Loki Patera/ˈloʊkiˈpætərə/ is the largest volcanic depression on Jupiter's moon Io, 202 kilometres (126 mi) in diameter.[1] It contains an active lava lake, with an episodically overturning crust.[2] The level of activity seen is similar to a superfast spreading mid-ocean ridge on Earth.[3] Temperature measurements of thermal emission at Loki Patera taken by Voyager 1's Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer and Radiometer (IRIS) instrument were consistent with sulfur volcanism.[4]
Voyager 1 observation of Loki Patera and nearby lava flows and volcanic pits
Io's lava lakes such as Loki Patera are depressions partially filled with molten lava covered by a thin solidified crust. These lava lakes are directly connected to a magma reservoir below.[5] Observations of thermal emission at several of Io's lava lakes reveal glowing molten rock along Loki Patera's margin, caused by the lake's crust breaking up along the edge of the patera. Over time, because the solidified lava is denser than the still-molten magma below, this crust can founder, exposing fresh, hot molten rock.[6] At sites such as Loki Patera, this can occur episodically. During an overturning episode, Loki can emit up to ten times more heat than when its crust is stable.[2] During an eruption, a wave of foundering crust spreads out across the patera at the rate of about 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) per day, until the crust of the lake has been resurfaced. Another eruption would begin once the new crust has cooled and thickened enough for it to no longer be buoyant over the molten lava.[7]
On March 8, 2015 a rare orbital alignment occurred between Io and Europa, two of the moons of Jupiter, that allowed researchers to distinguish heat being emitted from Loki Patera. They were able to accomplish this because Europa's surface is coated in water ice which reflects small amounts of sunlight at infrared wavelengths. Scientists were able to determine that there were two waves of resurfacing lava, which explains the change in brightness on Loki Patera every 400–600 days. The images that helped researchers discover this were captured by the Large Binocular Telescope Observatory in southeast Arizona. The observation also revealed that there is a difference in the magma supply of the two halves of Loki.[8]
^Radebaugh, J.; et al. (2001). "Paterae on Io: A new type of volcanic caldera?". J. Geophys. Res. 106 (E12): 33005–33020. Bibcode:2001JGR...10633005R. doi:10.1029/2000JE001406.
^ abHowell, R. R.; R. M. C. Lopes (2007). "The nature of the volcanic activity at Loki: Insights from Galileo NIMS and PPR data". Icarus. 186 (2): 448–461. Bibcode:2007Icar..186..448H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.022.
^Rosaly M.C. Lopes and Tracy K.P. Gregg (2004). Lava Lakes on Jupiter’s Moon Io (abstract) 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine
^Hanel, R.; et al. (1979). "Infrared Observations of the Jovian System from Voyager 1". Science. 204 (4396): 972–76. doi:10.1126/science.204.4396.972-a. PMID 17800431. S2CID 43050333.
^Matson, D. L.; et al. (2006). "Io: Loki Patera as a magma sea". J. Geophys. Res. 111 (E9): E09002. Bibcode:2006JGRE..111.9002M. doi:10.1029/2006JE002703.
^Rathbun, J. A.; J. R. Spencer (2006). "Loki, Io: New ground-based observations and a model describing the change from periodic overturn". Geophysical Research Letters. 33 (17): L17201. arXiv:astro-ph/0605240. Bibcode:2006GeoRL..3317201R. doi:10.1029/2006GL026844. S2CID 29626659.
^University of California, Berkeley (10 May 2017). "Waves of lava seen in Jupiter's moon Io's largest volcanic crater". Retrieved 11 October 2017.
^ ab"Loki Patera". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
"An Impact Genesis for Loki Patera?" Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI (2005)
April 11, 2024
loki, patera, largest, volcanic, depression, jupiter, moon, kilometres, diameter, contains, active, lava, lake, with, episodically, overturning, crust, level, activity, seen, similar, superfast, spreading, ocean, ridge, earth, temperature, measurements, therma. Loki Patera ˈ l oʊ k i ˈ p ae t e r e is the largest volcanic depression on Jupiter s moon Io 202 kilometres 126 mi in diameter 1 It contains an active lava lake with an episodically overturning crust 2 The level of activity seen is similar to a superfast spreading mid ocean ridge on Earth 3 Temperature measurements of thermal emission at Loki Patera taken by Voyager 1 s Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer and Radiometer IRIS instrument were consistent with sulfur volcanism 4 Voyager 1 observation of Loki Patera and nearby lava flows and volcanic pitsIo s lava lakes such as Loki Patera are depressions partially filled with molten lava covered by a thin solidified crust These lava lakes are directly connected to a magma reservoir below 5 Observations of thermal emission at several of Io s lava lakes reveal glowing molten rock along Loki Patera s margin caused by the lake s crust breaking up along the edge of the patera Over time because the solidified lava is denser than the still molten magma below this crust can founder exposing fresh hot molten rock 6 At sites such as Loki Patera this can occur episodically During an overturning episode Loki can emit up to ten times more heat than when its crust is stable 2 During an eruption a wave of foundering crust spreads out across the patera at the rate of about 1 kilometre 0 6 mi per day until the crust of the lake has been resurfaced Another eruption would begin once the new crust has cooled and thickened enough for it to no longer be buoyant over the molten lava 7 Map of temperature and crust age of Loki Patera obtained by the Large Binocular TelescopeOn March 8 2015 a rare orbital alignment occurred between Io and Europa two of the moons of Jupiter that allowed researchers to distinguish heat being emitted from Loki Patera They were able to accomplish this because Europa s surface is coated in water ice which reflects small amounts of sunlight at infrared wavelengths Scientists were able to determine that there were two waves of resurfacing lava which explains the change in brightness on Loki Patera every 400 600 days The images that helped researchers discover this were captured by the Large Binocular Telescope Observatory in southeast Arizona The observation also revealed that there is a difference in the magma supply of the two halves of Loki 8 Loki Patera is located at 13 00 N 308 48 W 13 N 308 8 W 13 308 8 9 It is named after the Norse god Loki 9 Amaterasu Patera is located to the north and Manua Patera to the northwest See also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loki Patera Volcanism on Io List of volcanic features on IoReferences edit Radebaugh J et al 2001 Paterae on Io A new type of volcanic caldera J Geophys Res 106 E12 33005 33020 Bibcode 2001JGR 10633005R doi 10 1029 2000JE001406 a b Howell R R R M C Lopes 2007 The nature of the volcanic activity at Loki Insights from Galileo NIMS and PPR data Icarus 186 2 448 461 Bibcode 2007Icar 186 448H doi 10 1016 j icarus 2006 09 022 Rosaly M C Lopes and Tracy K P Gregg 2004 Lava Lakes on Jupiter s Moon Io abstract Archived 2007 10 09 at the Wayback Machine Hanel R et al 1979 Infrared Observations of the Jovian System from Voyager 1 Science 204 4396 972 76 doi 10 1126 science 204 4396 972 a PMID 17800431 S2CID 43050333 Davies A 2007 Effusive activity landforms and thermal emission evolution Volcanism on Io A Comparison with Earth Cambridge University Press pp 142 52 ISBN 978 0 521 85003 2 Matson D L et al 2006 Io Loki Patera as a magma sea J Geophys Res 111 E9 E09002 Bibcode 2006JGRE 111 9002M doi 10 1029 2006JE002703 Rathbun J A J R Spencer 2006 Loki Io New ground based observations and a model describing the change from periodic overturn Geophysical Research Letters 33 17 L17201 arXiv astro ph 0605240 Bibcode 2006GeoRL 3317201R doi 10 1029 2006GL026844 S2CID 29626659 University of California Berkeley 10 May 2017 Waves of lava seen in Jupiter s moon Io s largest volcanic crater Retrieved 11 October 2017 a b Loki Patera Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature USGS Astrogeology Research Program External links editLoki Patera NIMS at CICLOPS NIMS Observes Increased Activity at Loki Patera Io JPL Planetary Photojournal An Impact Genesis for Loki Patera Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI 2005 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Loki Patera amp oldid 1187979637, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
