Bhutan was founded and unified as a country by Ngawang Namgyal, 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche in the mid–17th century. After his death in 1651, Bhutan nominally followed his recommended "dual system of government". Under the dual system, government control was split between a secular leader, the Druk Desi (འབྲུག་སྡེ་སྲིད་, aka Deb Raja);[nb 1] and a religious leader, the Je Khenpo (རྗེ་མཁན་པོ་).
Both the Druk Desi and Je Khenpo were under the nominal authority of the Zhabdrung Rinpoche, a reincarnation of Ngawang Namgyal. In practice however, the Zhabdrung was often a child under the control of the Druk Desi, and regional penlops often administered their districts in defiance of the power of the Druk Desis until the rise of the unified Wangchuck dynasty in 1907.[1]
Below appears the list of Druk Desis throughout the existence of the office. Officeholders were initially appointed by ZhabdrungNgawang Namgyal, though after his death the Je Khenpo and civil government decided appointments.
Italics indicate coregencies and caretaker governments, which are not traditionally separately numbered.
A photo of the 54th Druk Desi, Choley Yeshe Ngodub.
^Druk Desi Sonam Lhundub was the first Bhutanese ruler to confront British power, losing in a power bid in Cooch Behar, a traditional Bhutanese dependency.
^The original title is སྡེ་སྲིད་ཕྱག་མཛོད་; desi chhak zod.
References
^Worden, Robert L.; Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.) (1991). "Chapter 6 – Bhutan: Administrative Integration and Conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728". Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies (3rd ed.). Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress. ISBN0-8444-0777-1. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
^Dorji, C. T. (1995). A Political & Religious History of Bhutan, 1651–1906. Delhi, India: Sangay Xam; Prominent Publishers. ISBN9788186239032.
^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Worden, Robert L. (September 1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.). Bhutan: A Country Study. Federal Research Division. Civil Conflict, 1728–72.
^(PDF). Government of Bhutan. 18 July 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
Further reading
Petech, Luciano (1972). The Rulers of Bhutan c. 1650–1750. Oriens Extremus. Vol. 19. Hamburg: Zeitschrift für Sprache, Kunst und Kultur der Länder des Fernen Ostens. pp. 203–213.
Dorji, C. T. (1997). Blue annals of Bhutan. Vikas. ISBN9788125904366.
Truhart, Peter (1985). Regents of nations: systematic chronology of states and their political representatives in past and present. Regents of Nations: Systematic Chronology of States and Their Political Representatives in Past and Present : a Biographical Reference Book, Peter Truhart. Vol. 2. Saur. pp. 1005 et seq. ISBN3-598-10493-6.
Dorji, C. T. (2004). Sources of Bhutanese history. Prominent Publishers. pp. 330 et seq. ISBN81-86239-16-2.
Younghusband, Sir Francis Edward (1910). India and Tibet: a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904. J. Murray.
January 07, 2023
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Bhutan was founded and unified as a country by Ngawang Namgyal 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche in the mid 17th century After his death in 1651 Bhutan nominally followed his recommended dual system of government Under the dual system government control was split between a secular leader the Druk Desi འབ ག ས ས ད aka Deb Raja nb 1 and a religious leader the Je Khenpo ར མཁན པ King of BhutanEmblem of BhutanIncumbentJigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchucksince 9 December 20065th Dragon King Druk Gyalpo DetailsStyleHis MajestyHeir presumptiveJigme Namgyel WangchuckFirst monarchUgyen WangchuckFormation17 December 1907ResidenceSamteling Palace ThimphuBoth the Druk Desi and Je Khenpo were under the nominal authority of the Zhabdrung Rinpoche a reincarnation of Ngawang Namgyal In practice however the Zhabdrung was often a child under the control of the Druk Desi and regional penlops often administered their districts in defiance of the power of the Druk Desis until the rise of the unified Wangchuck dynasty in 1907 1 Since the rise of the unified Wangchuck family in 1907 the Druk Gyalpo འབ ག ར ལ པ lit Dragon King have been the head of state of the Kingdom of Bhutan Contents 1 Druk Desis 1650 1905 2 Kings of Bhutan 1907 present 2 1 Timeline 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further readingDruk Desis 1650 1905 EditMain article Druk Desi Below appears the list of Druk Desis throughout the existence of the office Officeholders were initially appointed by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal though after his death the Je Khenpo and civil government decided appointments Italics indicate coregencies and caretaker governments which are not traditionally separately numbered A photo of the 54th Druk Desi Choley Yeshe Ngodub Druk Desis of Bhutan 2 No Name Date of Birth Reign start Reign end Date of Death1 Tenzin Drukgye 1591 1650 1655 16552 Langonpa Tenzin Drukdra 1655 1667 16673 Chhogyel Minjur Tempa 1613 1667 1680 16804 Gyalsey Tenzin Rabgye 1638 1680 1694 16965 Gedun Chomphel 1695 1701 17016 Ngawang Tshering 1701 17047 Umze Peljor 1704 1707 17078 Druk Rabgye 1707 1719 17299 Ngawang Gyamtsho 1719 1729 172910 Mipham Wangpo 1729 173611 Khuwo Peljor 1736 173912 Ngawang Gyaltshen 1739 174413 Sherab Wangchuk 1744 176314 Druk Phuntsho 1763 176515 Wangzob Druk Tenzin I 1765 176816 Sonam Lhundub 3 table 1 1768 1773 177317 Kunga Rinchen 1773 177618 Jigme Singye 1742 1776 1788 178919 Druk Tenzin 1788 179220 Umzey Chapchhab 1792 1792 179221 Chhogyel Sonam Gyaltshen Tashi Namgyel 1792 179922 Druk Namgyel 1799 180323 Chhogyel Sonam Gyaltshen Tashi Namgyel 2nd reign 1803 180524 Sangye Tenzin 1805 180625 Umzey Parob 1806 180826 Byop Chhyoda 1807 180827 Tulku Tsulthrim Daba 1790 1809 1810 182028 Zhabdrung Thutul Jigme Dragpa 1810 181129 Chholay Yeshey Gyaltshen 1781 1811 1815 183030 Tshaphu Dorji Namgyel 1815 181531 Sonam Drugyel 1815 181932 Gongzim Tenzin Drukda 1819 182333 Chhoki Gyaltshen 1823 183134 Dorji Namgyal 1831 183235 Adab Thinley 1832 183536 Chhoki Gyaltshen 2nd reign 1835 183837 Dorji Norbu 1838 185038 Wangchuk Gyalpo 1850 185039 Zhabdrung Thutul Jigme Norbu in Thimphu 1850 1852Chagpa Sangye in Punakha 1851 185240 Damchho Lhundrup 1852 185441 Jamtul Jamyang Tenzin 1854 185642 Kunga Palden in Punakha 1856 1860Sherab Tharchin in Thimphu 1856 186043 Phuntsho Namgyel Nazi Pasang 1860 186344 Tshewang Sithub 1863 1864Tsulthrim Yonten 1864 186445 Kagyud Wangchuk 1864 186446 Tshewang Sithub 2nd reign 1865 186747 Tsondul Pekar 1867 187048 Jigme Namgyel 1825 1870 1873 188149 Kitshab Dorji Namgyel 1873 1879Jigme Namgyel 2nd reign 1877 1878Kitshab Dorji Namgyel 2nd reign 1878 187950 Chhogyel Zangpo March 1879 June 1880 1880Jigme Namgyel 3rd reign June 1880 July 188151 Lam Tshewang 1836 July 1881 May 1883 188352 Gawa Zangpo May 1883 August 188553 Sangay Dorji 1885 1901 190154 Choley Yeshe Ngodub 1851 1903 1905 1917Notes Druk Desi Sonam Lhundub was the first Bhutanese ruler to confront British power losing in a power bid in Cooch Behar a traditional Bhutanese dependency Kings of Bhutan 1907 present EditMain articles Druk Gyalpo and Wangchuck dynasty The Bhutanese monarchy was established on 17 December 1907 unifying the country under the control of the Wangchuck dynasty hereditary penlops governors of Trongsa district The king of Bhutan formally known as the Druk Gyalpo Dragon King also occupies the office of Druk Desi under the dual system of government Since the enactment of the Constitution of 2008 the Druk Gyalpo has remained head of state while the Prime Minister of Bhutan acts as executive and head of government in a parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy 4 NameLifespanReign startReign endNotesFamilyImageUgyen1st Druk Gyalpoཨ ར ན དབང ཕ ག 1862 06 11 11 June 1862 26 August 1926 1926 08 26 aged 64 17 December 190726 August 1926Wangchuck Jigme2nd Druk Gyalpoའཇ གས མ ད དབང ཕ ག1905 30 March 1952 aged 47 26 August 192630 March 1952Son of UgyenWangchuck Jigme Dorji3rd Druk Gyalpoའབ ག ར ལ པ འཇ གས མ ད ར ར དབང ཕ ག མཆ ག 1928 05 02 2 May 1928 21 July 1972 1972 07 21 aged 44 30 March 195221 July 1972Son of JigmeWangchuck Jigme Singye4th Druk Gyalpoའཇ གས མ ད ས ང ག དབང ཕ ག 1955 11 11 11 November 1955 age 67 21 July 19729 December 2006 abdicated Son of Jigme DorjiWangchuck Jigme Khesar Namgyel5th Druk Gyalpoའཇ གས མ ད ག སར ར མ ར ལ དབང ཕ ག 1980 02 21 21 February 1980 age 42 9 December 2006IncumbentSon of Jigme SingyeWangchuck Timeline EditSee also EditDual system of government Druk Gyaltsuen Constitution of Bhutan History of BhutanNotes Edit The original title is ས ས ད ཕ ག མཛ ད desi chhak zod References Edit Worden Robert L Savada Andrea Matles ed 1991 Chapter 6 Bhutan Administrative Integration and Conflict with Tibet 1651 1728 Nepal and Bhutan Country Studies 3rd ed Federal Research Division United States Library of Congress ISBN 0 8444 0777 1 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a first2 has generic name help Dorji C T 1995 A Political amp Religious History of Bhutan 1651 1906 Delhi India Sangay Xam Prominent Publishers ISBN 9788186239032 This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Worden Robert L September 1991 Savada Andrea Matles ed Bhutan A Country Study Federal Research Division Civil Conflict 1728 72 The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan PDF Government of Bhutan 18 July 2008 Archived from the original PDF on 6 July 2011 Retrieved 8 October 2010 Further reading EditPetech Luciano 1972 The Rulers of Bhutan c 1650 1750 Oriens Extremus Vol 19 Hamburg Zeitschrift fur Sprache Kunst und Kultur der Lander des Fernen Ostens pp 203 213 Dorji C T 1997 Blue annals of Bhutan Vikas ISBN 9788125904366 Truhart Peter 1985 Regents of nations systematic chronology of states and their political representatives in past and present Regents of Nations Systematic Chronology of States and Their Political Representatives in Past and Present a Biographical Reference Book Peter Truhart Vol 2 Saur pp 1005 et seq ISBN 3 598 10493 6 Dorji C T 2004 Sources of Bhutanese history Prominent Publishers pp 330 et seq ISBN 81 86239 16 2 Younghusband Sir Francis Edward 1910 India and Tibet a history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910 with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904 J Murray Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of rulers of Bhutan amp oldid 1123009644, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,