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List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System

November 17, 2023

Listed below are the largest lakes and seas on various worlds in the Solar System. The table includes single bodies of water or other liquid on or near the surface of a solid body (terrestrial planet, planetoid, or moon). All objects on this list are expected to be round, hence anything that is part of a belt or disc is expected to be a dwarf planet.

Cold surface oceans or lakes are found on two worlds, Earth and Saturn's moon Titan. Lava lakes are found on Earth and Jupiter's moon Io. Subsurface oceans or seas occur on the other Galilean moons of Jupiter, Saturn's moons Titan and Enceladus, and are suspected to exist on the some of Saturn's other moons, the asteroid Ceres, the larger trans-Neptunian objects, and ice planets in planetary systems. Recent analysis of the interior of Ganymede (the largest moon of Jupiter), taking into account the effects of salt, suggests that it and some of the other icy bodies may not have a single interior global ocean but several stacked ones, separated by different phases of ice, with the lowest liquid layer adjacent to the rocky mantle below.[1][2] In June 2020, NASA scientists reported that it is likely that exoplanets with oceans may be common in the Milky Way galaxy, based on mathematical modeling studies of their internal heating rates. The majority of such worlds would probably have subsurface oceans, similar to those of the icy moons Europa and Enceladus.[3][4]

List edit

Largest known lakes and seas, with composition and dimensions, where known, grouped by celestial body but sortable by size, depth, etc.
Body Type of object Liquid water content in zeta liter[5] Lake/sea Composition Location Area (km2) Average depth (km) Image Notes
Earth planet
(terrestrial) 		1.335 World Ocean salt water surface 361,300,000 3.68 (max 11.02)   71% of Earth's surface
Caspian Sea salt water surface 389,000 0.21 (max 1.02)   While it is an oceanic body of water, the only one of Earth beside the ocean, dwarfed by the ocean and consequently no lake, it is nevertheless Earth's largest endorheic body of surface liquid
(0.07% of Earth's surface)
Lake Michigan–Huron fresh water surface 117,400 0.07 (max 0.28)   largest freshwater lake
Mars planet
(terrestrial) 		? south-polar lake? (not confirmed) salt water or brine? subglacial c. 200 (shallow, > 0.2 m)   there may be additional such lakes[6][7]
Io moon of Jupiter ? Gish Bar Patera lava surface 9,600 ?  
Loki Patera lava surface < 32,000 ?  
Europa moon of Jupiter 2.6 (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 30,000,000 est. 50–100 global ocean under 10 to 30 km of ice, perhaps twice the volume of Earth's ocean
Ganymede moon of Jupiter 35.4 (internal global ocean) salt water? subsurface c. 80,000,000 apiece 100 100 km thick, under 150 km of ice, six times the volume of Earth's ocean;[8]
possibly three oceans, one under another
Callisto moon of Jupiter 5.3 (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 65,000,000 120–180 global ocean under 135 to 150 km of ice
Enceladus moon of Saturn 0.01 (internal global ocean) (salt?) water subsurface c. 650,000 26–31 or 38 ± 4 global ocean under 21–26 or 23 ± 4 km of ice, based on libration[9][10]
Dione moon of Saturn 0.14 (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 2,700,000 65 ± 30 global ocean under 99 ± 23 km of ice[10]
Rhea moon of Saturn ? (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 1,000,000–2,000,000 c. 15 possible global ocean under the ice (c. 400 km)[a]
Titan moon of Saturn 18.6 Kraken Mare hydrocarbons surface ≈ 400,000
(0.5% of Titan's surface) 		0.85 (max)   largest known body of surface liquid beside Earth's Ocean; the northern Moray Sinus bay is the only part measured bathymetrically [13]
Ligeia Mare predominantly methane, with small amounts of ethane and nitrogen[14][15] surface 126,000 ~0.2[16]  
Punga Mare hydrocarbons surface 61,000 ~0.11[16]  
(internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 80,000,000 < 300 global ocean of water under < 100 km of ice
Titania moon of Uranus ? (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 5,000,000 c. 15–50 possible global ocean under the ice (c. 150–200 km)
Oberon moon of Uranus ? (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 3,000,000 c. 15–40 possible global ocean under the ice (c. 250 km)
Triton moon of Neptune 0.03 (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 20,000,000 c. 150–200 possible global ocean under the ice (c. 150–200 km)
Orcus Kuiper belt object
(plutino) 		? (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 500,000 c. 15 possible global ocean under the ice (c. 200 km)
Pluto Kuiper belt object
(plutino) 		1 (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 10,000,000–15,000,000 c. 100–180 possible global ocean under the ice (c. 150–230 km)
Makemake Kuiper belt object
(cubewano) 		? (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 3,000,000 ? possible global ocean under the ice
Gonggong scattered disc object ? (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 2,000,000–3,000,000 ? possible global ocean under the ice
Eris scattered disc object ? (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 10,000,000 c. 150–200 possible global ocean under the ice (c. 150–250 km)
Sedna sednoid ? (internal global ocean) water?
water–ammonia mixture? 		subsurface c. 1,000,000 c. 15 possible global ocean under the ice (c. 200 km)

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Possible depending on the degree of differentiation of the interior,[11] which is uncertain.[12]

References edit

  1. ^ Clavin, W. (2014-05-01). . Press release. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-05-04.
  2. ^ Vance, S.; Bouffard, M.; Choukroun, M.; Sotin, C. (2014-04-12). "Ganymede's internal structure including thermodynamics of magnesium sulfate oceans in contact with ice". Planetary and Space Science. 96: 62–70. Bibcode:2014P&SS...96...62V. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2014.03.011.
  3. ^ Shekhtman, Lonnie; et al. (18 June 2020). "Are Planets with Oceans Common in the Galaxy? It's Likely, NASA Scientists Find". NASA. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  4. ^ Quick, L.C.; Roberge, A.; Mlinar, A.B.; Hedman, M.M. (2020). "Forecasting Rates of Volcanic Activity on Terrestrial Exoplanets and Implications for Cryovolcanic Activity on Extrasolar Ocean Worlds". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 132 (1014): 084402. Bibcode:2020PASP..132h4402Q. doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ab9504. S2CID 219964895.
  5. ^ "Earth Doesn't Actually Have The Most Water in The Solar System". ScienceAlert. 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2023-08-31.
  6. ^ Orosei, R.; Lauro, S. E.; Pettinelli, E.; Cicchetti, A.; Coradini, M.; Cosciotti, B.; Paolo, F. Di; Flamini, E.; Mattei, E.; Pajola, M.; Soldovieri, F. (2018-08-03). "Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars". Science. 361 (6401): 490–493. arXiv:2004.04587. Bibcode:2018Sci...361..490O. doi:10.1126/science.aar7268. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30045881.
  7. ^ Lauro, Sebastian Emanuel; Pettinelli, Elena; Caprarelli, Graziella; Guallini, Luca; Rossi, Angelo Pio; Mattei, Elisabetta; Cosciotti, Barbara; Cicchetti, Andrea; Soldovieri, Francesco; Cartacci, Marco; Di Paolo, Federico (2020-09-28). "Multiple subglacial water bodies below the south pole of Mars unveiled by new MARSIS data". Nature Astronomy. 5: 63–70. arXiv:2010.00870. doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1200-6. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 222125007.
  8. ^ "Hubble observations suggest underground ocean on Jupiter's largest moon Ganymede". NASA press release. March 12, 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
  9. ^ Thomas, P. C.; Tajeddine, R.; Tiscareno, M. S.; Burns, J. A.; Joseph, J.; Loredo, T. J.; Helfenstein, P.; Porco, C. (2016). "Enceladus's measured physical libration requires a global subsurface ocean". Icarus. 264: 37–47. arXiv:1509.07555. Bibcode:2016Icar..264...37T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.037. S2CID 118429372.
  10. ^ a b Beuthe, Mikael; Rivoldini, Attilio; Trinh, Antony (2016). "Enceladus's and Dione's floating ice shells supported by minimum stress isostasy". Geophysical Research Letters. 43 (19): 10, 088–10, 096. arXiv:1610.00548. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..4310088B. doi:10.1002/2016GL070650. S2CID 119236092.
  11. ^ Hussmann, H.; Sohl, F.; Spohn, T. (November 2006). "Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium-sized outer planet satellites and large trans-Neptunian objects". Icarus. 185 (1): 258–273. Bibcode:2006Icar..185..258H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.005.
  12. ^ Tortora, P.; Zannoni, M.; Hemingway, D.; Nimmo, F.; Jacobson, R. A.; Iess, L.; Parisi, M. (January 2016). "Rhea gravity field and interior modeling from Cassini data analysis". Icarus. 264: 264–273. Bibcode:2016Icar..264..264T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.09.022. hdl:11585/581818.
  13. ^ Poggiali, V.; Hayes, A.; Mastrogiuseppe, M.; Le Gall, A. A. (2019-12-01). "The Bathymetry of Moray Sinus at Kraken Mare". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 23. Bibcode:2019AGUFM.P23D3540P.
  14. ^ Mastrogiuseppe, Marco; Poggiali, Valerio; Hayes, Alexander G.; Lorenz, Ralph D.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Picardi, Giovanni; Seu, Roberto; Flamini, Enrico; Mitri, Giuseppe; Notarnicola, Claudia; Paillou, Philippe; Zebker, Howard (2014). "The bathymetry of a Titan sea" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 41 (5): 1432–1437. Bibcode:2014GeoRL..41.1432M. doi:10.1002/2013GL058618. S2CID 134356087.
  15. ^ Le Gall, A.; Malaska, M. J.; Lorenz, Ralph D.; Janssen, M. A.; Tokano, T.; Hayes, Alexander G.; Mastrogiuseppe, Marco; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Veyssière, G.; Encrenaz, P.; Karatekin, O. (2016-02-25). "Composition, seasonal change, and bathymetry of Ligeia Mare, Titan, derived from its microwave thermal emission". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 121 (2): 233–251. Bibcode:2016JGRE..121..233L. doi:10.1002/2015JE004920.
  16. ^ a b Hayes, Alexander G.; Lorenz, Ralph D.; Lunine, Jonathan I. (May 2018). "A post-Cassini view of Titan's methane-based hydrologic cycle". Nature Geoscience. 11 (5): 306–313. Bibcode:2018NatGe..11..306H. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0103-y. ISSN 1752-0908. S2CID 135092004.

External links edit

  • JPL Ocean Worlds infographic

November 17, 2023
list, largest, lakes, seas, solar, system, listed, below, largest, lakes, seas, various, worlds, solar, system, table, includes, single, bodies, water, other, liquid, near, surface, solid, body, terrestrial, planet, planetoid, moon, objects, this, list, expect. Listed below are the largest lakes and seas on various worlds in the Solar System The table includes single bodies of water or other liquid on or near the surface of a solid body terrestrial planet planetoid or moon All objects on this list are expected to be round hence anything that is part of a belt or disc is expected to be a dwarf planet Cold surface oceans or lakes are found on two worlds Earth and Saturn s moon Titan Lava lakes are found on Earth and Jupiter s moon Io Subsurface oceans or seas occur on the other Galilean moons of Jupiter Saturn s moons Titan and Enceladus and are suspected to exist on the some of Saturn s other moons the asteroid Ceres the larger trans Neptunian objects and ice planets in planetary systems Recent analysis of the interior of Ganymede the largest moon of Jupiter taking into account the effects of salt suggests that it and some of the other icy bodies may not have a single interior global ocean but several stacked ones separated by different phases of ice with the lowest liquid layer adjacent to the rocky mantle below 1 2 In June 2020 NASA scientists reported that it is likely that exoplanets with oceans may be common in the Milky Way galaxy based on mathematical modeling studies of their internal heating rates The majority of such worlds would probably have subsurface oceans similar to those of the icy moons Europa and Enceladus 3 4 Contents 1 List 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksList editLargest known lakes and seas with composition and dimensions where known grouped by celestial body but sortable by size depth etc Body Type of object Liquid water content in zeta liter 5 Lake sea Composition Location Area km2 Average depth km Image NotesEarth planet terrestrial 1 335 World Ocean salt water surface 361 300 000 3 68 max 11 02 nbsp 71 of Earth s surfaceCaspian Sea salt water surface 389 000 0 21 max 1 02 nbsp While it is an oceanic body of water the only one of Earth beside the ocean dwarfed by the ocean and consequently no lake it is nevertheless Earth s largest endorheic body of surface liquid 0 07 of Earth s surface Lake Michigan Huron fresh water surface 117 400 0 07 max 0 28 nbsp largest freshwater lakeMars planet terrestrial south polar lake not confirmed salt water or brine subglacial c 200 shallow gt 0 2 m nbsp there may be additional such lakes 6 7 Io moon of Jupiter Gish Bar Patera lava surface 9 600 nbsp Loki Patera lava surface lt 32 000 nbsp Europa moon of Jupiter 2 6 internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 30 000 000 est 50 100 global ocean under 10 to 30 km of ice perhaps twice the volume of Earth s oceanGanymede moon of Jupiter 35 4 internal global ocean salt water subsurface c 80 000 000 apiece 100 100 km thick under 150 km of ice six times the volume of Earth s ocean 8 possibly three oceans one under anotherCallisto moon of Jupiter 5 3 internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 65 000 000 120 180 global ocean under 135 to 150 km of iceEnceladus moon of Saturn 0 01 internal global ocean salt water subsurface c 650 000 26 31 or 38 4 global ocean under 21 26 or 23 4 km of ice based on libration 9 10 Dione moon of Saturn 0 14 internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 2 700 000 65 30 global ocean under 99 23 km of ice 10 Rhea moon of Saturn internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 1 000 000 2 000 000 c 15 possible global ocean under the ice c 400 km a Titan moon of Saturn 18 6 Kraken Mare hydrocarbons surface 400 000 0 5 of Titan s surface 0 85 max nbsp largest known body of surface liquid beside Earth s Ocean the northern Moray Sinus bay is the only part measured bathymetrically 13 Ligeia Mare predominantly methane with small amounts of ethane and nitrogen 14 15 surface 126 000 0 2 16 nbsp Punga Mare hydrocarbons surface 61 000 0 11 16 nbsp internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 80 000 000 lt 300 global ocean of water under lt 100 km of iceTitania moon of Uranus internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 5 000 000 c 15 50 possible global ocean under the ice c 150 200 km Oberon moon of Uranus internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 3 000 000 c 15 40 possible global ocean under the ice c 250 km Triton moon of Neptune 0 03 internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 20 000 000 c 150 200 possible global ocean under the ice c 150 200 km Orcus Kuiper belt object plutino internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 500 000 c 15 possible global ocean under the ice c 200 km Pluto Kuiper belt object plutino 1 internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 10 000 000 15 000 000 c 100 180 possible global ocean under the ice c 150 230 km Makemake Kuiper belt object cubewano internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 3 000 000 possible global ocean under the iceGonggong scattered disc object internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 2 000 000 3 000 000 possible global ocean under the iceEris scattered disc object internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 10 000 000 c 150 200 possible global ocean under the ice c 150 250 km Sedna sednoid internal global ocean water water ammonia mixture subsurface c 1 000 000 c 15 possible global ocean under the ice c 200 km See also edit nbsp Lakes portal nbsp Oceans portal nbsp Solar system portalList of Solar System extremes List of tallest mountains in the Solar System List of largest rifts canyons and valleys in the Solar System List of largest craters in the Solar System Hydrosphere List of lakes by area Tidal heating Tidal heating of IoNotes edit Possible depending on the degree of differentiation of the interior 11 which is uncertain 12 References edit Clavin W 2014 05 01 Ganymede May Harbor Club Sandwich of Oceans and Ice Press release Jet Propulsion Laboratory Archived from the original on 2014 05 02 Retrieved 2014 05 04 Vance S Bouffard M Choukroun M Sotin C 2014 04 12 Ganymede s internal structure including thermodynamics of magnesium sulfate oceans in contact with ice Planetary and Space Science 96 62 70 Bibcode 2014P amp SS 96 62V doi 10 1016 j pss 2014 03 011 Shekhtman Lonnie et al 18 June 2020 Are Planets with Oceans Common in the Galaxy It s Likely NASA Scientists Find NASA Retrieved 20 June 2020 Quick L C Roberge A Mlinar A B Hedman M M 2020 Forecasting Rates of Volcanic Activity on Terrestrial Exoplanets and Implications for Cryovolcanic Activity on Extrasolar Ocean Worlds Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 132 1014 084402 Bibcode 2020PASP 132h4402Q doi 10 1088 1538 3873 ab9504 S2CID 219964895 Earth Doesn t Actually Have The Most Water in The Solar System ScienceAlert 2016 10 09 Retrieved 2023 08 31 Orosei R Lauro S E Pettinelli E Cicchetti A Coradini M Cosciotti B Paolo F Di Flamini E Mattei E Pajola M Soldovieri F 2018 08 03 Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars Science 361 6401 490 493 arXiv 2004 04587 Bibcode 2018Sci 361 490O doi 10 1126 science aar7268 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 30045881 Lauro Sebastian Emanuel Pettinelli Elena Caprarelli Graziella Guallini Luca Rossi Angelo Pio Mattei Elisabetta Cosciotti Barbara Cicchetti Andrea Soldovieri Francesco Cartacci Marco Di Paolo Federico 2020 09 28 Multiple subglacial water bodies below the south pole of Mars unveiled by new MARSIS data Nature Astronomy 5 63 70 arXiv 2010 00870 doi 10 1038 s41550 020 1200 6 ISSN 2397 3366 S2CID 222125007 Hubble observations suggest underground ocean on Jupiter s largest moon Ganymede NASA press release March 12 2015 Retrieved 2015 10 03 Thomas P C Tajeddine R Tiscareno M S Burns J A Joseph J Loredo T J Helfenstein P Porco C 2016 Enceladus s measured physical libration requires a global subsurface ocean Icarus 264 37 47 arXiv 1509 07555 Bibcode 2016Icar 264 37T doi 10 1016 j icarus 2015 08 037 S2CID 118429372 a b Beuthe Mikael Rivoldini Attilio Trinh Antony 2016 Enceladus s and Dione s floating ice shells supported by minimum stress isostasy Geophysical Research Letters 43 19 10 088 10 096 arXiv 1610 00548 Bibcode 2016GeoRL 4310088B doi 10 1002 2016GL070650 S2CID 119236092 Hussmann H Sohl F Spohn T November 2006 Subsurface oceans and deep interiors of medium sized outer planet satellites and large trans Neptunian objects Icarus 185 1 258 273 Bibcode 2006Icar 185 258H doi 10 1016 j icarus 2006 06 005 Tortora P Zannoni M Hemingway D Nimmo F Jacobson R A Iess L Parisi M January 2016 Rhea gravity field and interior modeling from Cassini data analysis Icarus 264 264 273 Bibcode 2016Icar 264 264T doi 10 1016 j icarus 2015 09 022 hdl 11585 581818 Poggiali V Hayes A Mastrogiuseppe M Le Gall A A 2019 12 01 The Bathymetry of Moray Sinus at Kraken Mare AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 23 Bibcode 2019AGUFM P23D3540P Mastrogiuseppe Marco Poggiali Valerio Hayes Alexander G Lorenz Ralph D Lunine Jonathan I Picardi Giovanni Seu Roberto Flamini Enrico Mitri Giuseppe Notarnicola Claudia Paillou Philippe Zebker Howard 2014 The bathymetry of a Titan sea PDF Geophysical Research Letters 41 5 1432 1437 Bibcode 2014GeoRL 41 1432M doi 10 1002 2013GL058618 S2CID 134356087 Le Gall A Malaska M J Lorenz Ralph D Janssen M A Tokano T Hayes Alexander G Mastrogiuseppe Marco Lunine Jonathan I Veyssiere G Encrenaz P Karatekin O 2016 02 25 Composition seasonal change and bathymetry of Ligeia Mare Titan derived from its microwave thermal emission Journal of Geophysical Research Planets 121 2 233 251 Bibcode 2016JGRE 121 233L doi 10 1002 2015JE004920 a b Hayes Alexander G Lorenz Ralph D Lunine Jonathan I May 2018 A post Cassini view of Titan s methane based hydrologic cycle Nature Geoscience 11 5 306 313 Bibcode 2018NatGe 11 306H doi 10 1038 s41561 018 0103 y ISSN 1752 0908 S2CID 135092004 External links editJPL Ocean Worlds infographic Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System amp oldid 1183941759, 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