment
Stingray   Aetobatus flagellum Longheaded eagle ray decreasing   Endangered[33] [34]
Stingray   Aetomylaeus maculatus Mottled eagle ray decreasing   Endangered[33] [35]
Stingray Aetomylaeus nichofii Banded eagle ray decreasing   Vulnerable[36] [37]
Stingray   Aetomylaeus vespertilio Ornate eagle ray decreasing   Endangered[38] [39]
Skate   Amblyraja radiata Thorny skate decreasing   Vulnerable[40] [41]
Sawfish   Anoxypristis cuspidata Knifetooth sawfish decreasing   Endangered[42] [43]
Stingray   Aptychotrema timorensis Spotted shovelnose ray unknown   Vulnerable[44] [45]
Skate   Atlantoraja castelnaui Spotback skate decreasing   Endangered[46] [47]
Skate   Atlantoraja cyclophora Eyespot skate decreasing   Vulnerable[48] [49]
Skate   Atlantoraja platana La Plata skate decreasing   Vulnerable[50] [51]
Skate Bathyraja griseocauda Graytail skate decreasing   Endangered[52] [53]
Electric ray Benthobatis kreffti Brazilian blind electric ray unknown   Vulnerable[54] [55]
Stingray Dasyatis colarensis Colares stingray unknown   Vulnerable[56] [57]
Stingray   Dasyatis fluviorum Estuary stingaree decreasing   Vulnerable[58] [59]
Stingray Dasyatis garouaensis Smooth freshwater stingray decreasing   Vulnerable[60] [61] freshwater
Stingray   Dasyatis laosensis Mekong freshwater stingray decreasing   Endangered[62] [63] freshwater
Stingray Dasyatis margarita Daisy stingray decreasing   Endangered[64] [65]
Stingray Dasyatis ukpam Daisy stingray unknown   Endangered[66] [67] freshwater
Electric ray Diplobatis colombiensis Colombian electric ray unknown   Vulnerable[68] [69]
Electric ray Diplobatis guamachensis Brownband numbfish unknown   Vulnerable[70] [71]
Electric ray   Diplobatis ommata Ocellated electric ray unknown   Vulnerable[72] [73]
Electric ray Diplobatis pictus Variegated electric ray unknown   Vulnerable[74] [75]
Skate Dipturus australis Sydney skate unknown   Vulnerable[76] [77]
Skate   Dipturus batis Blue skate decreasing   Critically endangered[78] [79]
Skate Dipturus crosnieri Madagascar skate unknown   Vulnerable[80] [81]
Skate   Dipturus laevis Barndoor skate stable   Endangered[82] [83]
Skate Dipturus mennii South Brazilian skate unknown   Vulnerable[84] [85]
Skate Dipturus trachydermus Roughskin skate decreasing   Vulnerable[86] [87]
Skate   Glaucostegus granulatus Sharpnose guitarfish decreasing   Vulnerable[88] [89]
Skate   Glaucostegus thouin Clubnose guitarfish unknown   Vulnerable[90] [91]
Skate   Glaucostegus typus Common shovelnose ray decreasing   Vulnerable[92] [93]
Skate Gurgesiella dorsalifera Onefin skate decreasing   Vulnerable[94]
Stingray   Gymnura altavela Spiny butterfly ray decreasing   Vulnerable[95] [96]
Stingray Gymnura zonura Zonetail butterfly ray decreasing   Vulnerable[97] [98]
Electric ray Heteronarce garmani Natal electric ray unknown   Vulnerable[99] [100]
Stingray   Himantura gerrardi Whitespotted whipray unknown   Vulnerable[101] [102] freshwater
Stingray Himantura hortlei Hortle's whipray decreasing   Vulnerable[103] [104] freshwater
Stingray   Himantura kittipongi Roughback whipray unknown   Endangered[105] [106] freshwater
Stingray   Himantura leoparda Leopard whipray decreasing   Vulnerable[107] [108] freshwater
Stingray Himantura lobistoma Tubemouth whipray decreasing   Vulnerable[109] [110] freshwater
Stingray   Himantura oxyrhyncha Longnose marbled whipray unknown   Endangered[111] [112] freshwater
Stingray Himantura pastinacoides Round whipray decreasing   Vulnerable[113] [114] freshwater
Stingray   Urogymnus polylepis Giant freshwater stingray decreasing   Endangered[115] [116] freshwater
Stingray   Himantura signifer White-edge freshwater whipray unknown   Endangered[117] [118] freshwater
Stingray   Himantura uarnacoides Bleeker's whipray decreasing   Vulnerable[119] [120] freshwater
Stingray   Himantura uarnak Reticulate whipray decreasing   Vulnerable[121] [122]
Stingray   Himantura undulata Bleeker's variegated whipray decreasing   Vulnerable[123] [124]
Skate   Leucoraja circularis Sandy ray unknown   Vulnerable[125] [126]
Skate Leucoraja melitensis Maltese skate decreasing   Critically endangered[127] [128]
Skate   Leucoraja ocellata Winter skate decreasing   Endangered[129] [130]
Stingray Myliobatis hamlyni Purple eagle ray decreasing   Endangered[131] [132]
Skate   Malacoraja senta Smooth skate decreasing   Endangered[133] [134]
Stingray   Manta alfredi Reef manta ray decreasing   Vulnerable[135]
Stingray   Manta birostris Giant manta ray decreasing   Endangered[1] [136]
Stingray   Mobula mobular Giant devil ray decreasing   Endangered[137] [138]
Stingray   Mobula rochebrunei Lesser Guinean devil ray unknown   Vulnerable[139] [140]
Electric ray   Narcine bancroftii Caribbean electric ray unknown   Critically Endangered[141] [142]
Electric ray Narcine brevilabiata Shortlip electric ray unknown   Vulnerable[143] [144]
Electric ray   Narke japonica Japanese sleeper ray unknown   Vulnerable[145] [146]
Skate Okamejei pita Pita skate unknown   Critically endangered[147] [148]
Stingray Pastinachus solocirostris Roughnose stingray unknown   Endangered[149] [150]
Stingray   Platyrhina sinensis Fanray unknown   Vulnerable[151] [152]
Sawfish   Pristis clavata Queensland sawfish decreasing   Critically endangered[153] [154]
Sawfish   Pristis pectinata Smalltooth sawfish decreasing   Critically endangered[155] [156]
Sawfish   Pristis pristis Common sawfish decreasing   Critically endangered[157] [158]
Sawfish   Pristis zijsron Narrowsnout sawfish decreasing   Critically endangered[159] [160]
Skate   Raja pulchra Mottled skate decreasing   Vulnerable[161] [162]
Skate   Raja undulata Undulate ray decreasing   Endangered[163] [164]
Sawfish   Rhina ancylostoma Bowmouth guitarfish decreasing   Vulnerable[165] [166]
Sawfish Rhinobatos albomaculatus White-spotted guitarfish decreasing   Vulnerable[167] [168]
Sawfish   Rhinobatos cemiculus Blackchin guitarfish decreasing   Endangered[169] [170]
Sawfish   Rhinobatos formosensis Taiwan guitarfish unknown   Vulnerable[171] [172]
Sawfish   Rhinobatos horkelii Brazilian guitarfish decreasing   Critically endangered[173] [174]
Sawfish Rhinobatos irvinei Spineback guitarfish decreasing   Vulnerable[175] [176]
Sawfish Rhinobatos jimbaranensis Jimbaran shovelnose ray decreasing   Vulnerable[177] [178]
Sawfish   Rhinobatos obtusus Widenose guitarfish decreasing   Vulnerable[179] [180]
Sawfish Rhinobatos penggali Indonesian shovelnose ray decreasing   Vulnerable[181]
Sawfish   Rhinobatos rhinobatos Common guitarfish decreasing   Endangered[182]
Stingray Rhinoptera brasiliensis Brazilian cownose ray decreasing   Endangered[183] [184]
Stingray   Rhinoptera javanica Javanese cownose ray unknown   Vulnerable[185] [186]
Skate Rhinoraja albomaculata Whitedotted skate unknown   Vulnerable[187] [188]
Sawfish   Rhynchobatus australiae White-spotted guitarfish decreasing   Vulnerable[189] [190]
Sawfish   Rhynchobatus djiddensis Giant guitarfish decreasing   Vulnerable[191] [192]
Sawfish   Rhynchobatus laevis Smoothnose wedgefish unknown   Vulnerable[193] [194]
Sawfish   Rhynchobatus luebberti Lubbert's guitarfish decreasing   Endangered[195] [196]
Sawfish Rhynchobatus sp. nov. A Roughnose wedgefish decreasing   Vulnerable[197] [198]
Sawfish Rhynchobatus springeri Broadnose wedgefish decreasing   Vulnerable[199] [200]
Skate   Rioraja agassizii Rio skate unknown   Vulnerable[201] [202]
Skate   Rostroraja alba Bottlenose skate decreasing   Endangered[203] [204]
Skate Spiniraja whitleyi Melbourne skate unknown   Vulnerable[205]
Skate   Sympterygia acuta Bignose fanskate decreasing   Vulnerable[206] [207]
Stingray   Taeniura meyeni Round ribbontail ray unknown   Vulnerable[208] [209]
Electric ray   Temera hardwickii Finless sleeper ray unknown   Vulnerable[210] [211]
Sawfish   Trygonorrhina melaleuca Magpie fiddler ray unknown   Endangered[212] [213]
Stingray   Urogymnus asperrimus Porcupine ray unknown   Vulnerable[214] [215]
Stingray Urogymnus ukpam Pincushion ray unknown   Endangered[216] [217]
Stingray   Urolophus bucculentus Sandyback stingaree decreasing   Vulnerable[218] [219]
Stingray Urolophus javanicus Java stingaree decreasing   Critically endangered[220] [221]
Stingray Urolophus orarius Coastal stingaree unknown   Endangered[222] [223]
Stingray Urolophus sufflavus Yellowback stingaree decreasing   Vulnerable[224] [225]
Stingray   Urolophus viridis Greenback stingaree decreasing   Vulnerable[226] [227]
Stingray Urotrygon reticulata Reticulate round stingray unknown   Vulnerable[228] [229]
Stingray Urotrygon simulatrix Fake round ray unknown   Vulnerable[230] [231]
Sawfish   Zapteryx brevirostris Shortnose guitarfish decreasing   Vulnerable[232] [233]
Skate Zearaja chilensis Yellownose skate decreasing   Vulnerable[234] [235]
Skate Zearaja maugeana Maugean skate unknown   Endangered[236] [237]

See also

References

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  125. ^ McCully, S.; Ellis, J.; Walls, R.; Fordham, S. (2015). "Leucoraja circularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T161464A48938919. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T161464A48938919.en. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
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  129. ^ Kulka, D.W.; Sulikowski, J.; Gedamke, T. (2009). "Leucoraja ocellata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T161631A5468670. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161631A5468670.en. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
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  133. ^ Sulikowski, J.; Kulka, D.; Gedamke, T.; Barker, A. (2009). "Malacoraja senta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T161477A5432745. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161477A5432745.en. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
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  135. ^ Marshall, A.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Pacoureau, N.; Rigby, C.L.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B. (2019). "Mobula alfredi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T195459A68632178. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T195459A68632178.en. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
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  151. ^ Ishihara, H.; Wang, Y.; Tanaka, S.; Nakaya, K. (2009). "Platyrhina sinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T161589A5458790. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161589A5458790.en. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
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  169. ^ Notarbartolo di Sciara, G.; Bradai, M.N.; Morey, G.; Brahim, K.; Camara L.; Litvinov; F., Dulvy; N. Doumbouya, F.; Ducrocq, M.; Heenan, A.; et al. (2007). "Rhinobatos cemiculus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2013.[dead link]
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  173. ^ Lessa, R.; Vooren, C.M. (2016). "Pseudobatos horkelii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41064A103933918. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T41064A103933918.en. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
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  175. ^ Séret, B.; Valenti, S.V. (2009). "Rhinobatos irvinei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T161409A5417520. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161409A5417520.en. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
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  177. ^ White, W.T. (2006). "Rhinobatos jimbaranensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006: e.T63167A12625681. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T63167A12625681.en. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
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  210. ^ de Carvalho, M.R.; McCord, M.E.; Vidthayanon, C. (2009). "Temera hardwickii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T161745A5493971. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161745A5493971.en. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
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  214. ^ Chin, A.; Compagno, L.J.V. (2016). "Urogymnus asperrimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T39413A68648645. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T39413A68648645.en. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
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  216. ^ Compagno, L.J.V. (2016). "Fontitrygon ukpam". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T39414A104173622. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T39414A104173622.en. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
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  218. ^ Kyne, P.M.; Last, P.R.; Marshall, L.J.; Trinnie, F. (2019). "Urolophus bucculentus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T60088A68649040. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T60088A68649040.en. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
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  228. ^ Robertson, R.; Valenti, S.V. (2009). "Urotrygon reticulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T161541A5447335. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161541A5447335.en. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
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Further reading

  • Camhi, M.D; Valenti, S.V.; Fordham, S.V.; Fowler, S.L.; Gibson, C., eds. (February 2007). (PDF). Pelagic Shark Red List Workshop. Oxford, England: IUCN Shark Specialist Group. ISBN 978-0-9561063-1-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
  • Dulvy, N.K., Baum, J.K., Clarke, S., Compagno, L.J.V., Cortés, E., Domingo, A., Fordham, S., Fowler, S., Francis, M.P., Gibson, C., Martínez, J., Musick, J.A., Soldo, A., Stevens, J.D. and Valenti, S. (2008) "You can swim but you can’t hide: The global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays" Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18 (5): 459–482.
  • FAO (2000) Conservation and Management of Sharks Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, Rome. ISBN 92-5-104514-3.
  • Faria VV, McDavitt MT, Charvet P, Wiley TR, Simpfendorfer CA and Naylor GJP (2013) "Species delineation and global population structure of Critically Endangered sawfishes (Pristidae)" Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 167 (1): 136–164. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x
  • Fowler SL, Cavanagh RD, Camhi M, Burgess GH, Cailliet GM, Fordham SV, Simpfendorfer CA and Musick JA (comp. and ed.) (2005) Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes IUCN Shark Specialist Group, Status Survey. ISBN 2-8317-0700-5.
  • Musick, John A and Bonfil, Ramón (2005) Management techniques for elasmobranch fisheries Fisheries Technical Paper 474, FAO, Rome.
  • Teutscher, Frans (2004) "Sharks (Chondrichthyes)" In: World markets and industry of selected commercially-exploited aquatic species with an international conservation profile, Camillo Catarci. Fisheries Circular 990, FAO
  • Endangered and Threatened Species Under NMFS’ Jurisdiction National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Updated: 28 February 28, 2013.

External links

  • Protecting the fragile manta rays of the Maldives BBC, 5 March 2012.

January 31, 2023
list, threatened, rays, also, threatened, sharks, threatened, rays, those, vulnerable, endangerment, extinction, near, future, international, union, conservation, nature, iucn, ranks, threatened, species, three, categories, manta, rays, include, largest, rays,. See also Threatened sharks Threatened rays are those vulnerable to endangerment extinction in the near future The International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN ranks threatened species in three categories 4 Manta rays include the largest rays in the world and have been targeted by fisheries to the point where they have become vulnerable or endangered 1 In 2013 they were listed as CITES Appendix II species which gives them some international protection 2 The market for shark and ray products is first and foremost a luxury one The gill plates in the case of manta rays are used in China for a tonic soup that has become fashionable because of perceived medicinal properties even though it is not in the traditional Chinese pharmacopoeia This is a recent trend and has caused a population loss of up to 86 in the last six to eight years WWF 2013 3 Vulnerable species Endangered species Critically endangered species dd The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories critically endangered endangered and vulnerable while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories 4 The terms can be used somewhat interchangeably as all vulnerable species are threatened all endangered species are vulnerable and threatened and all critically endangered species are endangered vulnerable and threatened Threatened species are also referred to as a red listed species as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5 Together rays and sharks make up the class of modern cartilaginous fishes Modern fish are either cartilaginous or bony Cartilaginous fishes have skeletons made of cartilage while bony fishes have skeletons made of bone Because rays and sharks are closely related they are often studied together In 2010 a global IUCN study of vertebrates found that of 1 044 cartilaginous ray and shark species examined 345 or 33 were threatened with extinction 6 7 There are four orders of rays stingrays skates electric rays and sawfishes Like sharks rays are relatively long living and thrive in stable populations They are K strategists which grow slowly mature late sexually and produce few offspring They cannot recover as rapidly as many faster growing fish can if their populations are depleted 8 As with sharks rays are increasingly becoming vulnerable because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures the impact of non ray fisheries on the seabed and ray prey species and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution 9 Most particularly the continuing decline of threatened rays and sharks is the consequence of unregulated fishing 10 as illustrated by a recent international survey which listed only 38 species of skates and rays still subsisting in the highly impacted Mediterranean Sea 11 Sawfish are a family of rays which have a long rostrum resembling a saw All species in the family are either endangered or critically endangered 12 Manta rays are largest rays in the world with wingspans reaching 7 metres 13 They have one of the highest brain to body mass ratios of all fish 14 Manta populations suffer when they are caught as bycatch by fishermen fishing for other species but fisheries which target manta rays are even more harmful Manta rays use their gills to filter plankton from the sea Demand for their dried gill rakers cartilaginous structures protecting the gills has been growing in traditional Chinese medicine practices 15 The market is bogus since dried manta gills have never been used historically in Chinese medicine and there is no evidence that the gills have any medicinal value 13 16 17 The flesh is edible and is consumed in some countries but is tough and unattractive compared to other fish To fill the growing demand in Asia for gill rakers targeted fisheries have developed in other parts of the world including Sri Lanka Indonesia West Africa and Central and South America 18 Each year thousands of manta rays primarily the giant manta ray are being caught and killed purely for their gill rakers A fisheries study in Sri Lanka estimated that over a thousand of these were being sold in the country s fish markets each year 19 In 2011 manta rays became strictly protected in international waters thanks to their recent inclusion in the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals The CMS is an international treaty organization concerned with conserving migratory species and habitats on a global scale Although individual nations were already protecting manta rays the fish often migrate through unregulated waters putting them at increased risk from overfishing 20 In 2013 the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CITES listed both species of manta rays as CITES Appendix II species This means that the international trade of manta rays will now be monitored and regulated 2 21 Sawfish are a less well known family of rays which have a long rostrum resembling a saw Some species can reach 7 metres or 23 feet in length 22 23 24 All species of sawfish are either endangered or critically endangered as a result of habitat destruction and overfishing 12 Their young stay close to shore and are particularly affected by coastal developments 25 Because their rostrum is easily entangled sawfishes can easily become bycatch in fishing nets They are also exploited for the novelty value of their rostrum their fins are eaten as a delicacy in China and their liver oil used as a food supplement While arguing for a global ban on international commerce in 2007 a representative from the National Museums of Kenya stated Only the meat is consumed locally and artisanal fishermen can retire after catching one sawfish due to the high value of a single rostrum up to 1 450 12 In 2013 CITES uplisted the largetooth sawfish to Appendix I This is CITES highest protection level and means that all international trade of the species is banned 26 27 According to a 2021 study published in the journal Nature relative fishing pressure in the oceans has increased by a factor of 18 since 1970 28 This overfishing has resulted in the number of oceanic sharks and rays declining globally by 71 and has increased the global extinction risk to the point where three quarters of these species are now threatened with extinction Precautionary science based catch limits and strict prohibitions are now needed urgently if population collapse is to be avoided 29 30 if the disruption of ecological functions is to be averted 31 and if a start is to be made on rebuilding global fisheries 32 28 List EditOrder Image Scientific name Common name Population trend IUCN status FishBase FAO CommentStingray Aetobatus flagellum Longheaded eagle ray decreasing Endangered 33 34 Stingray Aetomylaeus maculatus Mottled eagle ray decreasing Endangered 33 35 Stingray Aetomylaeus nichofii Banded eagle ray decreasing Vulnerable 36 37 Stingray Aetomylaeus vespertilio Ornate eagle ray decreasing Endangered 38 39 Skate Amblyraja radiata Thorny skate decreasing Vulnerable 40 41 Sawfish Anoxypristis cuspidata Knifetooth sawfish decreasing Endangered 42 43 Stingray Aptychotrema timorensis Spotted shovelnose ray unknown Vulnerable 44 45 Skate Atlantoraja castelnaui Spotback skate decreasing Endangered 46 47 Skate Atlantoraja cyclophora Eyespot skate decreasing Vulnerable 48 49 Skate Atlantoraja platana La Plata skate decreasing Vulnerable 50 51 Skate Bathyraja griseocauda Graytail skate decreasing Endangered 52 53 Electric ray Benthobatis kreffti Brazilian blind electric ray unknown Vulnerable 54 55 Stingray Dasyatis colarensis Colares stingray unknown Vulnerable 56 57 Stingray Dasyatis fluviorum Estuary stingaree decreasing Vulnerable 58 59 Stingray Dasyatis garouaensis Smooth freshwater stingray decreasing Vulnerable 60 61 freshwaterStingray Dasyatis laosensis Mekong freshwater stingray decreasing Endangered 62 63 freshwaterStingray Dasyatis margarita Daisy stingray decreasing Endangered 64 65 Stingray Dasyatis ukpam Daisy stingray unknown Endangered 66 67 freshwaterElectric ray Diplobatis colombiensis Colombian electric ray unknown Vulnerable 68 69 Electric ray Diplobatis guamachensis Brownband numbfish unknown Vulnerable 70 71 Electric ray Diplobatis ommata Ocellated electric ray unknown Vulnerable 72 73 Electric ray Diplobatis pictus Variegated electric ray unknown Vulnerable 74 75 Skate Dipturus australis Sydney skate unknown Vulnerable 76 77 Skate Dipturus batis Blue skate decreasing Critically endangered 78 79 Skate Dipturus crosnieri Madagascar skate unknown Vulnerable 80 81 Skate Dipturus laevis Barndoor skate stable Endangered 82 83 Skate Dipturus mennii South Brazilian skate unknown Vulnerable 84 85 Skate Dipturus trachydermus Roughskin skate decreasing Vulnerable 86 87 Skate Glaucostegus granulatus Sharpnose guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable 88 89 Skate Glaucostegus thouin Clubnose guitarfish unknown Vulnerable 90 91 Skate Glaucostegus typus Common shovelnose ray decreasing Vulnerable 92 93 Skate Gurgesiella dorsalifera Onefin skate decreasing Vulnerable 94 Stingray Gymnura altavela Spiny butterfly ray decreasing Vulnerable 95 96 Stingray Gymnura zonura Zonetail butterfly ray decreasing Vulnerable 97 98 Electric ray Heteronarce garmani Natal electric ray unknown Vulnerable 99 100 Stingray Himantura gerrardi Whitespotted whipray unknown Vulnerable 101 102 freshwaterStingray Himantura hortlei Hortle s whipray decreasing Vulnerable 103 104 freshwaterStingray Himantura kittipongi Roughback whipray unknown Endangered 105 106 freshwaterStingray Himantura leoparda Leopard whipray decreasing Vulnerable 107 108 freshwaterStingray Himantura lobistoma Tubemouth whipray decreasing Vulnerable 109 110 freshwaterStingray Himantura oxyrhyncha Longnose marbled whipray unknown Endangered 111 112 freshwaterStingray Himantura pastinacoides Round whipray decreasing Vulnerable 113 114 freshwaterStingray Urogymnus polylepis Giant freshwater stingray decreasing Endangered 115 116 freshwaterStingray Himantura signifer White edge freshwater whipray unknown Endangered 117 118 freshwaterStingray Himantura uarnacoides Bleeker s whipray decreasing Vulnerable 119 120 freshwaterStingray Himantura uarnak Reticulate whipray decreasing Vulnerable 121 122 Stingray Himantura undulata Bleeker s variegated whipray decreasing Vulnerable 123 124 Skate Leucoraja circularis Sandy ray unknown Vulnerable 125 126 Skate Leucoraja melitensis Maltese skate decreasing Critically endangered 127 128 Skate Leucoraja ocellata Winter skate decreasing Endangered 129 130 Stingray Myliobatis hamlyni Purple eagle ray decreasing Endangered 131 132 Skate Malacoraja senta Smooth skate decreasing Endangered 133 134 Stingray Manta alfredi Reef manta ray decreasing Vulnerable 135 Stingray Manta birostris Giant manta ray decreasing Endangered 1 136 Stingray Mobula mobular Giant devil ray decreasing Endangered 137 138 Stingray Mobula rochebrunei Lesser Guinean devil ray unknown Vulnerable 139 140 Electric ray Narcine bancroftii Caribbean electric ray unknown Critically Endangered 141 142 Electric ray Narcine brevilabiata Shortlip electric ray unknown Vulnerable 143 144 Electric ray Narke japonica Japanese sleeper ray unknown Vulnerable 145 146 Skate Okamejei pita Pita skate unknown Critically endangered 147 148 Stingray Pastinachus solocirostris Roughnose stingray unknown Endangered 149 150 Stingray Platyrhina sinensis Fanray unknown Vulnerable 151 152 Sawfish Pristis clavata Queensland sawfish decreasing Critically endangered 153 154 Sawfish Pristis pectinata Smalltooth sawfish decreasing Critically endangered 155 156 Sawfish Pristis pristis Common sawfish decreasing Critically endangered 157 158 Sawfish Pristis zijsron Narrowsnout sawfish decreasing Critically endangered 159 160 Skate Raja pulchra Mottled skate decreasing Vulnerable 161 162 Skate Raja undulata Undulate ray decreasing Endangered 163 164 Sawfish Rhina ancylostoma Bowmouth guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable 165 166 Sawfish Rhinobatos albomaculatus White spotted guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable 167 168 Sawfish Rhinobatos cemiculus Blackchin guitarfish decreasing Endangered 169 170 Sawfish Rhinobatos formosensis Taiwan guitarfish unknown Vulnerable 171 172 Sawfish Rhinobatos horkelii Brazilian guitarfish decreasing Critically endangered 173 174 Sawfish Rhinobatos irvinei Spineback guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable 175 176 Sawfish Rhinobatos jimbaranensis Jimbaran shovelnose ray decreasing Vulnerable 177 178 Sawfish Rhinobatos obtusus Widenose guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable 179 180 Sawfish Rhinobatos penggali Indonesian shovelnose ray decreasing Vulnerable 181 Sawfish Rhinobatos rhinobatos Common guitarfish decreasing Endangered 182 Stingray Rhinoptera brasiliensis Brazilian cownose ray decreasing Endangered 183 184 Stingray Rhinoptera javanica Javanese cownose ray unknown Vulnerable 185 186 Skate Rhinoraja albomaculata Whitedotted skate unknown Vulnerable 187 188 Sawfish Rhynchobatus australiae White spotted guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable 189 190 Sawfish Rhynchobatus djiddensis Giant guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable 191 192 Sawfish Rhynchobatus laevis Smoothnose wedgefish unknown Vulnerable 193 194 Sawfish Rhynchobatus luebberti Lubbert s guitarfish decreasing Endangered 195 196 Sawfish Rhynchobatus sp nov A Roughnose wedgefish decreasing Vulnerable 197 198 Sawfish Rhynchobatus springeri Broadnose wedgefish decreasing Vulnerable 199 200 Skate Rioraja agassizii Rio skate unknown Vulnerable 201 202 Skate Rostroraja alba Bottlenose skate decreasing Endangered 203 204 Skate Spiniraja whitleyi Melbourne skate unknown Vulnerable 205 Skate Sympterygia acuta Bignose fanskate decreasing Vulnerable 206 207 Stingray Taeniura meyeni Round ribbontail ray unknown Vulnerable 208 209 Electric ray Temera hardwickii Finless sleeper ray unknown Vulnerable 210 211 Sawfish Trygonorrhina melaleuca Magpie fiddler ray unknown Endangered 212 213 Stingray Urogymnus asperrimus Porcupine ray unknown Vulnerable 214 215 Stingray Urogymnus ukpam Pincushion ray unknown Endangered 216 217 Stingray Urolophus bucculentus Sandyback stingaree decreasing Vulnerable 218 219 Stingray Urolophus javanicus Java stingaree decreasing Critically endangered 220 221 Stingray Urolophus orarius Coastal stingaree unknown Endangered 222 223 Stingray Urolophus sufflavus Yellowback stingaree decreasing Vulnerable 224 225 Stingray Urolophus viridis Greenback stingaree decreasing Vulnerable 226 227 Stingray Urotrygon reticulata Reticulate round stingray unknown Vulnerable 228 229 Stingray Urotrygon simulatrix Fake round ray unknown Vulnerable 230 231 Sawfish Zapteryx brevirostris Shortnose guitarfish decreasing Vulnerable 232 233 Skate Zearaja chilensis Yellownose skate decreasing Vulnerable 234 235 Skate Zearaja maugeana Maugean skate unknown Endangered 236 237 See also EditList of threatened sharksReferences Edit a b Marshall A Bennett M B Kodja G Hinojosa Alvarez S Galvan Magana F Harding M Stevens G Kashiwagi T 2018 amended version of 2011 assessment Mobula birostris IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T198921A126669349 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 1 RLTS T198921A126669349 en Retrieved 19 January 2020 a b Proposal 46 Genus Manta CITES Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok Thailand 3 14 March 2013 The fight to save threatened sharks and rays WWF 6 March 2013 a b Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria PDF IUCN August 2010 Archived from the original PDF on 21 February 2011 Retrieved 5 September 2012 Red List Overview IUCN Red List International Union for Conservation of Nature Archived from the original on 27 May 2012 Third of Shark and Ray Species Are Threatened Study Suggests Science News 27 October 2010 Hoffmann M C Hilton Taylor and 173 others 2010 The impact of conservation on the status of the world s vertebrates Science 330 1503 1509 doi 10 1126 science 1194442 Conservation of Sharks CITES AC18 Inf 1 2002 The Greatest Threats to Sharks Oceana 2007 Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 Retrieved 29 August 2009 The Future of Sharks A Review of Action and Inaction Archived 2013 05 12 at the Wayback Machine CITES AC25 Inf 6 2011 Guide of Mediterranean Skates and Rays Mendez L Bacquet A and F Briand Oct 2022 https www researchgate net publication 364309239 Guide of Mediterranean Skates and Rays a b c Black Richard 11 June 2007 Sawfish protection acquires teeth BBC News a b Glider of the sea threatened by traditional medicine New Scientist 25 March 2013 Ari C 2011 Encephalization and brain organization of mobulid rays Myliobatiformes Elasmobranchii with ecological perspectives Open Anatomy Journal 3 1 13 doi 10 2174 1877609401103010001 Wassener Bettina 12 March 2013 No species is safe from burgeoning wildlife trade The New York Times Retrieved 13 March 2013 Manta Rays Endangered by Sudden Demand from Chinese Medicine ScientificAmerican 17 January 2012 The global threat to manta and mobula rays WildAid and Shark Savers 2011 report Manta Fisheries The Manta Trust 2011 Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 Retrieved 21 February 2013 Sri Lanka Manta Project The Manta Trust 2011 Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 Retrieved 21 February 2013 COP10 Outcome Migratory Manta Ray under CMS Protection Convention on Migratory Species UNEP CMS 25 November 2011 Retrieved 19 February 2013 CITES conference takes decisive action to halt decline of tropical timber sharks manta rays and a wide range of other plants and animals Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2011 Pristis microdon in FishBase February 2011 version Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2011 Pristis perotteti in FishBase February 2011 version Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2011 Pristis pristis in FishBase February 2011 version Sawfish Is First Sea Fish on U S Endangered List National Geographic News 4 June 2003 Proposal 45 Pristis microdon CITES Sixteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Bangkok Thailand 3 14 March 2013 CITES Appendices I II and III Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES Retrieved 7 March 2013 a b Pacoureau Nathan Rigby Cassandra L Kyne Peter M Sherley Richard B Winker Henning Carlson John K Fordham Sonja V Barreto Rodrigo Fernando Daniel Francis Malcolm P Jabado Rima W Herman Katelyn B Liu Kwang Ming Marshall Andrea D Pollom Riley A Romanov Evgeny V Simpfendorfer Colin A Yin Jamie S Kindsvater Holly K Dulvy Nicholas K 2021 Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays Nature 589 7843 567 571 doi 10 1038 s41586 020 03173 9 hdl 10871 124531 PMID 33505035 S2CID 231723355 Davidson Lindsay N K Krawchuk Meg A Dulvy Nicholas K 2016 Why have global shark and ray landings declined Improved management or overfishing Fish and Fisheries 17 2 438 458 doi 10 1111 faf 12119 Dulvy Nicholas K Simpfendorfer Colin A Davidson Lindsay N K Fordham Sonja V Brautigam Amie Sant Glenn Welch David J 2017 Challenges and Priorities in Shark and Ray Conservation Current Biology 27 11 R565 R572 doi 10 1016 j cub 2017 04 038 PMID 28586694 S2CID 20632998 Simpfendorfer Colin A Dulvy Nicholas K 2017 Bright spots of sustainable shark fishing Current Biology 27 3 R97 R98 doi 10 1016 j cub 2016 12 017 PMID 28171764 S2CID 46839247 Sumaila Ussif Rashid Cheung William Dyck Andrew Gueye Kamal Huang Ling Lam Vicky Pauly Daniel Srinivasan Thara Swartz Wilf Watson Reginald Zeller Dirk 2012 Benefits of Rebuilding Global Marine Fisheries Outweigh Costs PLOS ONE 7 7 e40542 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0040542 PMC 3396648 PMID 22808187 a b White W T 2006 Aetobatus flagellum IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T60119A12306888 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T60119A12306888 en Retrieved 17 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Aetobatus flagellum in FishBase March 2013 version Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Aetomylaeus maculatus in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Compagno L J V Bennett M B 2016 Aetomylaeus nichofii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T84784918A68607458 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T84784918A68607458 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 dead link Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Aetomylaeus nichofii in FishBase March 2013 version White W T Kyne P M 2016 Aetomylaeus vespertilio IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T60121A68607665 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T60121A68607665 en Retrieved 17 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Aetomylaeus vespertilio in FishBase March 2013 version Kulka D W Sulikowski J Gedamke J Pasolini P Endicott M 2009 Amblyraja radiata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161542A5447511 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161542A5447511 en Retrieved 17 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Amblyraja radiata in FishBase March 2013 version D Anastasi B Simpfendorfer C van Herwerden L 2019 errata version of 2013 assessment Anoxypristis cuspidata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T39389A141789456 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2013 1 RLTS T39389A141789456 en Retrieved 17 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Anoxypristis cuspidata in FishBase March 2013 version Last P R Kyne P M Sherman C S 2015 Aptychotrema timorensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T60179A68609203 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 4 RLTS T60179A68609203 en Retrieved 17 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Aptychotrema timorensis in FishBase March 2013 version Hozbor N Massa A Vooren C M 2004 Atlantoraja castelnaui IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004 e T44575A10921544 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2004 RLTS T44575A10921544 en Retrieved 17 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Atlantoraja castelnaui in FishBase March 2013 version Massa A Hozbor N Vooren C M 2006 Atlantoraja cyclophora IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T61398A12462475 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T61398A12462475 en Retrieved 17 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Atlantoraja cyclophora in FishBase March 2013 version San Martin J M Stehmann M F W Kyne P M 2007 Atlantoraja platana IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007 e T63110A12608554 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2007 RLTS T63110A12608554 en Retrieved 17 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Atlantoraja platana in FishBase March 2013 version McCormack C Lamilla J San Martin M J Stehmann M F W 2007 Bathyraja griseocauda IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007 e T63113A12609854 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2007 RLTS T63113A12609854 en Retrieved 17 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Graytail griseocauda in FishBase March 2013 version Rincon G 2004 Benthobatis kreffti IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004 e T44577A10921737 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2004 RLTS T44577A10921737 en Retrieved 17 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Benthobatis kreffti in FishBase March 2013 version Charvet Almeida P de Almeida M P 2016 Fontitrygon colarensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T60151A104170446 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T60151A104170446 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Dasyatis colarensis in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Pollard D A Bennett M B 2016 Hemitrygon fluviorum IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T41797A104116059 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T41797A104116059 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Dasyatis fluviorum in FishBase March 2013 version Compagno L J V 2016 Fontitrygon garouaensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T39406A104171073 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T39406A104171073 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Dasyatis garouaensis in FishBase March 2013 version Vidthayanon C 2016 Hemitrygon laosensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T39407A104120090 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T39407A104120090 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Dasyatis laosensis in FishBase March 2013 version Compagno L J V Marshall L J 2016 Fontitrygon margarita IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T161495A104172339 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T161495A104172339 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Dasyatis margarita in FishBase March 2013 version Compagno L J V 2016 Fontitrygon ukpam IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T39414A104173622 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T39414A104173622 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Dasyatis ukpam in FishBase March 2013 version Caldas J P de Carvalho M R McCord M E 2006 Diplobatis colombiensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T61401A12471224 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T61401A12471224 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Diplobatis colombiensis in FishBase March 2013 version Caldas J P de Carvalho M R McCord M E 2006 Diplobatis guamachensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T61402A12471427 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T61402A12471427 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Diplobatis guamachensis in FishBase March 2013 version de Carvalho M R McCord M E Bizzarro J J 2006 Diplobatis ommata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T61403A12471646 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T61403A12471646 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Diplobatis ommata in FishBase March 2013 version de Carvalho M R McCord M E 2006 Diplobatis pictus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T61404A12471946 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T61404A12471946 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Diplobatis pictus in FishBase March 2013 version Stevens J D Valenti S V 2009 Dipturus australis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161637A5470186 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161637A5470186 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Dipturus australis in FishBase March 2013 version Dulvy N K Notarbartolo di Sciara G Serena F Tinti F Ungaro N Mancusi C Ellis J 2006 Dipturus batis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T39397A10198950 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T39397A10198950 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Dipturus batis in FishBase March 2013 version Pollom R Bennett R 2019 Dipturus crosnieri IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T60118A124440461 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T60118A124440461 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Dipturus crosnieri in FishBase March 2013 version Dulvy N K 2003 Dipturus laevis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003 e T39771A10256371 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2003 RLTS T39771A10256371 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Dipturus laevis in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M 2007 Dipturus mennii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007 e T63124A12616691 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2007 RLTS T63124A12616691 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Dipturus mennii in FishBase March 2013 version Lamilla J Massa A 2007 Dipturus trachydermus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007 e T63116A12611753 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2007 RLTS T63116A12611753 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Dipturus trachydermus in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Jabado R W 2019 Glaucostegus granulatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T60166A68623788 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T60166A68623788 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Glaucostegus granulatus in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Jabado R W 2019 Glaucostegus thouin IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T60175A124447684 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T60175A124447684 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Glaucostegus thouin in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Rigby C L Dharmadi Gutteridge A N Jabado R W 2019 Glaucostegus typus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T104061138A68623995 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T104061138A68623995 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link dead link Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Glaucostegus typus in FishBase March 2013 version Rincon G 2004 Gurgesiella dorsalifera IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004 e T44656A10932771 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2004 RLTS T44656A10932771 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Vooren C M Piercy A N Snelson F F Jr Grubbs R D Notarbartolo di Sciara G Serena S 2007 Gymnura altavela IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007 e T63153A12624290 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2007 RLTS T63153A12624290 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Gymnura altavela in FishBase March 2013 version White W T 2006 Gymnura zonura IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T60113A12304400 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T60113A12304400 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Gymnura zonura in FishBase March 2013 version de Carvalho M R McCord M E 2009 Heteronarce garmani IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161746A5494167 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161746A5494167 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Heteronarce garmani in FishBase March 2013 version Manjaji Matsumoto B M Fahmi White W T 2016 Maculabatis gerrardi IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T161566A104186555 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T161566A104186555 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Himantura gerrardi in FishBase March 2013 version White W T Manjaji Matsumoto B M Fahmi 2016 Pateobatis hortlei IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T161598A104225574 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T161598A104225574 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Himantura hortlei in FishBase March 2013 version Vidthayanon C Manjaji M 2016 Fluvitrygon kittipongi IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T161719A104306749 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T161719A104306749 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Himantura kittipongi in FishBase March 2013 version Rigby C Moore A Rowat D 2016 Himantura leoparda IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T195456A68628645 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T195456A68628645 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Himantura leoparda in FishBase March 2013 version Manjaji Matsumoto B M Fahmi White W T 2016 Urogymnus lobistomus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T161546A104290442 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T161546A104290442 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Himantura lobistoma in FishBase March 2013 version Compagno L J V 2016 Fluvitrygon oxyrhyncha IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T44185A104180982 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T44185A104180982 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Himantura oxyrhyncha in FishBase March 2013 version Manjaji Matsumoto B M Last P R Fahmi White W T 2016 Maculabatis pastinacoides IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T161540A104190354 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T161540A104190354 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Himantura pastinacoides in FishBase March 2013 version Vidthayanon C Baird I Hogan Z 2016 Urogymnus polylepis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T195320A104292419 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T195320A104292419 en Retrieved 22 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Himantura polylepis in FishBase March 2013 version Compagno L J V 2016 Fluvitrygon signifer IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T39411A104182090 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T39411A104182090 en Retrieved 22 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Himantura signifer in FishBase March 2013 version White W T Manjaji Matsumoto B M Fahmi 2016 Pateobatis uarnacoides IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T161547A104234006 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T161547A104234006 en Retrieved 22 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Himantura uarnacoides in FishBase March 2013 version Manjaji Matsumoto B M White W T Gutteridge A N 2016 Himantura uarnak IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T161692A68629130 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T161692A68629130 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Himantura uarnak in FishBase March 2013 version Rigby C 2012 Himantura undulata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 e T161621A14793852 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2012 1 RLTS T161621A14793852 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Himantura undulata in FishBase March 2013 version McCully S Ellis J Walls R Fordham S 2015 Leucoraja circularis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T161464A48938919 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 1 RLTS T161464A48938919 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Leucoraja circularis in FishBase March 2013 version Dulvy N Walls R 2015 Leucoraja melitensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T61405A48954483 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 1 RLTS T61405A48954483 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Leucoraja melitensis in FishBase March 2013 version Kulka D W Sulikowski J Gedamke T 2009 Leucoraja ocellata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161631A5468670 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161631A5468670 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Leucoraja ocellata in FishBase March 2013 version White W T Kyne P M Last P R 2016 Myliobatis hamlyni IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T60124A68634957 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T60124A68634957 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Myliobatis hamlyni in FishBase March 2013 version Sulikowski J Kulka D Gedamke T Barker A 2009 Malacoraja senta IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161477A5432745 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161477A5432745 en Retrieved 18 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Malacoraja senta in FishBase March 2013 version Marshall A Barreto R Carlson J Fernando D Fordham S Francis M P Herman K Jabado R W Liu K M Pacoureau N Rigby C L Romanov E Sherley R B 2019 Mobula alfredi IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T195459A68632178 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 3 RLTS T195459A68632178 en Retrieved 19 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Manta birostris in FishBase March 2013 version Marshall A Barreto R Carlson J Fernando D Fordham S Francis M P Herman K Jabado R W Liu K M Rigby C L Romanov E 2020 Mobula mobular IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T110847130A176550858 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T110847130A176550858 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 dead link Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Mobula mobular in FishBase March 2013 version Valenti S V amp Kyne P M 2009 Mobula rochebrunei IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 Retrieved 10 March 2013 old form url dead link Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Mobula rochebrunei in FishBase March 2013 version Driggers W B III Carlson J 2019 Narcine bancroftii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T63142A3121523 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T63142A3121523 en Retrieved 19 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Narcine bancroftii in FishBase March 2013 version de Carvalho M R McCord M E 2006 Narcine brevilabiata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T61406A12472583 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T61406A12472583 en Retrieved 19 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Narcine brevilabiata in FishBase March 2013 version Carvalho M R de McCord M E 2009 Narke japonica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161665A5475983 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161665A5475983 en Retrieved 19 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Narke japonica in FishBase March 2013 version Moore A Weigmann S 2017 Raja pita IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017 e T161723A109916678 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2017 2 RLTS T161723A109916678 en Retrieved 19 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Okamejei pita in FishBase March 2013 version Fahmi White W Manjaji B M Vidthayanon C Badi S Capuli E 2009 Pastinachus solocirostris IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161465A5430340 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161465A5430340 en Retrieved 19 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Pastinachus solocirostris in FishBase March 2013 version Ishihara H Wang Y Tanaka S Nakaya K 2009 Platyrhina sinensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161589A5458790 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161589A5458790 en Retrieved 19 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Platyrhina sinensis in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Rigby C Simpfendorfer C 2019 errata version of 2013 assessment Pristis clavata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T39390A141790455 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2013 1 RLTS T39390A141790455 en Retrieved 19 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Pristis clavata in FishBase March 2013 version Carlson J Wiley T Smith K 2019 errata version of 2013 assessment Pristis pectinata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T18175A141791261 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2013 1 RLTS T18175A141791261 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Pristis pectinata in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Carlson J Smith K 2019 errata version of 2013 assessment Pristis pristis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T18584848A141788242 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2013 1 RLTS T18584848A141788242 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Pristis pristis in FishBase March 2013 version Simpfendorfer C 2019 errata version of 2013 assessment Pristis zijsron IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013 e T39393A141792003 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2013 1 RLTS T39393A141792003 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Pristis zijsron in FishBase March 2013 version Ishihara H Wang Y Tanaka S Nakaya K Jeong C H 2009 Beringraja pulchra IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161669A5476757 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161669A5476757 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Raja pulchra in FishBase March 2013 version Coelho R Bertozzi M Ungaro N Ellis J 2009 Raja undulata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161425A5420694 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161425A5420694 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Raja undulata in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Rigby C L Dharmadi Jabado R W 2019 Rhina ancylostoma IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T41848A124421912 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T41848A124421912 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhina ancylostoma in FishBase March 2013 version Seret B Valenti S V 2009 Rhinobatos albomaculatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161320A5397463 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161320A5397463 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhinobatos albomaculatus in FishBase March 2013 version Notarbartolo di Sciara G Bradai M N Morey G Brahim K Camara L Litvinov F Dulvy N Doumbouya F Ducrocq M Heenan A et al 2007 Rhinobatos cemiculus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007 Retrieved 10 March 2013 old form url dead link Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhinobatos cemiculus in FishBase March 2013 version Compagno L J V Ishihara H amp Marshall A D 2006 Rhinobatos formosensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 Retrieved 10 March 2013 old form url dead link Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhinobatos formosensis in FishBase March 2013 version Lessa R Vooren C M 2016 Pseudobatos horkelii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T41064A103933918 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T41064A103933918 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhinobatos horkelii in FishBase March 2013 version Seret B Valenti S V 2009 Rhinobatos irvinei IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161409A5417520 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161409A5417520 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhinobatos irvinei in FishBase March 2013 version White W T 2006 Rhinobatos jimbaranensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T63167A12625681 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T63167A12625681 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhinobatos jimbaranensis in FishBase March 2013 version Compagno L J V Marshall A D 2019 Glaucostegus obtusus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T60170A124447244 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T60170A124447244 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhinobatos obtusus in FishBase March 2013 version White W T 2006 Rhinobatos penggali IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T63166A12625552 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T63166A12625552 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Notarbartolo di Sciara G Bradai M N Morey G Marshall A D Compagno L J V Mouni A Hicham M Bucal D Dulvy N Heenan A Rui Coelho 2007 Rhinobatos rhinobatos IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007 e T63131A12620901 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2007 RLTS T63131A12620901 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Vooren C M Lamonaca A F 2004 Rhinoptera brasiliensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004 e T44595A10912274 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2004 RLTS T44595A10912274 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhinoptera brasiliensis in FishBase March 2013 version Dudley S F J Kyne P M White W T 2006 Rhinoptera javanica IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T60129A12310446 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T60129A12310446 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhinoptera javanica in FishBase March 2013 version McCormack C Lamilla J San Martin M J Stehmann M F W 2018 amended version of 2007 assessment Bathyraja albomaculata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T63102A136602064 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T63102A136602064 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhinoraja albomaculata in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Rigby C L Dharmadi Jabado R W 2019 Rhynchobatus australiae IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T41853A68643043 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T41853A68643043 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhynchobatus australiae in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Gledhill K Jabado R W 2019 Rhynchobatus djiddensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T39394A121035795 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T39394A121035795 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhynchobatus djiddensis in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Jabado R W 2019 Rhynchobatus laevis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T41854A124422344 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T41854A124422344 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhynchobatus laevis in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Jabado R W 2019 Rhynchobatus luebberti IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T60180A124448712 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T60180A124448712 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhynchobatus luebberti in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Rigby C L Last P R 2019 Rhynchobatus cooki IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T60181A151858712 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T60181A151858712 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhynchobatus palpebratus in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M 2019 Rhynchobatus springeri IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T60182A124448942 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 2 RLTS T60182A124448942 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rhynchobatus springeri in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M San Martin J Stehmann M F W 2007 Rioraja agassizii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007 e T63109A12607686 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2007 RLTS T63109A12607686 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rioraja agassizii in FishBase March 2013 version Dulvy N K Pasolini P Notarbartolo di Sciara G Serena F Tinti F Ungaro N Mancusi C Ellis J E 2006 Rostroraja alba IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T61408A12473706 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T61408A12473706 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Rostroraja alba in FishBase March 2013 version Treloar M A 2009 Spiniraja whitleyi IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161496A5436892 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161496A5436892 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Massa A Hozbor N 2004 Sympterygia acuta IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004 e T44642A10931230 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2004 RLTS T44642A10931230 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Sympterygia acuta in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M White W T 2015 Taeniurops meyeni IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T60162A68646736 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2015 4 RLTS T60162A68646736 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Taeniurops meyeni in FishBase March 2013 version de Carvalho M R McCord M E Vidthayanon C 2009 Temera hardwickii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161745A5493971 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161745A5493971 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Temera hardwickii in FishBase March 2013 version Stevens J D 2009 Trygonorrhina melaleuca IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 Retrieved 10 March 2013 old form url dead link Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Trygonorrhina melaleuca in FishBase March 2013 version Chin A Compagno L J V 2016 Urogymnus asperrimus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T39413A68648645 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T39413A68648645 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Urogymnus asperrimus in FishBase March 2013 version Compagno L J V 2016 Fontitrygon ukpam IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T39414A104173622 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T39414A104173622 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Urogymnus ukpam in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Last P R Marshall L J Trinnie F 2019 Urolophus bucculentus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T60088A68649040 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 1 RLTS T60088A68649040 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Urolophus bucculentus in FishBase March 2013 version Last P R Marshall L J 2006 Urolophus javanicus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T60095A12247760 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T60095A12247760 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Urolophus javanicus in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Last P R Marshall L J 2019 Urolophus orarius IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T60100A68649829 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 1 RLTS T60100A68649829 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Urolophus orarius in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Last P R Marshall L J 2019 Urolophus sufflavus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T60104A68650134 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 1 RLTS T60104A68650134 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Urolophus sufflavus in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Last P R Marshall L J 2019 Urolophus viridis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T60105A68650230 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 1 RLTS T60105A68650230 en Retrieved 21 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Urolophus viridis in FishBase March 2013 version Robertson R Valenti S V 2009 Urotrygon reticulata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161541A5447335 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161541A5447335 en Retrieved 22 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Urotrygon reticulata in FishBase March 2013 version Robertson R Valenti S V 2009 Urotrygon simulatrix IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2009 e T161394A5413677 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2009 2 RLTS T161394A5413677 en Retrieved 22 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Urotrygon simulatrix in FishBase March 2013 version Vooren C M Lamonaca A F Massa A Hozbor N 2006 Zapteryx brevirostris IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006 e T61419A12478303 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2006 RLTS T61419A12478303 en Retrieved 22 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Zapteryx brevirostris in FishBase March 2013 version Kyne P M Lamilla J Licandeo R R Jimena San Martin M Stehmann M F W McCormack C 2007 Zearaja chilensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2007 e T63147A12623314 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2007 RLTS T63147A12623314 en Retrieved 22 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Zearaja chilensis in FishBase March 2013 version Last P R Gledhill D C Sherman C S 2016 Zearaja maugeana IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T64442A68650404 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 1 RLTS T64442A68650404 en Retrieved 22 January 2020 Froese Rainer Pauly Daniel eds 2013 Zearaja maugeana in FishBase March 2013 version Further reading EditCamhi M D Valenti S V Fordham S V Fowler S L Gibson C eds February 2007 The Conservation Status of Pelagic Sharks and Rays PDF Pelagic Shark Red List Workshop Oxford England IUCN Shark Specialist Group ISBN 978 0 9561063 1 5 Archived from the original PDF on 14 January 2011 Retrieved 3 April 2012 Dulvy N K Baum J K Clarke S Compagno L J V Cortes E Domingo A Fordham S Fowler S Francis M P Gibson C Martinez J Musick J A Soldo A Stevens J D and Valenti S 2008 You can swim but you can t hide The global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 18 5 459 482 FAO 2000 Conservation and Management of Sharks Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries Rome ISBN 92 5 104514 3 Faria VV McDavitt MT Charvet P Wiley TR Simpfendorfer CA and Naylor GJP 2013 Species delineation and global population structure of Critically Endangered sawfishes Pristidae Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167 1 136 164 doi 10 1111 j 1096 3642 2012 00872 x Fowler SL Cavanagh RD Camhi M Burgess GH Cailliet GM Fordham SV Simpfendorfer CA and Musick JA comp and ed 2005 Sharks Rays and Chimaeras The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes IUCN Shark Specialist Group Status Survey ISBN 2 8317 0700 5 Musick John A and Bonfil Ramon 2005 Management techniques for elasmobranch fisheries Fisheries Technical Paper 474 FAO Rome Teutscher Frans 2004 Sharks Chondrichthyes In World markets and industry of selected commercially exploited aquatic species with an international conservation profile Camillo Catarci Fisheries Circular 990 FAO Endangered and Threatened Species Under NMFS Jurisdiction National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA Updated 28 February 28 2013 External links EditProtecting the fragile manta rays of the Maldives BBC 5 March 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of threatened rays amp oldid 1136346310, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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