List of space stations

The International Space Station in front of the Earth. This image was taken by Space Shuttle Discovery while pulling away during STS-119.

Skylab viewed from the command module of Skylab 2

These paragraphs are an excerpt from Space station.[edit]

A space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time, and is therefore a type of space habitat. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. An orbital station or an orbital space station is an artificial satellite (i.e. a type of orbital spaceflight). Stations must have docking ports to allow other spacecraft to dock to transfer crew and supplies. The purpose of maintaining an orbital outpost varies depending on the program. Space stations have most often been launched for scientific purposes, but military launches have also occurred.

Space stations have harboured so far the only long-duration direct human presence in space. After the first station Salyut 1 (1971) and its tragic Soyuz 11 crew, space stations have been operated consecutively since Skylab (1973), having allowed a progression of long-duration direct human presence in space. Stations have been occupied by consecutive crews since 1987 with the Salyut successor Mir. Uninterrupted occupation of stations has been achieved since the operational transition from the Mir to the ISS, with its first occupation in 2000. The ISS has hosted the highest number of people in orbit at the same time, reaching 13 for the first time during the eleven day docking of STS-127 in 2009.

As of 2023, there are two fully operational space stations in low Earth orbit (LEO) – the International Space Station (ISS) and China's Tiangong Space Station (TSS). The ISS has been permanently inhabited since October 2000 with the Expedition 1 crews and the TSS began continuous inhabitation with the Shenzhou 14 crews in June 2022. These stations are used to study the effects of spaceflight on the human body, as well as to provide a location to conduct a greater number and longer length of scientific studies than is possible on other space vehicles. In 2022, the TSS finished its phase 1 construction with the addition of two lab modules, Wentian ("Quest for the Heavens") launched on 24 July 2022 and Mengtian ("Dreaming of the Heavens") launched on 31 October 2022, joining the ISS as the most recent space station operating in orbit. In July 2022, Russia announced intentions to withdraw from the ISS after 2024 in order to build its own space station.^[1] There have been numerous decommissioned space stations, including USSR's Salyuts, Russia's Mir, NASA's Skylab, and China's Tiangong 1 and Tiangong 2.

Past stations

These stations have re-entered the atmosphere and disintegrated.

The Soviet Union ran two programs simultaneously in the 1970s, both of which were called Salyut publicly. The Long Duration Orbital Station (DOS) program was intended for scientific research into spaceflight. The Almaz program was a secret military program that tested space reconnaissance.^[2]

        = Never crewed

Name	Program Entity	Crew size	Launched	Reentered	Days in orbit	Days occu- pied	Total crew and visitors	Number of crewed visits	Number of robotic visits	Mass (* = at launch)	Pressurized volume
Salyut 1	DOS^[3]	3^[4]	19 April 1971^[5]	11 October 1971^[6]	175	24^[7]	6^[8]	2^[8]	0^[8]	18,425 kg (40,620 lb)^[5]	100 m^3 (3,500 cu ft)^[9]
	MOM^[10]
DOS-2	DOS^[11]	—^[a]	29 July 1972^[5]^[12]	29 July 1972	failed to reach orbit	—	—	—	—	18,000 kg (40,000 lb)^[13]	—
	RVSN^[14]
Salyut 2	Almaz^[12]	—^[a]	3 April 1973^[12]	16 April 1973^[12]	13^[12]	—	—	—	—	18,500 kg (40,800 lb)^[15]	—
	MOM^[16]
Kosmos 557	DOS^[17]	—^[a]	11 May 1973^[18]	22 May 1973^[19]	11	—	—	—	—	19,400 kg (42,800 lb)^[13]	—
	USSR
Skylab	Skylab^[20]	3^[21]	14 May 1973^[22]	11 July 1979^[23]	2249	171^[24]	9^[25]	3^[26]	0^[27]	77,088 kg (169,950 lb)^[28]	360 m^3 (12,700 cu ft)^[29]
	NASA
Salyut 3	Almaz^[3]	2^[30]	25 May 1974^[31]	24 January 1975^[32]	213	15^[33]	2^[33]	1^[33]	0	18,900 kg (41,700 lb)*^[34]	90 m^3 (3,200 cu ft)^[17]
	MOM^[16]
Salyut 4	DOS^[35]	2^[36]	26 December 1974^[37]	3 February 1977^[37]	770^[37]	92^[38]	4^[38]	2^[38]^[39]	1^[38]	18,900 kg (41,700 lb)^[17]*	90 m^3 (3,200 cu ft)^[17]
	MOM^[14]
Salyut 5	Almaz^[35]	2^[40]	22 June 1976^[41]	8 August 1977^[42]	412	67^[43]	4^[43]	3^[43]	0^[43]	19,000 kg (42,000 lb)^[17]*	100 m^3 (3,500 cu ft)^[17]
	MOM^[16]
Salyut 6	DOS^[35]^[44]	2^[45]	29 September 1977^[45]	29 July 1982^[46]	1764	683^[47]	33^[47]	16^[47]	14^[47]	19,000 kg (42,000 lb)^[48]	90 m^3 (3,200 cu ft)^[49]
	MOM^[16]
Salyut 7	DOS^[35]^[44]	3^[50]	19 April 1982^[51]	7 February 1991^[51]	3216^[51]	861^[50]	22^[50]	10^[50]	15^[50]	19,000 kg (42,000 lb)^[52]	90 m^3 (3,200 cu ft)^[17]
	MOM^[16]
Mir	DOS^[35]^[44]	3^[53]	19 February 1986^[54]^[b]	23 March 2001^[23]^[54]	5511^[54]	4594^[55]	125^[55]	39^[56]	68^[55]	129,700 kg (285,900 lb)^[57]	350 m^3 (12,400 cu ft)^[58]
	USSR   RSA
Tiangong-1	Tiangong	3^[59]	29 September 2011^[60]^[61]	2 April 2018^[62]	2377	22	6^[63]^[64]	2^[63]	1^[65]	8,506 kg (18,753 lb)^[66]	15 m^3 (530 cu ft)^[67]
	CMSA
Tiangong-2	Tiangong	2	15 September 2016	19 July 2019	1037	29	2	1	1	8,506 kg (18,753 lb)^[66]	15 m^3 (530 cu ft)^[67]
	CMSA

Prototypes

These stations are prototypes; they only exist as testing platforms and were never intended to be crewed. OPS 0855 was part of a cancelled Manned Orbiting Laboratory project by the United States, while the Genesis stations were launched privately. The Genesis stations were "retired" when their avionics systems stopped working after two and a half years, yet they still remain in orbit as derelict spacecraft.

Name	Entity	Program	Launched	Reentered	Days in orbit	Mass	Pressurized volume
OPS 0855	USAF	MOL	3 November 1966^[68]	9 January 1967^[68]	67	9,680 kg (21,340 lb)	11.3 m^3 (400 cu ft)
Genesis I	Bigelow Aerospace		12 July 2006^[69]	(In Orbit)	6096	1,360 kg (3,000 lb)^[70]	11.5 m^3 (410 cu ft)^[71]
Genesis II			28 June 2007^[69]		5745		11.5 m^3 (406 cu ft)^[71]

Operational stations

As of 2023, two stations are orbiting Earth with life support system in place and fully operational.

Name	Entity	Crew size	Launched	Days in orbit^[c]	Days occupied	Total crew and visitors	Crewed visits	Robotic visits	Mass	Pressurized volume	Habitable volume
International Space Station	NASA   Roscosmos   ESA   CSA   JAXA	7^[72]	20 November 1998^[72]^[b]	8887	8176^[73]	230^[74]	88 ^[75]	94 ^[75]	419,725 kg (925,335 lb)^[76]	1,005 m^3 (35,500 cu ft)^[77]	388 m^3 (13,700 cu ft)
Tiangong space station	CMSA	3–6^[78]	29 April 2021	691	561	12	4	6	96,000 kg (212,000 lb)	340 m^3 (12,000 cu ft)	122 m^3 (4,310 cu ft)

Planned and proposed

These space stations have been announced by their host entity and are currently in planning, development or production. The launch date listed here may change as more information becomes available.

Name	Entity	Program	Crew size	Launch date	Remarks
Lunar Gateway	NASA   ESA   CSA   JAXA	Artemis	4	November 2024^[79]^[80]	Intended to serve as a science platform and as a staging area for the lunar landings of NASA's Artemis program and follow-on human mission to Mars.
Axiom Station	Axiom Space	International Space Station programme	TBD	2024^[81]	Eventually will detach from the ISS in the late 2020s and form a private, free flying space station for commercial tourism and science activities.
Russian Orbital Service Station (ROSS)	Roscosmos	Russia's next generation space station.	TBD	2025^[82]	With Russia leaving the ISS programme in 2024, Roscosmos announced this new space station in April 2021 as the replacement for that program.
Starlab Space Station	NanoRacks   Voyager Space   Lockheed Martin	Private	4	2027^[83]	"Commercial platform supporting a business designed to enable science, research, and manufacturing for customers around the world."
Orbital Reef Station	Blue Origin   Sierra Space	Private	10	second half 2020s^[84]	"Commercial station in LEO for research, industrial, international, and commercial customers."
ISRO space station	ISRO	Indian Human Spaceflight Programme	3	~2030^[85]^[86]^[87]^[88]	ISRO chairman K. Sivan announced in 2019 that India will not join the International Space Station and will instead build a 20 tonne space station on its own.^[89] It is intended to be built in the next 5–7 years,^[90]
Lunar Orbital Station^[91] (LOS)	Roscosmos		TBD	after 2030^[92]
TBD	Northrop Grumman	Private	4–8^[93]		"to provide a base module for extended capabilities including science, tourism, industrial experimentation"^[94]

Cancelled projects

 

The interior of Skylab B, on display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum

Most of these stations were canceled due to financial difficulties, or merged into other projects.

Name	Entity	Crew	Cancellation	Remarks
Manned Orbiting Laboratory 1–7	USAF	2^[95]	1969	Boilerplate mission launched successfully, wider project cancelled due to excessive costs^[96]
Skylab B	NASA	3^[97]	1976	Constructed, but launch cancelled due to lack of funding.^[98] Now a museum piece.
OPS-4	USSR	3^[99]	1979	Constructed, but Almaz program cancelled in favour of uncrewed recon satellites.
Freedom	NASA	14–16^[100]	1993	Merged to form the basis of the International Space Station.
Mir-2	USSR   Roscosmos	2^[101]
Columbus MTFF	ESA	3
Galaxy	Bigelow Aerospace	Robotic^[102]	2007	Canceled due to rising costs and ability to ground test key Galaxy subsystems^[103]
Sundancer		3	2011	Was under construction, but cancelled in favour of developing B330.
Almaz commercial	Excalibur Almaz	4+	2016	Soviet hardware was acquired, but never launched due to lack of funds.
Tiangong-3	CNSA	3	2017	The goals for Tiangong-2 and 3 were merged, and were completed by a single station rather than two separate stations.
OPSEK	Roscosmos	2+	2017	Some modules such as Nauka were launched and attached to the ISS- but proposals to split these off as a separate station were cancelled, and they instead remain part of the ISS.
B330	Bigelow Aerospace	3	2020	Test articles were constructed but not flight ready hardware; cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Timeline

 

Timeline of space stations, sorted by the nations that launched them. Prototype stations are marked*.

  China

  Soviet Union/Russia

  USA

  multiple nations

Size comparison

 

 

Size comparisons between current and past space stations as they appeared most recently. Solar panels in blue, heat radiators in red. Note that stations have different depths not shown by silhouettes.

See also

•  Space portal
•  Spaceflight portal

• Spacelab
• List of crewed spacecraft
• Commercial Space Stations
• Space stations and habitats in fiction

Notes

1. The USSR intended to crew these stations with 2 men, however they re-entered the atmosphere before the cosmonauts were launched.
2. Launch date of the initial module. Additional modules for this station were launched later.
3. Correct as of 21 March 2023

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External links

•   Media related to Space stations at Wikimedia Commons