The Leyla-Tepe culture of the South Caucasus belongs to the Chalcolithic era. It got its name from the site in the Agdam district of modern day Azerbaijan. Its settlements were distributed on the southern slopes of Central Caucasus, from 4350 until 4000 B.C.
Leyla-Tepe culture pottery from the Agdam district of modern day Azerbaijan
Monuments of the Leyla-Tepe were first located in the 1980s by I. G. Narimanov, a Soviet archaeologist. In the 2000s, attention to the monuments was inspired by the risk of their damage due to the construction of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline and the South Caucasus pipeline.
The Leyla-Tepe culture is also attested at Boyuk Kesik in the lower layers of this settlement. The inhabitants apparently buried their dead in ceramic vessels.[1] Similar amphora burials in the South Caucasus are found in the Western Georgian Jar-Burial culture, that is mostly of a much later date.
The ancient Poylu II settlement was discovered in the Agstafa District of modern day Azerbaijan during the construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. The lowermost layer dates to the early fourth millennium BC, attesting a multilayer settlement of Leyla-Tepe culture.[2]
Among the sites associated with this culture, the Soyugbulagkurgans or barrows are of special importance.[3] The excavation of these kurgans, located in Kaspi Municipality, in central Georgia, demonstrated an unexpectedly early date of such structures on the territory of Azerbaijan. They were dated to the beginning of the 4th millennium BC.[4]
An expedition to Syria by the Russian Academy of Sciences revealed the similarity of the Maykop and Leyla-Tepe artifacts with those found recently[when?] while excavating the ancient city of Tel Khazneh I, from the 4th millennium BC.[6]
Leyla-Tepe pottery is very similar to the 'Chaff-Faced Ware' of the northern Syria and Mesopotamia. It is especially well attested at Amuq F phase.[7] Similar pottery is also found at Kultepe, Azerbaijan.
Galayeri
In 2012, the important site of Galayeri, belonging to the Leyla-Tepe archaeological culture, was investigated. It is located in the Qabala District of modern day Azerbaijan. Galayeri is closely connected to early civilizations of Near East.[8]
Structures consisting of clay layers are typical; no mud-brick walls have been detected at Galayeri. Almost all findings have Eastern Anatolian Chalcolithic characteristics. The closest analogues of the Galayeri clay constructions are found at Arslantepe/Melid VII in Temple C.[9]
Metalwork
The appearance of Leyla-Tepe tradition's carriers in the Caucasus marked the appearance of the first local Caucasian metallurgy. This is perhaps, but not entirely, attributed to migrants from Uruk arriving around 4500 BCE.[10]
Recent[when?] research indicates the connections rather to the pre-Uruk traditions, such as the late Ubaid period, and Ubaid-Uruk phases.[8]
Leyla-Tepe metalwork tradition was very sophisticated right from the beginning and featured many bronze items. Later, the quality of metallurgy increased in both sophistication and quality with the advent of the Kura–Araxes culture .[10]
^Najaf Museyibli, Poylu II Report On Excavations of Poylu II Settlement At Kilometre Point 408.8 of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. Baku – Azerbaijan, 2008
^Najaf Museyibly, Archeological Excavations Along the Route of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan Crude Oil Pipeline and the South Caucasus Gas Pipeline, 2002–2005
^Romano, Licia (2010). Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: Excavations, surveys and restorations : reports on recent field archaeology in the Near East. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 359. ISBN978-3447062169.
^Antonio Sagona, The Archaeology of the Caucasus: From Earliest Settlements to the Iron Age. Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, 2017 ISBN1107016592 p136
^ abNajaf Museyibli, Potter's Marks on Leilatepe Culture Pottery: Eastern Anatolian Chalcolithic Traditions in the Caucasus. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 16, No 1, (2016), pp. 283–294 doi 10.5281/zenodo.44772
^Frangipane, M. (2009) Non-urban hierarchical patterns of territorial and political organisation in northern regions of Greater Mesopotamia: Tepe Gawra and Arslantepe. Subartu, XXIII, 133–146
^ abTufan Isaakoglu Akhundov, At the Beginning of Caucasian Metallurgy. Problems of Early Metal Age Archaeology of Caucasus and Anatolia. Proceedings of International Conference. Tbilisi, 2014
Sources
Р. М. Мунчаев, Н. Я. Мерперт, Ш. Н. Амиров ТЕЛЛЬ-ХАЗНА I. Культово-административный центр IV–III тыс. до н. э. в Северо-восточной Сирии. Издательство «Палеограф». Москва 2004. ISBN5-89526-012-8
Najaf Museyibly, Archeological Excavations Along the Route of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan Crude Oil Pipeline and the South Caucasus Gas Pipeline, 2002–2005
January 07, 2023
leyla, tepe, culture, south, caucasus, belongs, chalcolithic, name, from, site, agdam, district, modern, azerbaijan, settlements, were, distributed, southern, slopes, central, caucasus, from, 4350, until, 4000, pottery, from, agdam, district, modern, azerbaija. The Leyla Tepe culture of the South Caucasus belongs to the Chalcolithic era It got its name from the site in the Agdam district of modern day Azerbaijan Its settlements were distributed on the southern slopes of Central Caucasus from 4350 until 4000 B C Leyla Tepe culture pottery from the Agdam district of modern day Azerbaijan Leyla Tepe cultureGeographical rangeSouth CaucasusPeriodChalcolithicDatescirca 4 350 B C E circa 4 000 B C E Major sitesLeyla TepePreceded byShulaveri Shomu cultureFollowed byKura Araxes cultureMonuments of the Leyla Tepe were first located in the 1980s by I G Narimanov a Soviet archaeologist In the 2000s attention to the monuments was inspired by the risk of their damage due to the construction of the Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline and the South Caucasus pipeline Contents 1 Characteristics and influences 1 1 Galayeri 2 Metalwork 3 See also 4 References 5 SourcesCharacteristics and influences EditThe Leyla Tepe culture is also attested at Boyuk Kesik in the lower layers of this settlement The inhabitants apparently buried their dead in ceramic vessels 1 Similar amphora burials in the South Caucasus are found in the Western Georgian Jar Burial culture that is mostly of a much later date The ancient Poylu II settlement was discovered in the Agstafa District of modern day Azerbaijan during the construction of the Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline The lowermost layer dates to the early fourth millennium BC attesting a multilayer settlement of Leyla Tepe culture 2 Among the sites associated with this culture the Soyugbulag kurgans or barrows are of special importance 3 The excavation of these kurgans located in Kaspi Municipality in central Georgia demonstrated an unexpectedly early date of such structures on the territory of Azerbaijan They were dated to the beginning of the 4th millennium BC 4 The culture has also been linked to the north Ubaid period monuments 5 in particular with the settlements in the Eastern Anatolia Region Arslantepe Coruchu tepe Tepechik etc It has been suggested that the Leyla Tepe were the founders of the Maykop culture citation needed An expedition to Syria by the Russian Academy of Sciences revealed the similarity of the Maykop and Leyla Tepe artifacts with those found recently when while excavating the ancient city of Tel Khazneh I from the 4th millennium BC 6 Leyla Tepe pottery is very similar to the Chaff Faced Ware of the northern Syria and Mesopotamia It is especially well attested at Amuq F phase 7 Similar pottery is also found at Kultepe Azerbaijan Galayeri Edit In 2012 the important site of Galayeri belonging to the Leyla Tepe archaeological culture was investigated It is located in the Qabala District of modern day Azerbaijan Galayeri is closely connected to early civilizations of Near East 8 Structures consisting of clay layers are typical no mud brick walls have been detected at Galayeri Almost all findings have Eastern Anatolian Chalcolithic characteristics The closest analogues of the Galayeri clay constructions are found at Arslantepe Melid VII in Temple C 9 Metalwork EditThe appearance of Leyla Tepe tradition s carriers in the Caucasus marked the appearance of the first local Caucasian metallurgy This is perhaps but not entirely attributed to migrants from Uruk arriving around 4500 BCE 10 Recent when research indicates the connections rather to the pre Uruk traditions such as the late Ubaid period and Ubaid Uruk phases 8 Leyla Tepe metalwork tradition was very sophisticated right from the beginning and featured many bronze items Later the quality of metallurgy increased in both sophistication and quality with the advent of the Kura Araxes culture 10 See also EditKura Araxes cultureReferences Edit Arheologiya Azerbaidzhana Najaf Museyibli Poylu II Report On Excavations of Poylu II Settlement At Kilometre Point 408 8 of Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan pipeline Baku Azerbaijan 2008 Najaf Museyibly Archeological Excavations Along the Route of the Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Crude Oil Pipeline and the South Caucasus Gas Pipeline 2002 2005 Romano Licia 2010 Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East Excavations surveys and restorations reports on recent field archaeology in the Near East Otto Harrassowitz Verlag p 359 ISBN 978 3447062169 Gup Nasledie V L Rostunov Kniga R Munaeva v soavtorstve Antonio Sagona The Archaeology of the Caucasus From Earliest Settlements to the Iron Age Cambridge World Archaeology Cambridge University Press 2017 ISBN 1107016592 p136 a b Najaf Museyibli Potter s Marks on Leilatepe Culture Pottery Eastern Anatolian Chalcolithic Traditions in the Caucasus Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry Vol 16 No 1 2016 pp 283 294 doi 10 5281 zenodo 44772 Frangipane M 2009 Non urban hierarchical patterns of territorial and political organisation in northern regions of Greater Mesopotamia Tepe Gawra and Arslantepe Subartu XXIII 133 146 a b Tufan Isaakoglu Akhundov At the Beginning of Caucasian Metallurgy Problems of Early Metal Age Archaeology of Caucasus and Anatolia Proceedings of International Conference Tbilisi 2014Sources EditR M Munchaev N Ya Merpert Sh N Amirov TELL HAZNA I Kultovo administrativnyj centr IV III tys do n e v Severo vostochnoj Sirii Izdatelstvo Paleograf Moskva 2004 ISBN 5 89526 012 8 Najaf Museyibly Archeological Excavations Along the Route of the Baku Tbilisi Ceyhan Crude Oil Pipeline and the South Caucasus Gas Pipeline 2002 2005 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Leyla Tepe culture amp oldid 1127767810, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
