Wikipedia
List of prime ministers of Australia
The prime minister of Australia is the leader of the Government of Australia and the Cabinet of Australia, with the support of the majority of the House of Representatives.[1][2] Thirty-one people have served in the position since the office was created in 1901.[3] The role of prime minister is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia,[4] but the prime minister is still appointed by the governor-general who under Section 64 of the constitution has the executive power to appoint ministers of state. The governor-general is appointed by the monarch of Australia based on the advice of the incumbent prime minister.[2] Governors-general do not have fixed terms, but usually serve for five years.[5]
The Lodge, the official residence of the prime minister
Federal elections must be held every three years, although prime ministers may call elections early.[6] Prime ministers do not have fixed terms, and generally serve the full length of their term unless they lose the majority of the House or are replaced as the leader of their party. Three former prime ministers lost a majority in the House (Alfred Deakin on two occasions, George Reid and Andrew Fisher), six resigned following leadership spills (John Gorton, Bob Hawke, Kevin Rudd, Julia Gillard, Tony Abbott and Malcolm Turnbull) and three died in office (Joseph Lyons, John Curtin and Harold Holt, who disappeared and is presumed to have died).[7] Two prime ministers also lost their role in a double dissolution election, a snap election where the entire Senate stands for re-election rather than the typical half to resolve deadlocks between the two houses. These were Joseph Cook in 1914 and Malcolm Fraser in 1983. One prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was controversially dismissed by the Governor-General during a constitutional crisis.[8]
Since the office was established in 1901, thirty men and one woman have served as prime minister. Robert Menzies and Kevin Rudd served two non-consecutive terms in office whilst Alfred Deakin and Andrew Fisher served three non-consecutive terms. The 31st and current prime minister is Anthony Albanese, since 23 May 2022.[9] There are currently seven living former prime ministers. The most recent former prime minister to die was Hawke, on 16 May 2019.[10]
The prime ministership of Frank Forde, who was prime minister for seven days in 1945, was the shortest in Australian history.[11] Menzies served the longest, with eighteen years over two non-consecutive periods.[12]
List of prime ministers
The parties shown are those to which the prime ministers belonged at the time they held office, and the electoral divisions shown are those they represented while in office. Several prime ministers belonged to parties other than those given and represented other electorates before and after their time in office.
- Political parties
Australian Labor Party Liberal Party of Australia Australian Country Party Nationalist Party United Australia Party Fusion Liberal Party National Labor Party Free Trade Party Protectionist Party
Background indicates caretaker prime minister
| No. | Portrait | Name (birth–death) Constituency | Election (Parliament) | Term of office | Political party | Ministry | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| 1 | Edmund Barton (1849–1920) MP for Hunter, NSW | 1901 (1st) | 1 January 1901 | 24 September 1903 | 2 years, 266 days | Protectionist | Barton | [13] | |
| 2 | Alfred Deakin (1856–1919) MP for Ballaarat, Vic[a] | — (1st) | 24 September 1903 | 27 April 1904 | 216 days | Protectionist | 1st Deakin | [14] | |
| 1903 (2nd) | |||||||||
| 3 | Chris Watson (1867–1941) MP for Bland, NSW | — (2nd) | 27 April 1904 | 18 August 1904 | 113 days | Labor | Watson | [15] | |
| 4 | George Reid (1845–1918) MP for East Sydney, NSW | — (2nd) | 18 August 1904 | 5 July 1905 | 321 days | Free Trade | Reid | [16] | |
| (2) | Alfred Deakin (1856–1919) MP for Ballaarat, Vic[a] | — (2nd) | 5 July 1905 | 13 November 1908 | 3 years, 131 days | Protectionist | 2nd Deakin | [14] | |
| 1906 (3rd) | |||||||||
| 5 | Andrew Fisher (1862–1928) MP for Wide Bay, Qld | — (3rd) | 13 November 1908 | 2 June 1909 | 201 days | Labor | 1st Fisher | [17] | |
| (2) | Alfred Deakin (1856–1919) MP for Ballaarat, Vic[a] | — (3rd) | 2 June 1909 | 29 April 1910 | 331 days | Liberal | 3rd Deakin | [14] | |
| (5) | Andrew Fisher (1862–1928) MP for Wide Bay, Qld | 1910 (4th) | 29 April 1910 | 24 June 1913 | 3 years, 56 days | Labor | 2nd Fisher | [17] | |
| 6 | Joseph Cook (1860–1947) MP for Parramatta, NSW | 1913 (5th) | 24 June 1913 | 17 September 1914 | 1 year, 85 days | Liberal | Cook | [18] | |
| (5) | Andrew Fisher (1862–1928) MP for Wide Bay, Qld | 1914 (6th) | 17 September 1914 | 27 October 1915 | 1 year, 40 days | Labor | 3rd Fisher | [17] | |
| Billy Hughes (1862–1952) MP for West Sydney, NSW (until 1917) MP for Bendigo, Vic (1917–22) MP for North Sydney, NSW (from 1922) | — (6th) | 27 October 1915 | 14 November 1916 | 7 years, 105 days | Labor | 1st Hughes | [19] | ||
| 7 | – (6th) | 14 November 1916 | 17 February 1917 | National Labor | 2nd Hughes | ||||
| – (6th) | 17 February 1917 | 9 February 1923 | Nationalist | 3rd Hughes | |||||
| 1917 (7th) | 4th Hughes | ||||||||
| 1919 (8th) | 5th Hughes | ||||||||
| 8 | Stanley Bruce (1883–1967) MP for Flinders, Vic | 1922 (9th) | 9 February 1923 | 22 October 1929 | 6 years, 255 days | Nationalist (Coalition) | 1st Bruce | [20] | |
| 1925 (10th) | 2nd Bruce | ||||||||
| 1928 (11th) | 3rd Bruce | ||||||||
| 9 | James Scullin (1876–1953) MP for Yarra, Vic | 1929 (12th) | 22 October 1929 | 6 January 1932 | 2 years, 76 days | Labor | Scullin | [21] | |
| 10 | Joseph Lyons (1879–1939) MP for Wilmot, Tas | 1931 (13th) | 6 January 1932 | 7 April 1939† | 7 years, 91 days | United Australia | 1st Lyons | [22] | |
| 1934 (14th) | 2nd Lyons | ||||||||
| — (14th) | United Australia (Coalition) | 3rd Lyons | |||||||
| 1937 (15th) | 4th Lyons | ||||||||
| 11 | Earle Page (1880–1961) MP for Cowper, NSW | — (15th) | 7 April 1939 | 26 April 1939 | 19 days | Country (Coalition) | Page (Caretaker) | [23] | |
| 12 | Robert Menzies (1894–1978) MP for Kooyong, Vic | — (15th) | 26 April 1939 | 29 August 1941 | 2 years, 125 days | United Australia | 1st Menzies | [24] | |
| United Australia (Coalition) | 2nd Menzies | ||||||||
| 1940 (16th) | 3rd Menzies | ||||||||
| 13 | Arthur Fadden (1894–1973) MP for Darling Downs, Qld | — (16th) | 29 August 1941 | 7 October 1941 | 39 days | Country (Coalition) | Fadden | [25] | |
| 14 | John Curtin (1885–1945) MP for Fremantle, WA | — | 7 October 1941 | 5 July 1945† | 3 years, 271 days | Labor | 1st Curtin | [26] | |
| 1943 (17th) | 2nd Curtin | ||||||||
| 15 | Frank Forde (1890–1983) MP for Capricornia, Qld | — (17th) | 5 July 1945 | 13 July 1945 | 7 days | Labor | Forde (Caretaker) | [27] | |
| 16 | Ben Chifley (1885–1951) MP for Macquarie, NSW | — (17th) | 13 July 1945 | 19 December 1949 | 4 years, 159 days | Labor | 1st Chifley | [28] | |
| 1946 (18th) | 2nd Chifley | ||||||||
| (12) | Robert Menzies (1894–1978) MP for Kooyong, Vic | 1949 (19th) | 19 December 1949 | 26 January 1966 | 16 years, 38 days | Liberal (Coalition) | 4th Menzies | [24] | |
| 1951 (20th) | 5th Menzies | ||||||||
| 1954 (21st) | 6th Menzies | ||||||||
| 1955 (22nd) | 7th Menzies | ||||||||
| 1958 (23rd) | 8th Menzies | ||||||||
| 1961 (24th) | 9th Menzies | ||||||||
| 1963 (25th) | 10th Menzies | ||||||||
| 17 | Harold Holt (1908–1967) MP for Higgins, Vic | — (25th) | 26 January 1966 | 17 December 1967† | 1 year, 327 days | Liberal (Coalition) | 1st Holt | [29] | |
| 1966 (26th) | 2nd Holt | ||||||||
| 18 | John McEwen (1900–1980) MP for Murray, Vic | — (26th) | 19 December 1967 | 10 January 1968 | 22 days | Country (Coalition) | McEwen (Caretaker) | [30] | |
| 19 | John Gorton (1911–2002) MP for Higgins, Vic[b] | — (26th) | 10 January 1968 | 10 March 1971 | 3 years, 59 days | Liberal (Coalition) | 1st Gorton | [32] | |
| 1969 (27th) | 2nd Gorton | ||||||||
| 20 | William McMahon (1908–1988) MP for Lowe, NSW | — (27th) | 10 March 1971 | 5 December 1972 | 1 year, 270 days | Liberal (Coalition) | McMahon | [33] | |
| 21 | Gough Whitlam (1916–2014) MP for Werriwa, NSW | 1972 (28th) | 5 December 1972 | 11 November 1975 | 2 years, 341 days | Labor | 1st Whitlam | [34] | |
| — (28th) | 2nd Whitlam | ||||||||
| 1974 (29th) | 3rd Whitlam | ||||||||
| 22 | Malcolm Fraser (1930–2015) MP for Wannon, Vic | — (29th) | 11 November 1975 | 11 March 1983 | 7 years, 120 days | Liberal (Coalition) | 1st Fraser | [35] | |
| 1975 (30th) | 2nd Fraser | ||||||||
| 1977 (31st) | 3rd Fraser | ||||||||
| 1980 (32nd) | 4th Fraser | ||||||||
| 23 | Bob Hawke (1929–2019) MP for Wills, Vic | 1983 (33rd) | 11 March 1983 | 20 December 1991 | 8 years, 284 days | Labor | 1st Hawke | [36] | |
| 1984 (34th) | 2nd Hawke | ||||||||
| 1987 (35th) | 3rd Hawke | ||||||||
| 1990 (36th) | 4th Hawke | ||||||||
| 24 | Paul Keating (b. 1944) MP for Blaxland, NSW | — (36th) | 20 December 1991 | 11 March 1996 | 4 years, 82 days | Labor | 1st Keating | [37] | |
| 1993 (37th) | 2nd Keating | ||||||||
| 25 | John Howard (b. 1939) MP for Bennelong, NSW | 1996 (38th) | 11 March 1996 | 3 December 2007 | 11 years, 267 days | Liberal (Coalition) | 1st Howard | [38] | |
| 1998 (39th) | 2nd Howard | ||||||||
| 2001 (40th) | 3rd Howard | ||||||||
| 2004 (41st) | 4th Howard | ||||||||
| 26 | Kevin Rudd (b. 1957) MP for Griffith, Qld | 2007 (42nd) | 3 December 2007 | 24 June 2010 | 2 years, 203 days | Labor | 1st Rudd | [39] | |
| 27 | Julia Gillard (b. 1961) MP for Lalor, Vic | — (42nd) | 24 June 2010 | 27 June 2013 | 3 years, 3 days | Labor | 1st Gillard | [40] | |
| 2010 (43rd) | 2nd Gillard | ||||||||
| (26) | Kevin Rudd (b. 1957) MP for Griffith, Qld | — (43rd) | 27 June 2013 | 18 September 2013 | 83 days | Labor | 2nd Rudd | [39] | |
| 28 | Tony Abbott (b. 1957) MP for Warringah, NSW | 2013 (44th) | 18 September 2013 | 15 September 2015 | 1 year, 362 days | Liberal (Coalition) | Abbott | [41] | |
| 29 | Malcolm Turnbull (b. 1954) MP for Wentworth, NSW | — (44th) | 15 September 2015 | 24 August 2018 | 2 years, 343 days | Liberal (Coalition) | 1st Turnbull | [42] | |
| 2016 (45th) | 2nd Turnbull | ||||||||
| 30 | Scott Morrison (b. 1968) MP for Cook, NSW | — (45th) | 24 August 2018 | 23 May 2022 | 3 years, 272 days | Liberal (Coalition) | 1st Morrison | [43] | |
| 2019 (46th) | 2nd Morrison | ||||||||
| 31 | Anthony Albanese (b. 1963) MP for Grayndler, NSW | 2022 (47th) | 23 May 2022 | Incumbent | 242 days[c] | Labor | Albanese | [44] | |
Timeline
Career-based timeline
This timeline shows most of the early life, the political career and death of each prime minister from 1901. The first prime minister was Edmund Barton in the early 20th century.[45]
Key
- Each dark coloured bar denotes the time spent as prime minister
- A light colour denotes time spent in Parliament before or after serving as prime minister
- A grey colour bar denotes the time the prime minister spent outside Parliament, either before or after their political career
Notable moments
- changed party: Hughes (twice), Lyons
- died in office: Lyons, Curtin, Holt
- died shortly after leaving office: Chifley
- left Parliament on leaving office: Barton, Bruce, Menzies, Fraser, Hawke, Keating, Howard, Gillard, Turnbull
- long career after being Prime Minister: Hughes, Scullin, Page, Fadden
- served as Prime Minister after an interruption to their political career: Scullin, Curtin, Chifley
- lived for more than twenty years after leaving Parliament: Watson, Cook, Bruce, Forde, Gorton, Whitlam, Fraser, Hawke, Keating
- former prime minister still living: Keating, Howard, Rudd, Gillard, Abbott, Turnbull, Morrison
Timeline
See also
Notes
References
- ^ "The Ministry". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ^ a b "Infosheet 20 - The Australian system of government". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Prime Minister". Parliamentary Education Office. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
- ^ "Infosheet 20 - The Australian system of government". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ^ "Governor-General - Parliamentary Education Office". Parliamentary Education Office. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
- ^ "Elections and voting in Australia" (PDF). Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ "Australia's PMs and how they left office". SBS News. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ^ "Infosheet 18 - Double dissolution". Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Australia's Prime Ministers". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
- ^ "Bob Hawke, former Australian prime minister, dies aged 89". The Guardian. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Australia's five shortest prime ministerships (and how they ended)". ABC News. 16 December 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ^ "Robert Menzies | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- ^ Rutledge, Martha. "Barton, Sir Edmund (1849–1920)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ a b c Norris, R. (1981). "Deakin, Alfred (1856–1919)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 21 October 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ Nairn, Bede (1990). "Watson, John Christian (1867–1941)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 21 October 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ McMinn, W. G. Reid, Sir George Houstoun (1845–1918). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ a b c Murphy, D. J. Fisher, Andrew (1862–1928). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Crowley, F. K. Cook, Sir Joseph (1860–1947). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Fitzhardinge, L. F. Hughes, William Morris (Billy) (1862–1952). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ Radi, Heather (1979). "Bruce, Stanley Melbourne [Viscount Bruce] (1883–1967)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 21 October 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ Robertson, J. R. (1988). "Scullin, James Henry (1876–1953)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 21 October 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ Hart, P. R. (1986). "Lyons, Joseph Aloysius (1879–1939)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 21 October 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ Bridge, Carl. "Page, Sir Earle Christmas Grafton (1880–1961)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 21 October 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ a b Martin, A. W. "Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon (Bob) (1894–1978)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 22 November 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ Cribb, Margaret Bridson. "Fadden, Sir Arthur William (1894–1973)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Melbourne University Press. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 22 November 2008 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
- ^ Serle, Geoffrey, "Curtin, John (1885–1945)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 1 September 2022
- ^ Lloyd, Neil; Saunders, Malcolm, "Forde, Francis Michael (Frank) (1890–1983)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 1 September 2022
- ^ Waterson, D. B., "Chifley, Joseph Benedict (Ben) (1885–1951)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 1 September 2022
- ^ Hancock, I. R., "Holt, Harold Edward (1908–1967)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 1 September 2022
- ^ Lloyd, C. J., "McEwen, Sir John (1900–1980)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 1 September 2022
- ^ Williams, Evan (11 March 2020). "From the Archives, 1968: The day the PM became an MP". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
- ^ "John Gorton | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Leeser, Julian, "McMahon, Sir William (Billy) (1908–1988)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 1 September 2022
- ^ "Gough Whitlam | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Malcolm Fraser | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Bob Hawke | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Paul Keating | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "John Howard | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ a b "Kevin Rudd | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Julia Gillard | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Tony Abbott | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Malcolm Turnbull | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Scott Morrison | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ "Anthony Albanese | MOAD". Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
- ^ Rutledge, Martha. "Barton, Sir Edmund (1849–1920)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
External links
- Official website of the Prime Minister of Australia