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List of home computers by video hardware

February 14, 2023

This is a list of home computers, sorted alphanumerically, which lists all relevant details of their video hardware.

Home computers are the second generation of desktop computers, entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s. A decade later they were generally replaced by IBM PC compatible "PCs", although technically home computers are also classified as personal computers.

Examples of typical early home computers are the TRS-80, Atari 400/800, BBC Micro, the ZX Spectrum, the MSX 1, the Amstrad CPC 464 and the Commodore 64. Examples of typical late home computers are MSX 2 systems, and the Amiga and Atari ST systems.

Note: in cases of manufacturers who have made both home and personal computers, only machines fitting into the home computer category are listed. Systems in the personal computer category, except for Early Macintosh PCs, are generally based on the VGA standard and use a video chip known as a Graphics Processing Unit. Very early PCs used one of the much simpler (even compared to most home computer video hardware) video display controller cards, using parts like the MDA, the Hercules Graphics Card, the CGA and the EGA standard). Only after the introduction of the VGA standard could PCs really compete with the home computers of the same era, such as the Amiga and Atari ST, or even with the MSX-2. Also, not listed are systems that are typically only gaming systems, like the Atari 2600 and the Bally Astrocade, even though these systems could sometimes be upgraded to resemble a home computer.

The Amstrad CPC 464 was a typical home computer of the 1980s. The game displayed is 1985's Paperboy.

The importance of having capable video hardware

Early home computers all used similar hardware and software, mostly using the 6502, the Z80, or in a few cases the 6809 microprocessor. They could have as little as 1 KB of RAM or as much as 128K, and software-wise, they could use a small 4K BASIC interpreter, or an extended 12K or more BASIC. The basic systems were quite similar with the exception of the video display hardware. As a result, the success of a system proved to primarily rely on the performance of the video display hardware, since this had a direct implication on the kind of games that could be played on the system.

The most important aspect of a home computer was how far programmers could push the hardware to create games. A case in point is the Commodore 64. Its microprocessor lacked advanced math functions and was relatively slow. In addition, the built-in BASIC interpreter lacked any sort of graphics commands, as it was the same version that was developed for the older Commodore PET (a computer without any high-resolution graphics capabilities at all). However, these drawbacks were of little consequence, because the C64 had the VIC-II chip. When accessed by machine language programs, the graphic capabilities of this chip made it practical to develop arcade-style games on a home system.[1] Additionally, specific machine language code exploiting quirks of the VIC-II chip allowed for special tricks to draw even better pictures out of the VIC-II chip.[2] The comparatively large memory and the audio capabilities of the C64 also lent themselves well toward the production of larger games. An example of the opposite is the Aquarius by Mattel which had such incredibly limited video hardware that it was retracted from the market after only four months due to poor sales.

Video arbitration logic

One major problem that early computer video hardware had to overcome was the video bus arbitration problem. The problem was determining a way to give both the video hardware (VDU) and the CPU continuous read access to the video RAM. The obvious solution, using interleaving time slots for the VDU and RAM was hard to implement because the logic circuits and video memory chips of the time did not have the switching speed necessary to do so. For higher resolutions, the logic and the memory chips were barely fast enough to support reading the display data, let alone for dedicating half the available time for the slow 8-bit CPU. That being said, one system, the Apple II, was one of the first to use a feature of the data-bus logic of the 6502 processor to implement a very early interleaving time slot mechanism to eliminate this problem. The BBC Microcomputer used 4 MHz RAM with a 2 MHz 6502 in order to interleave video accesses with CPU accesses.

Most other systems used a much simpler approach, and the TRS-80's video logic was so primitive that it simply did not have any bus arbitration at all. The CPU had access to the video memory at all times. Writing to the video RAM simply disabled the video display logic. The result was that the screen often displayed random horizontal black stripes on screen when there was heavy access to the video RAM, like during a video game.

Most systems avoided the problem by having a status register that the CPU could read, and which showed when the CPU could safely write to the video memory. That was possible because a composite video signal blanks the video output signal during the "blanking periods" of the horizontal and especially the long vertical video sync pulses. So by simply waiting for the next blanking period, the stripes were avoidable. This approach did have one disadvantage, it relied on the software not to write to the screen during the non-blanking periods. If the software ignored the status register the stripes would re-appear. Another approach, used by most other machines of the time, was to temporarily stop the CPU using the "WAIT/BUSRQ" (Z80) "WAIT" (6809) or "SYNC" (6502) control signal whenever the CPU tried to write to the screen during a non-blanking period. Yet another, more advanced, the solution was to add a hardware FIFO so that the CPU could write to the FIFO instead of directly to the RAM chips, which were updated from the FIFO during a blanking interval by special logic circuitry. Some later systems started using special "two-port" video memory, called VRAM, that had independent data output pins for the CPU interface and the video logic.

The main classes of video hardware

There are two main categories of solutions for a home computer to generate a video signal:

  • A custom design, either built from discrete logic chips or based around some kind of custom logic chips (an ASIC or PLD).
  • A system using some form of video display controller (VDC), a VLSI chip that contained most of the logic circuitry needed to generate the video signal

Systems in the first category were the most flexible and could offer a wide range of (sometimes unique) capabilities, but generally speaking, the second category could offer a much more complex system for a comparatively lower price.

The VDC based systems can be divided into four sub-categories:

  • Simple video shift register based solutions, have a simple "video shifter chip", and the main CPU doing most of the complex stuff. Only one example of such a chip for a home computer exists, the RCA CDP1861 used in the COSMAC VIP. It could only create a very low-resolution monochrome graphic screen. The chip in the Sinclair ZX-81 also is a video shifter but is a custom logic chip (a ULA) rather than a single-purpose commercial IC like the CDP1861. Dedicated Video shifter chips did have some use in very early game systems, most notably the Television Interface Adapter chip in the Atari 2600. Note that although one of the chips in an Atari ST is also called a "video shift register" it does not fall into this class, mainly because the IC's in this class depends on the main CPU to feed them with picture data. They do nothing more than generating the sync signals and convert parallel data into a serial video data stream. The Atari ST's chip used a DMA system to read out video data independent of the main CPU and contained a palette RAM, and resolution/color mode switching logic.
  • CRTC (Cathode Ray Tube Controller) based solutions. A CRTC is a chip that generates most of the basic timing and control signals. It must be complemented with some "Video RAM" and some other logic for the "arbitration" so that the CPU and the CRTC chip can share access to this RAM. To complete the design, a CRTC chip also needs some other support logic. For example, a ROM containing the bitmap font for text modes, and logic to convert the output from the system into a video signal.
  • Video interface controllers were a step up on the ladder, these were true VLSI chips that integrated all of the logic that was in a typical CRTC based system, plus a lot more, into a single chip. The VIC-II chip is probably the best-known chip of this category.
  • Video co-processor chips are at the highest end of the scale; Video interface controllers that can manipulate, and/or interpret and display, the contents of their own dedicated Video RAM without intervention from the main CPU. These chips are highly flexible offering options and features with minimal CPU involvement that on other systems are impossible or at best difficult to produce, requiring extensive CPU overhead. The Atari ANTIC/GTIA and Amiga OCS/ECS/AGA are well known examples of this high-feature category. But note that not all video co-processors are powerful, some are even simpler than many Video interface controllers, notably the primitive SAA5243 which is still technically a co-processor.

Explanation of the terms used in the tables

System Name
The name of the system, or if there are many similar versions, the name of the most well-known variant, see Notes.
Year
The year that the first version of this system came on the market.
Chip name
The name of the chip that was used as the basis for the video logic.
Video RAM
The maximum amount of RAM used for the video display, depending on the resolution used the system may use less.
Video mode(s) [i.e. Text mode(s) and Graphics modes]
The numbers of characters per line and lines of text the system supported and the number of colors they could have. Sometimes more than one mode was possible: The number of horizontal and Vertical pixels the system could display in a high resolution mode and The number of colors each pixel could have in High-resolution mode, where several high-resolution modes exist each one is listed separately. Beginning with the Xerox Alto, systems forwent independent text modes and drew text on a high-resolution graphics screen. This required more video RAM, but also freed computer fonts from a fixed grid.
Font extras
Describes extra graphical possibilities a video system had because of optional features of their character sets, there are currently three categories:
LC
Some systems could only display upper case characters in text mode because of their limited character set, If a system was able to also support lower case letters in a text mode, (in any high-resolution mode it is of course always possible), then there is LC (for Lower Case) in this column.
BG
Some systems used a matrix of blocky pixels instead of a letter in their font sets (or used dedicated hardware to emulate them, like the TRS-80 did), to support some sort of all points addressable (APA) mode. It's hard to call this a "high resolution" mode because the resolution could be as low as 80×48 pixels, but in any case, it was possible to draw pictures with them. In the case of systems that used such a system as its "APA" mode, there is BG (for Block Graphics) in this column.
SG
Some other systems used semi graphical characters like box-drawing characters dots and card symbols, and "graphical building block" geometric shapes such as triangles to give the system the appearance it could do high-resolution graphics while in reality it could not, Systems like that have SG (for semi graphical characters) in this column. Many systems like the PET had a few of such characters dedicated to blocking graphics for an APA mode as well, often only for 2×2 matrix characters. Sometimes the system filled (or could fill) a reprogrammable section of the font set which such characters, these systems mainly fall under the "soft font" heading. Note that the BG and SG entries are only used when the system relied on them, had them predefined in its default character set, or, (what often happened on early systems) had them printed on the keyboard keys for direct entry in combination with some kind of "graphic shift" key.
Soft font
When the system had a programmable font RAM instead of a static "font ROM", or when the video system did not have a hardware text mode, but painted text in the high-res screen using software, the video display wasn't dependent on a permanent font set, in this case we are talking about a system with a "soft" font.
Color resolution
in "high-resolution mode" it was often the case that a certain pixel could not be given an arbitrary color, often certain clusters of pixels, (quite often 8×8 pixels large) shared the same "color attribute", so as to spare video memory, as an 8-bit computer only had a 64 KB address space, and the CPU often had limited capabilities to manipulate video memory, therefore it was often necessary to keep the video RAM size as small as possible, so a minimum of the address space of the micro was used, and also the video content could be changed relatively rapidly.
Palette support
If the system could translate a "logical color" into a (larger number) or true colors using a palette mechanism then this column lists the number of logical colors the palette could accept, and the number of colors it could translate to.
HW accel
Short for "hardware acceleration", can take several forms, the most obvious form is "bit blitting", that is the moving of groups of pixels from one place in video memory to another without the CPU doing any of the moving, another often-used technique is hardware scrolling which in fact emulates moving the whole screen in the video RAM, the third form of hardware acceleration is the use of sprites implemented in hardware. Some systems also supported drawing lines (and sometimes rectangles) using special line drawing hardware. The entry in the column reveals which methods the hardware supported with two letters for each method.
BL
For blitter
DR
For hardware supported line drawing
SC
For hardware scrolling support
SP
For hardware sprite support
TE
For hardware Tile engine support in graphic mode
Sprite details
Covers three facets of the sprite support hardware the system used. Each number in the table cell is preceded by two letters.
S#
For the first facet, is the total number of hardware sprites the system could support, in hardware (not counting re-use of the same hardware). if the system doesn't support hardware sprites at all the table cell only contains "-" . If S# is 1 then the single sprite is most often used to support a mouse cursor.
SS
For the second facet, is the size of the sprite in screen pixels. A sprite could be displayed by the hardware, as a matrix of horizontal by vertical pixels. If more than one sprite size mode is available each one is listed.
SC
For the third facet, is the number of sprite colors, it gives the number of colors that a sprite could have. It is about the total number of colors that could be used to define the sprite (transparent NOT included), so if a sprite could only be displayed as a figure in a single color the number is 1. If more than one sprite size mode is available each one is listed.
SP
For the fourth facet, is the number of sprites per scan line. Hardware spites use a kind of Z-buffer to determine which sprite is "on top". Availability of hardware to do this limits the number of sprites that can be displayed on each scan line. This number tells how many sprites could be displayed on a scanline before one of them became invisible because of hardware limitations.
Unique features
If the video display has unique features (or limitations) they will be listed here, if space is a limitation the remaining special features are expressed as notes.

A "-" in a table cell means that the answer is irrelevant, unknown, or in another way has no meaning, for example, the sprite size of a system that does not support hardware sprites.

A "?" in a table cell means that the entry has not yet been determined. if a ? follows an entry it means that other options than the listed ones may also exist

"Mono" in a table cell means monochrome that is, for example, black on white, or black on green.

The list of home computers and their video capabilities

Systems with video logic designed as terminals

System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique features
Text Graphics
Apple I 1976 720 Bytes[3] 40×24 Mono — 40×24 Mono [4]
Datapoint 2200 1971 840 Bytes 80×12 Mono — 80×12 Mono LC None Shift registers for RAM[5]
MUPID 1983[6] 64K[7] 40×25 16+16 colors 320×240 16+16 colors 320×240 LC, BG, SG Yes[8] 16 fixed colors, and 16 chooseable from a palette of 4096 colors ? Designed by academics as a BTX terminal, but with the capabilities of a home computer[9]
SOL-20 1976 —[10] 1K 64×16 Mono Limited 512x128 Mono with MC6574 (64x16) LC, SG[11] No None None One of the first systems with built-in video hardware[12]

Systems using software-driven video generation

System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts unique features
Text Graphics
Aamber Pegasus 1981 — 512 Bytes 32×16 Mono text with programmable 7x9[13] characters (32x16) LC Yes
Galaksija 1983 512 Bytes[14] 32×16 Mono "Full": Limited 256×208[15] Mono

Semi: 64×48[16] Mono

(64x48; 32, later 256x208) BG[17] — All systems were essentially "home-built", on a single-sided PCB. Like the ZX81 it was software-driven.[18]
OSI Superboard II,[19] Compukit UK101[20] and clones 1979 1K[21] 32×32[22] or 64x16[23][24][25] Mono "Full": limited 256x256 or 512x128[24][26] Mono using full extended character set ROM

Semi: 64x96 or 128x48[24][27] Mono using 64 characters (pseudo graphics) of the 128 characters of the optional extended character set ROM

(32×32 or 64x16[24]) LC, SG Early system with 256 character font, standard add-on card for full 256x256 graphics
OSI C4P 1980 2K 64×32 8 colors "Full": limited 512x256 8 colors

Semi: 128x96 8 colors using part of its pseudo graphic characters set

64x32 LC, SG
ZX80, ZX81 1980, 1981 [28] 792 Bytes[29] 32×24 Mono Full: 256×192[30] Mono

Semi: 64×48[31] Mono

(32x24) BG, SG No "slow mode", software-generated display[32]

Systems using discrete logic

With independent text mode(s)

System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique features
Text Graphics
ABC80 1978 1K 40×24 Mono Semi: 78×72[33] Mono (39x24) LC, BG - One of the first systems with serial attributes like Ceefax and Prestel systems, needed the first character of a line for switching to graphics mode, thus the horizontal resolution is 78, not 80[34]
Apple II[35] 1977 18K[36] 40×24[37] Mono/6 colors[38] Full: 280×192[39] Mono/6 colors[38] Semi: 40×48[40] 15 colors[41] 40x48, 140×192[42] [43] First known system with 4 line "caption"[44] and software scaling and rotation
Commodore PET 2001 1977 - 1000 Bytes 40×25 Mono 9" Mono monitor "Full": Limited 320x200 Mono

Semi: 80×50 using part of its pseudo graphic characters set

(80x50, 40x200) BG, SG - Original computer with non ASCII (PETSCII) character set.
Exidy Sorcerer 1978 1920 Bytes 64×30 Mono "Full": Limited 512×240[45] Mono

Semi: 128x90[46] Mono

(128x90, 512x240) LC, SG[47] Yes Programmable character set allowed TRS-80 and PET like graphics
Ferguson Big Board[48] 1980, 1982 1K 80x24 Mono [49][50] LC[51] No
Grundy NewBrain 1982 max 20K 32×25/30, 40×25/30, 64×25/30, or 80×25/30 Mono Full: 256x256, 320x256, 512x256, 640x256 Mono

Semi: 64x75/90, 80x75/90, 128x75/90, 160x75/90[52] Mono

(64x75/90, 80x75/90, 128x75/90, 160x75/90; 256, 320, 512, 640x256) LC, BG - Built in one line VFD, Videotext mode support
Interact Home Computer 1979 2184 Bytes 17×12 4 colors Semi: 112×78 4 colors 112×78 Characters were drawn on a 112×78 pixel graphics screen which means that each character was 6×6 pixels, including blank space between the characters, which led to very blocky characters, which simply didn't allow for distinct lower case characters. In theory, the "graphics" screen text was drawn on could be the text-mode semigraphics screen for a more standard (for the time) 56x26 or 56x39 high-resolution text mode, though in practice this real text mode was apparently never used (if it even could be). 4 of 8
Kaypro II series 1982 2 KB 80×24 Mono, on 9" built in CRT Semi: Presumably 160x72 Mono (80x24) LC, BG[53] No -
NASCOM 1 NASCOM 2 1977 1979 1K 48×16 Mono N/A LC No None
Osborne 1,

Osborne Executive and Osborne Vixen

1981, 1982, 1984 4K[54] 52x24 Mono on 5" CRT, later 80x24 on 7" CRT "Full": Presumably limited 416x192 Mono, later limited 640x192 using its pseudo graphic characters set[55] (52x24, later 80x24[55]) LC, SG Uses virtual screen to make up for limitations of original 5" CRT, a feature presumably not dropped from later models in order to achieve full backward compatibility
Panasonic JR-200 1983 2K+2K[56] 32×24[57] 8 colors[58] "Full": 256x192[59] 8 colors

Semi: 64×48[60] 8 colors

32x24 LC, BG unique semi-graphic pixel color attribute scheme made that each of the 64×48 semi-graphic "pixels" (consisting of a quarter of an 8×8 pixel character space) could have its own independent color, these semi-graphics could be combined with predefined characters, or programmable characters, each of which could also have an independent foreground and background color out of a palette of 8.
Jupiter Ace 1982 2K[61] 32×24 Mono "Full": Limited 256x192 Mono by using the 128 characters

Semi: 64×48[62] Mono

32x24 LC, BG Limited - none
LINK 480Z and Research Machines 380Z 1982 2K[63] 40×25 or 80×25 Mono[64] A separate independent video display generator board could be added that did support high resolution graphics of 640×192×1, 320×192×2 or 160×96×4 bits per pixel LC n of 16 with Hires expansion board; 16 out of 256 logical intensities with composite interface, 16 logical colors with TTL RGB interface
MZ-80K 1979 1000 Bytes 40×25 Mono "Full": Limited 320x200 Mono

Semi: 80×50[65] Mono

(40x25) LC, BG, SG No None many well-chosen pseudo-graphics characters[66]
KC 87, KC85/1 1987 960 bytes

87.x1: 960+960[67] bytes

85/1, 87: 40x20 Mono for 85/1, 87.x0; 16 foreground colors + 8 background colors for 87.x1 85/1, 87: Limited 320x192 Mono for 85/1, 87.x0; 16 foreground colors + 8 background colors for 87.x1 using its pseudo graphic characters set 87.x1: 40x24 LC[68]
TRS-80 Models I and III[69] 1977, 1980 up to 1K[70] 32×16 or 64×16 Mono Semi: 64×48 or 128×48 Mono (32x16 or 64x16) LC,[71] BG No None The canonical system to use Text semigraphics[72]
TRS-80 Model 4 1983 1920 bytes 32×16, 40x24, 64×16 or 80x24 Mono Semi: 64×48, 80x72, 128×48 or 160x72 Mono (32x16, 40x24, 64x16 or 80x24) LC, BG Can display full 640x240 or 512x192 graphics with a standardized expansion board

Without independent text mode(s)

System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support unique features
Apple III 1980 64K 40×24 Text in 280×192 Graphics or 80×24 in 560×192[73] 2 or 16 colors[74] 140x192, 280x192; 140x192, 560x192 LC 228 programmable characters, bundled with Apple II software emulator
Apple Lisa/Macintosh XL 1983 Presumably 2x32760 bytes drawn by software on 720x364r/608x432s[73] mono, (4 gray scales) (720x364r/608x432s) Yes
Apple Macintosh 128K and other compact models 1984 -[75] 2x21888 bytes drawn by software on 512x342[73] mono, (4 grayscales) (512x342) SE/30 and Classic were the only 32-bit models to use discrete logic to implement video hardware
DAI Personal Computer 1979 -[76] 31680 bytes[77] 88×65, 176×130,[78] 352×260, 60x24[79] Text in 528×240 Graphics 4 or 16 colors 88×65, 176×130,[78] 352×260, 528×240 LC - 4 of 16[80] split screen text and graphics mode with 4-line caption
PMD 85 1985 9600 Bytes[81] 48×32[82] Text in 288×256[73] Graphics 4 gray-scales, 4 colors for 85/3 288x256 LC[83] 4 out of ? gray-scales, 4 out of ?[84] colors for 85/3 no text modes, only a single 288×256x2 bits per pixel graphics mode
Tiki 100 1984 - 32K 40×25 Text in 256×256 Graphics 16 colors, 80×25 in 512×256 4 colors, 160×25 in 1024×256 2 colors[73] 256×256, 512×256, 1024×256 LC Yes 256 SC
Robotron KC 85/2 1984 16K 320x256 40x64 (16fg8bg) Yes No CPU VRAM access can cause visual distortions, Half-character attribute cells (8x4)[a]
KC 85/3 1986 LC
KC 85/4 1988 64K 320x256 40x256 (16fg8bg), 320x256 (4[b]) LC Yes No Vertical video ram, Single line vertical attribute cells (8x1), 2 buffers
Xerox Alto 1973 61206 bytes drawn by software on 606x808 Mono (606x808) LC Yes First known system with graphics

First known system without separate text buffer

  1. ^ Relationship to KC85/1 in name only. The KC85/2 and KC85/3 were very similar overall, the only difference being more ROM and an internal piezo speaker
  2. ^ white, black, red, cyan

Systems using simple Video Shift Registers

System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode soft fonts unique features
COSMAC VIP, Telmac 1800 1977 CDP 1861 256 Bytes[85] 64×32 Mono graphics[86][87] Yes Incredibly primitive but supporting color[88]
Oscom NANO, ETI 660, Telmac 2000 1980, 1981 CDP 1864 1.5K[85] 64x192 Mono graphics[87][89] Incredibly primitive but supporting color[90]

Systems using custom logic ICs

With independent text mode(s)

System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique features
Text Graphics
Apple IIe,[91] Apple IIc[92][93] 1983, 1984 MMU/IOU[94] 27K[95] 40×24 or 80×24 Mono Full: 280×192 6[96] or 15 Colors or 560×192 15 colors[96][97] Semi: 40×48 or 80×48 15 colors[41][98] 40x48, 80x48; 140x192, 280x192; 140x192 LC[99] No[100] None
Apple IIGS 1986 VGC[101] 32K 40×24 or 80×24 16 colors Full: 280×192 6 or 16 colors or 560×192 16 colors, 320×200 16-3200 colors or 640×200 4-800 pure or 16 dithered colors

Semi: 40×48 or 80×48 16 colors

40x48, 80x48; 140x192, 280x192; 140x192; 320x200, 640x200 LC No Apple][ modes none, other modes 4096
Mattel Aquarius 1983 TEA1002 2000 bytes[102] 40×25 16 colors[103] "Full": Presumably at least limited 320x200 16 colors through (assembly language routines and) graphical symbols included in its character set

Semi: 80×75 16 colors[104]

 40×25 LC, BG - None
TRS-80 Color Computer Model 3 1986 GIME[105] 72000 bytes[106] 20x16-25, 32x16-25, 40x16-25, 64x16-25 or 80x16-25[107] 16 colors[108][109] Full: 64×64 4 colors, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 2 or 4 colors; 160x192-225,[110] 256×192-225, 320x192-225 2, 4, 16 or 256 colors; 512x192-225 or 640x192-225 2, 4 or 16 colors

Semi: 64x32[111] 9 colors, 64x48[112] 4 colors

64×64, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192, 160x192-225, 256×192-225, 320x192-225, 512x192-225 or 640x192-225; 64x32, 64x48 BG, LC No ?

Without independent text mode(s)

System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique features
Atari ST 1985 ST Shifter 32K drawn by software 16 colors on 320×200 16 colors, 640×200 4 colors or 640×400 2 colors[73] 320x200, 640x200 LC Yes Yes 512[113] Hi-Res non-interlaced 31 kHz-72 Hz
Electronika BK -0010/-0011[114] 1985 ULA[115] 16K[116] 32×25 Text in 256×256 Graphics 4 colors or 64×25 in 512×256[73] 2 colors 256×256 or 512×256 Yes[117][118] SC[119]
Enterprise 64[120] 1985 Nick 64K Full: 80x256 256 colors, 160x256 16 colors, 40×32 Text in 320x256 Graphics 4 colors, 80×32 or 28 in 640x256p/ 64 in 512i 2 colors[121]

Semi: 80x96, 160x84p/96p/192i 2 or 4 colors via soft fonts

80x256, 160x256, 320x256, 640x256p/512i: 40×32, 80×32 or 28 or 80×64 interlaced Yes[122] Advanced for its time[123]
Oric 1[124] 1983 HSC 10017 ULA 8K Full: 40×28 Text in 240×200 Graphics 8 colors (limited 240x224 through soft font)

Semi: 80x84 8 colors through soft font

40×224[125] LC[126] Yes[127] None None
Nimbus PC-186 1984 FPGA[128] 64K 40×25 Text in 320×250 Graphics 16 colors or 80×25 in 640×350 4/16 colors[73] 320×250 or 640×350 LC – 4 of 16 Early x86-based non IBM-PC system with good graphics
SAM Coupé 1989 ASIC[129] 24K[130] 32×24 Text in 256×192 Graphics 8 or 16 colors or 85×24 in 512×192 4 colors[73] 32×24, 32×192 or 256×192; 512×192 - 16 entries 128 colors[131] Backward compatible with Sinclair Spectrum
Sinclair ZX Spectrum 1982 ULA[132] 6912 Bytes Full: 32x24 Text in 256×192 Graphics 15 colors

Semi: 64x48 15 colors[133]

 32×24 LC, BG – None color limitations[134]
Timex/Sinclair TS2068 1983 CPLD[135] 12288 bytes (max) Full: 32x24 Text in 256×192 Graphics 15 colors or 64x24 in 512×192 Mono

Semi: 64x48 15 colors or 128x48 Mono

32×24, 32×192 - swapping between two 256×192 screens
ZX Spectrum Next 2020 FPGA 6912 Bytes, 48K (layer 0) + 1280 Bytes sprite RAM Full: 32x24 Text in 256×192 Graphics 15 or 256 colors 80x24 in 512x192 2 or 256 colors

Semi: 64x48 15 colors

32×24, 32x192, 256×192, 512x192 LC, BG, SC, SP yes 256 entries 512 colors 64 sprites, hardware scrolling, copper,[136] tile-map backward compatible with older Spectrums
Sinclair QL 1984 ZX8301 ULA 32K Full: 42×25 Text in 256×256 Graphics 8 colors or 85×25 in 512×256 4 colors

Semi: 84x75 8 colors or 170x75 4 colors through soft font, 128x128 8 colors or 256x128 4 colors stippled[137]

 256×256 or 512×256, 128x128 or 256x128 LC Yes none hardware pixel-based blinking[138]
Thomson MO5 1984 EFGJ03L gate array 16K Full: 40×25 Text in 320×200 Graphics 16 colors

Semi: 80x75 16 colors through soft font

40×25, 320x200
Thomson TO7 1982 MC 13000 ALS gate array on TO-7/70 14000 bytes, either 15000 or 16000 bytes for TO7/70[139] 40×25 Text in 320×200 Graphics[73] 8 colors, 16 for TO7/70 40×200[140]
Thomson systems MO6, TO8 and TO9+ 1986 custom TI gate array plus EF-9369P color palette 16K Full: 8 modes from 160×200 16 colors to 640×200 2 colors (40×25 Text in 320×200 Graphics and 80×25 in 640×200)

Semi: 80x75 4 colors or 160x75 2 colors through soft font

from 160×200 to 640×200 yes 16 entries 4096 colors

Systems using a CRTC

MC6845 or second source

With independent text mode(s)
System name Year Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique features
Text Graphics
ABC 800 series 1981 1K (800C), 2K (800M, 802, 806) + 128K (806) 40x24 or 80×24 (800M, 802, 806) 8 or 2 colors Full: 256×240 or 512x240 16 colors (806)

semi: 78x75 8 or 2 colors [or 158x75 (800M, 802, 806)]

256×240 or 512x240 (806), 40x24 or 80×24 ( 802, 806) LC, BG No None None HR board for 800 and 802 provides 16K for 240×240 graphics in 4 of 8 colors
Aster CT-80 1979 1K or 2K[141] 64×16, 32×16, 80×25 or 40×25 Mono Semi: 128×48, 64x48, 160×75[142] or 80x75[143][144] 3 gray scales[145] 128×48, 64x48, 160×75 or 80x75 LC, BG, SG[146] Dual memory map support[147] Early clone of the TRS-80 with additional graphic modes
Commodore PET 4000 and 8000 series 1980, 1981 1000 Bytes (4000), 2000 Bytes (8000) 40×25 (4000) or 80×25 (8000) Mono, on 12" Mono monitor "Full": Limited 320x200 Mono (4000) or 640x200 Mono (8000)

Semi: 80×50 Mono (4000) or 160×50 Mono (8000) using part of its pseudo graphic characters set

[40×25 (4000) or 80×25 (8000)] BG, SG No None
LNW-80 1982 1K or 2K 80×24, 64×16 or 32×16 8 colors Full: 480×192 2 colors or 384x192 8 colors

Semi: 160×72 or 128×48 8 colors

480×192, 64×16 LC, BG No
LOBO MAX-80 1982 1K or 2K 80×24 or 64×16 Mono "Full": Limited 640x240 or 512x192 Mono via programmable character set

Semi: 160×72 or 128×48 Mono

(80x24 or 64x16) Yes[148]
MicroBee 1982 4K[149][150] 64×16[151] Mono[152] "Full": 17 limited modes from 512x128 to 512x256 Mono in steps of 8 lines[153] Semi: 128×48[154][155] Mono 64x16[151] Yes
Sony SMC-70 1982 38KB[156] 40×25 or 80×25 2 colors 160×100, 320×200 16 colors, 640×200 4 colors or 640×400 2 colors 40×25 or 80×25, 160×100, 320×200, 640×200, 640×400 LC yes n of 16 Genlocker (G & P versions)[157]
Without independent text mode(s)
System name Year Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique features
Camputers Lynx 1983 32K[158] Full: 40×24[159] Text in 256×252 Graphics 8 colors

Semi: Presumably 80x72 8 colors

40x24, 256x252 LC No None None
Colour Genie 1982 16K[160] "Full": Limited 40×24[161] Text in 320×192[162][163] Graphics using 8×8 pixel programmable characters 16 colors

Semi: 160x96[164] 4 colors or presumably 80×72[165] 16 colors

40x24,[161] 160x96[164] LC, BG, SG Yes 4 of 16 Programmable characters[166]
Sharp X1 (CZ-800C) 1982 48000 bytes[167][168][169] 40×25 Text in 320×200 Graphics, 80×25 in 640×200[73][170][171][172] 8 colors 320×200, 640×200 LC yes None[173] [174] powerful APA color PCG[175]
Casio FX-9000P 1980 4K 32×16 Text in 256×128[73] Graphics Mono (256x128) None ?

Other models

System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique features
Text Graphics
Compucolor II 1977 SMSC CRT5027 4K[176] 64×32 or 64×16 8 colors on 13" built-in color screen "Full": Limited 512x256 8 colors

Semi: 128×128[177] 8 colors or presumably 128×96 8 colors or 128x48 8 colors (through block graphics characters included in the font)

64x16 or 64x32, 128x128 BG said to be the first color home computer on the market, very nice graphics for the time
Comx-35 and clones 1983 CDP1869 CDP1870 3K[178] 40×24[179] 8 foreground colors (4 per 6×8 or 6×9 pixels, 1 per 6-pixel line)+ 8 background colors (for the whole screen) "Full": Limited 240×192(NTSC)/240x216 (PAL)/240x384 (expanded RAM)[180] 8 foreground colors (4 per 6×8 or 6×9 pixels, 1 per 6 pixel line)+ 8 background colors (for the whole screen)

Semi: 80×72[181]/120×96[182] 8 foreground colors (4 per 6×8 or 6×9 pixels, 1 per 6-pixel line)+ 8 background colors (for the whole screen)

40x24 BG, SG[183] Yes 8 foregrounds + 8 background out of?
Durango F-85 1977 Intel 8275 2 KB 80×24 or 64×16 Mono, on 9" built-in CRT Semi: Presumably 160x72 or 128x48 Mono (80x24 or 64x16) LC, BG
MZ-700[184] 1982 M60719[185] 2000 Bytes[186] 40×25 8 colors "full": Limited 320x200 8 colors

semi: 80×50[65] 8 colors

40x25 LC, BG, SG No
PC-8001 1979 ìPD3301D 3K, 16K, 48K 40×20, 40×25, 80×20 or 80×25 8 colors Full: 320x200 or 640x200 8 colors

Semi: 160×100[187][188] 8 colors

320x200 or 640x200, 80x25 LC, BG No
Robotron 1715 1984 Intel 8275 2 KB 80×24 or 64×16 Mono Semi: Presumably 160x72 or 128x48 Mono (80x24 or 64x16) LC, BG for 1715W model had two switchable ROMs for Cyrillic/Latin letters
Telmac TMC-600 1982 CDP1869 CDP1870 1K[189] Presumably 40x24 8 colors Semi: 80x72 8 colors 40x24 LC No
Matra Alice 32/90 and clones and Philips VG5000 1984 EF9345 8K 32×16, 40×25 or 80×25 9 colors Full: 160×125 or 320×250[190] 16 colors

Semi: 64x32, 80x50 or 160x50 9 colors

32x16, 40x25, 80x25 LC, BG 3×100 user definable characters, but only in 40×25 text mode Full and half-intensity foreground plus background out of 8 DR Video Input[191]

Systems using a Video Interface Controller

MC6847 or second source

System name Year Chip name Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras HW accel Sprite details
Text Graphics
Acorn Atom, APF Imagination Machine, GEM 1000 / Charlemagne 999,[192] Laser 100/110, Laser 200/210 and 310,[193] SPC-1000 (later models), TRS-80 MC-10 and clones 1979, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1985[194] MC6847 32×16 9 colors[195] Full: 64×64 4 colors, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 2 or 4 colors or 256×192 2 colors

Semi: 64x32[111] 9 colors or 64x48[112] 4 colors

64×64, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 or 256×192; 64x32 or 64x48 BG[196] None
SPC-1000 (early models) 1983 AMI S68047
NEC PC-6001 1981 M5C6847P-1 Full: 64×64 4 colors, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 2 or 4 colors, 256×128 or 256×192 2 colors

Semi: 64x32 9 colors or 64x48 4 or 9 colors

64×64, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192, 256×128 or 256×192; 64x32 or 64x48
TRS-80 Color Computer 1 & 2 and clones[197] 1980 MC6847[198]+MC6883 Full: 64×64 4 colors, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 2 or 4 colors or 256×192

Semi: 64×32 (64×64, 64x96 or 64x192[199])[111] 9 colors, 64×48[112] 4 colors

64×64, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 or 256×192; 64×32, 64×48, 64×64, 64x96 or 64x192 BG[200] The MC6883 could actually be used as a limited sort of sprite hardware in semigraphics modes, making them in practice limited 256x192x9 graphics modes

Other models

With independent text mode(s)
System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel Sprite details unique features
Text Graphics
VIC-20 1980 VIC[201] 506 bytes + 506 nibbles[202] 22×23[203] 16 colors (upper 8 unusable as foreground) Technically full: 160×160 16 colors (upper 8 unusable as foreground) (or more in special cases) or limited 176×184 16 colors (upper 8 unusable as foreground)

Semi: technically 44x46 16 colors (upper 8 unusable as foreground) using part of its PETSCII character set[204]

 22×23[203] LC, BG, SG[205] Yes not really, but something similar could be done by manipulating the four colors out of sixteen chosen for each tile, or the global background color The VIC chip allowed a character generator in RAM to redefine the pixel-by-pixel depictions of the on-screen characters and it allowed for double-height characters (8 pixels wide, 16 pixels high). It was possible to get a fully addressable 160 by 160 screen by filling the screen with a sequence of 200 different double-height characters, then turning on the pixels selectively inside the RAM-based character definitions. The 200-character limitation was so that enough bytes would be left over for the screen character grid itself to remain addressable by the VIC chip. The Super Expander cartridge provided such a mode in BASIC, although it often had to move the BASIC program around in memory to do it. It was also possible to fill a larger area of the screen with addressable graphics using a more dynamic allocation scheme if the contents were sparse or repetitive enough. The VIC-20 had hardware support for a Light pen, but its most obvious features were its text mode with very wide characters and its built-in composite video output and the NTSC VIC’s interlaced mode[206]
Commodore 64 1982 VIC-II 16K 40×25 16 colors Full: 160×200[207] or 320×200 16 colors

(semi: 80×50 16 colors using part of its pseudo graphic characters set)

40x25 LC, BG, SG 1 (320 px) or 3 (160 px) foreground + 1 background out of 16 SP, SC S#= 8 SS= 24×21, 12×21 SC=1 SP=8 Many
Commodore 65 1991 VIC-III up to 500K supported[208] 40×25 or 80×25 16 colors full: 160×200, 160×400,[209] 320×200, 320×400, 640×200, 640×400, 1280×200 or 1280×400 up to 256 colors

(semi: 80×50 or 160x50 16 colors using part of its pseudo graphic characters set)

40x25; 160×200, 160×400,[209] 320×200, 320×400, 640×200, 640×400, 1280×200 or 1280×400 4096[210] SP, SC, BL All the Commodore 64, plus DMA blitter support & genlock.
Commodore 16, 116 and Plus/4 1984 TED 8K 40×25 16 colors Full: 160×200[207] or 320×200 121 colors

(semi: 80×50 16 colors using part of its pseudo graphic characters set)

40x25 1 (320 px) or 3 (160 px) foreground + 1 background out of 121 None Some[211]
IBM PCjr & Tandy 1000 1984 "Video Gate Array" + 6845 (PCjr)[212] / Tandy proprietary chip[213] 32K[214] 40×25 or 80×25 16 colors Full: 160×200, 320×200 4 or 16 colors or 640×200 2 or 4 colors

("semi": 160×100[215] 16 colors)

40×25 or 80x25; 160×200,[207] 320×200 or 640×200 LC No 2 or 4 out of 16
IBM PS/1 1990 "VGA" 128K Commonly

80×25, 40×25, 80×43 or 80×50 16 colors on 14" Monitor

Commonly 640×480, 640×400, 640×350 16 colors or 320×200 16 or 256 colors[73] Commonly

640×480, 640×400, 640×350 or 320×200

LC Yes[216] 16 or 256 colors out of a 262144 colors palette (6 bit per RGB channel) SC - "Video tweaking"
Without independent text mode(s)
System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel Sprite details unique features
Acorn Archimedes[217] 1987 VIDC1 480KB (from system RAM) Text sized by software in Flexible Graphics, no more than 256 colors (e.g. 800×600 16cols)[73] up to 1152x896 LC Yes 16 groups of 16 from 4096 SP S#= 1[218] SS= 32×n SC=3 SP=1
Acorn RiscPC 1994 VIDC20 2MB, 1MB Text sized by software in Flexible Graphics, up to 16M colors (e.g. 1600×1200 256cols)[73][219] up to 1600x1200 In <=256 color modes
NEC PC-8801 1981 SGP[220] 48K Full: 80×25 Text in 640×200 Graphics, 640×400 2 colors, 40×25 in 320×200 or 320×400 8 colors[221]

Semi: 160×100[222] 8 colors

160x100;[222] 640×200, 640×400, 320×200 or 320×400 LC, BG, SG Yes 8 or 2 out of 512[223] No early highres support
VideoBrain 1978 UV-201 & UV-202[224] 168 bytes[225] 384x336i[226] Graphics 16 colors

16×7 Text in 128x56[227] Semigraphics 16 colors

16×7, 384x336i SG[228] No None

Systems using a video co-processor

With independent text mode(s)

System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel Sprite details unique features
Text Graphics
Atari 8-bit family[229] 1979 ANTIC plus CTIA/GTIA 18K+ of 64K[230] 32/40/48×24 (30), 16/20/24x24 (30) or 16/20/24x12 (15)[231] 2 (5) colors 32/40/48x24 (30),[232] 64/80/96x48 (60), 64/80/96x96 (120), 128/160/192x96 (120), 128/160/192x192 (240) 2 or 4 colors, 256/320/384x192 (240) 2 colors, 64/80/96×192 (240)[233] 9/16/8 or 16 colors 32/40/48x24 (30), 64/80/96x48 (60), 64/80/96x96 (120), 128/160/192x96 (120), 128/160/192x192 (240), 64/80/96×192 (240) LC, BG, SG[234] Yes[235] 16 out of 128 (with FGTIA or GTIA) or 256 (only with GTIA) SP, SC S#=4+4 or 5 SS=8 + 2 or 5×256(max) SC=1 SP=4+4 or 5 Many, especially hardware support for a Light pen and the Display list. Possibly the most capable hardware of the early 80s considering it was designed in the 70s.
Coleco Adam, VTech CreatiVision, MSX1,[236] Pencil 2, Memotech MTX,[237] Sega SC-3000, Sord M5, SV-318 and SV-328, Tatung Einstein, TI-99/4, TI-99/4A, Tomy Tutor/Pyuuta 1979-1984 TMS9918A[238] 16K 32×24[239] 16 colors or 40×24 2 colors Full: 256×192 16 colors

Semi: 64×48 16 colors

32x24, 32×192 LC, (BG, SG)[240][241] Yes None SP, TE S#=32 SS=8×8, 16×16 SC=1 SP=4 The TMS9918 was designed for the TI-99/4, it has text characters of 8x8 (32 characters per line) or 8x6 pixels (40 characters per line ,and features limited attribute clash colour limitations, it has 32 monochrome sprites of 8x8 or 16x16 pixels.
MSX2, MSX2+/TurboR[242] 1986, 1988 Yamaha V9938, Yamaha V9958 64K, 128K, or 192K[243] 32×24, 32×26.5 16 colors, 40×24, 40×26.5 2 colors, 80×24 or 80×26.5[244] 4 colors Full: 256×192p, 256×212p, 256×384i, 256×424i 4, 16 or 256; later also 12499 or 19268 colors, 512×192p, 512×212p, 512×384i, 512×424i 4 or 16 colors

Semi: 64×48p, 64x53p, 64x96i or 64x106i 16 colors

32×24, 40×24, 80×24, 32×26.5, 40×26.5 or 80×26.5;[244] 32x192; 256×192p, 512×192p, 256×212p, 512×212p, 256×384i, 512×384i, 256×424i, 512×424i LC, BG, SG Yes 2, 4 or 16 out of 512 colors SP, TE, SC,[245] BL, DR S#=32 SS=8×8, 16×16 SC=16[246] SP=8 Many unique features[247]
P2000T[248] 1980 SAA5243[249] 960 Bytes 40×24 8 colors Semi: 80×72 8 colors 40×24 LC, BG No None - One of the earliest systems with color Teletext graphics

Without independent text mode(s)

System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel Sprite details unique features
FM-7 1982 MC6809 48K, 96 or 144K in AV mode[250] 40×25 or 40×20 Text in 320x200[251] Graphics 4096 colors for FM-77AV and AV20 or 262144 colors for FM-77AV40 or 80×25, 80×20 Text in 640x200[252] Graphics 8 colors 320x200 or 640x200 LC Yes None 320x200x4096 colors for FM-77AV and AV20 or 262144 colors for FM-77AV40 and 640×200×8 colors without color limitations[253]
Amiga (first generation)[254] 1985 Agnus[255] and Denise[256] 1M "Chip RAM"[257] Any Text size up to 80×32 (80x64 in interlaced mode)[258] in 320×200p, 640×200p, 320×400i or 640×400i[73][259] Graphics 2 to 64 colors and 4096 colors 320×200p, 640×200p, 320×400i or 640×400i[259] LC Yes 2 to 32 colors out of 4096 colors BL, SP, SC, DR S#=8[260] SS=16 wide, arbitrary height SC=3 or 15

[261] SP= 8

Many unique features[262]
Amiga (second generation)[263] 1990 Super-Agnus[255] and Hires Denise[264] 1M or 2M "Chip RAM" Any Text size up to 160×32 (160x64 in interlaced mode) in

NTSC Graphics: 320×200, 640×200, 320×400, 640×400[265] 2 to 64 colors and 4096 colors, 1280×200p or 1280x400i 4 colors PAL Graphics: 320x256, 640x256, 320x512, 640x512[265] 2 to 64 colors and 4096 colors, 1280×256p or 1280x512i 4 colors[73]

 NTSC: 320×200, 640×200, 320×400, 640×400, 1280×200p or 1280x400i

PAL: 320x256, 640x256, 320x512, 640x512, 1280×256p or 1280x512i

even more unique features[266]
Amiga (Third generation)[267] 1992 Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA)[268] 2M "Chip RAM" Any Text size up to 160×32 (160x64 in interlaced mode, 100x75 in Super72 mode) in NTSC: 320×200 .. 1280×400 Graphics 2 to 256, 4096 to 262144 colors

PAL: 320×256 .. 1280×512 Graphics 2 to 256, 4096 to 262144 colors

VGA: 640×480 2 to 256, 4096 to 262144 colors

Super72: 400×300 .. 800×600 (interlaced)[73] Graphics 2 to 256, 4096 to 262144 colors

NTSC: 320×200 .. 1280×400

PAL: 320×256 .. 1280×512

VGA: 640×480

Super72: 400×300 .. 800×600 (interlaced)

2 to 256 colors out of 16,777,216 colors S#=8 SS=64 wide, arbitrary height SC=2 or 15 SP=8 still more unique features[269]
Atari Falcon 1992 VIDEL, COMBEL (Blitter) 1 to 14M "Chip RAM" Any Text size up to 160×32

in CRT: 320×200 to 1600×608 Graphics 2,4,16,256 colors (indexed), 32768 colors (+overlay), 65536 colors (Hi-Color) VGA: 640×480 or 800×608[73] Graphics 2,4,16,256 colors (indexed), 32768 colors (+overlay), 65536 colors (Hi-Color)

CRT: 320×200 to 1600×608

VGA: 640×480 or 800×608

2 to 65536 colors out of 262,144 colors BL - scan doubler

Systems that fall into multiple classifications

For these systems, it is established that they are based on multiple technologies. The hardware chosen to be used by these systems may have a substantial or insubstantial impact on the video they output.

System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel Sprite details unique features
Text Graphics
Acorn Eurocard systems[270] 1980 MC6845 + SAA5050 1K 40×25 8 colors Semi: 80×75 8 colors 40x25 LC, BG No None
Commodore CBM-II Series 1982 MC6845/VIC-II 2000 Bytes with CRTC, 16K with video interface controller 80×25 Mono on 12" Mono monitor with CRTC or 40x25 16 colors with video interface controller Full: limited 640×200 Mono with CRTC or 160x200 or 320x200 16 colors with video interface controller

Semi: 160×50 Mono with CRTC (or 80×50 16 colors with video interface controller) using part of its pseudo graphic characters set

(80×25 with CRTC) or 40x25 with video interface controller LC with video interface controller, BG, SG 1 (320 px) or 3 (160 px) foreground + 1 background out of 16 with video interface controller SP, SC with video interface controller S#= 8 SS= 24×21, 12×21 SC=1 SP=8 with video interface controller
Commodore 128 1985 VIC-IIE (40 column mode), VDC (80 column mode) 16K+16K (128) or 64K (128D) dedicated to VDC 40×25, 80×25 or 80×50 16 colors[271] Full: 160×200[207] or 320×200 (40 column mode), 640×200 or 640×400 (80 column mode) 16 colors

(semi: 80×50, 160x50 or 160x100 16 colors using part of its pseudo graphic characters set)

40x25 (40 column mode), 640x200 or 640x400 (80 column mode) 1 (320 px) or 3 (160 px) foreground + 1 background out of 16 (40 column mode) SP, SC (40 column mode); BL (80 column mode) S#= 8 SS= 24×21, 12×21 SC=1 SP=8 (40 column mode) Uses two different video circuits[272]
Amstrad CPC 1984, 1990 MC6845+ASIC 16K 20×25 16 colors, 40×25 4 colors or 80×25[273][274] 2 colors 160×200 16 colors, 320×200 4 colors or 640×200[73][275] 2 colors 160×200, 320×200 or 640×200 LC Yes 17 of 27 (original), 32 of 4096 (Plus) SC, SP (Plus) S#=16[276] SS=16×16[277] SC=1 SP=16 (Plus) 3-level RGB (original), screen control[278] (Plus)
BBC Micro 1981 MC6845+SAA5050 20K (max)[279][280] 80×32 or 80×25 2 colors, 40×32 2 or 4 colors, 40×25 2, 4 or 8 colors,[281] 20×32 4 or 8 colors Full: 640×256, 640×200[282] 2 colors, 320×256, 320×200 2 or 4 colors or 160×256 4 or 8 colors

Semi: 80×75[283] 8 colors

640×256, 320×256, 160×256, 640×200 or 320×200; 40x25 LC, BG No 16[284] None Teletext mode, shadow RAM support[285]
NEC PC-6001 MKII 1983, 1984 MC6845+M5C6847P-1 50K 32×16 or 40x20; later also 40x25, 80x20 or 80x25 9 or 16 colors Full: 64×64 4 or 16 colors, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192 2, 4 or 16 colors, 256×128, 256×192 2 or 16 colors, 160x200, 320x200 4 or 16 colors; later also 640x200 4 colors

Semi: 64x32 9 or 16 colors or 64x48 4, 9 or 16 colors or 80x40 16 colors; later also 80x50, 160x40, 160x50 16 colors

64×64, 128×64, 128×96, 128×192, 256×128, 256×192, 160x200, 320x200; later also 640x200: 32×16 or 40x20; later also 40x25, 80x20 or 80x25 2 or 4 of 16 -
Polycorp Poly-1 1980 2 x SAA5050 + SAA5020 + discrete logic 48K 40×24, 80x20 8 colors Full: 240x204 or 480x204 8 colors

Semi: 80×72[286] 8 colors

240x204 or 480x204, 40×24 None Also used three Teletext chips designed for TV's.[287]|
Sharp X68000 1987 VINAS 1 + 2, VSOP, CYNTHIA / Jr, RESERVE[288] 1056K[289] from 16×16 to 128×128[290] 256 colors from 256×256 to 1024×1024[73] 256 colors from 256×256 to 1024×1024 LC Yes[291] 65,536 Palette SP S#=128 SS=16×16 SC=16 SP=32 special hardware options[292]

Systems that could not be classified

For these systems, it could not be established what technology they are based on, therefore, some information regarding them may be inaccurate.

System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode(s) color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support
Text Graphics
Agat series 1983 Unknown 8 KB 32×32 16 colors 64x64 16 colors, 128x128 8 colors or 256×256 2 colors 64x64, 128x128 or 256×256 LC Unknown n out of 16
Orao 1984 up to 24 KB 32×32 up to 8 Gray levels Full: 256×256 up to 8 Gray levels

Semi: 64x96 up to 8 Gray levels

32x32, 256x256 Yes
Vector-06C 1987 32 KB 32×32 2 or 16 colors or 64x32[293] 2 or 4 colors 256×256 2 or 16 colors or 512x256 2 or 4 colors[73] 256×256 or 512x256 Unknown 256

See also

Notes

  1. ^ History of the C64 as gaming platform
  2. ^ Some of the graphics capabilities of the 1982 VIC-II chip, designed at a time that other systems could only generate much more primitive graphics
  3. ^ Actually the real figure is more complex, it's 6144 bits of which 5760 bits were actually used. This is so because the video data was stored, not in RAM, but in six Signetics 2504 "Dynamic shift registers" which each held 1024 bits. But only 40×24=960 locations in the shift register were actually used.
  4. ^ the six bits per character location were only enough to address 64 characters, A Signetics 2513 character generator ROM held only uppercase characters and some other alphanumerical characters in a 5×7 matrix.
  5. ^ The Datapoint used shift registers for its video RAM and used the power line frequency timing (50 or 60 cycles per second) for a complete refresh cycle. When writing to the Display the CPU had to wait for the next "window", which came 50 (or 60) times a second. Then the CPU could write a single character, or (with special software) multiple characters, up to all 960.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 2010-11-21. Retrieved 2012-10-14.
  7. ^ 2K 32 bits woorden per karakter, zie
  8. ^ user generated graphic symbols lie at the heart of the Mupid's graphics capabilities
  9. ^ TU Graz page about how the Mupid came to be
  10. ^ The SOL-20 used the Motorola 6574 character generator ROM as a basis
  11. ^ the first 32 characters in the Motorola character generator ROM contained special pseudo graphics characters, mostly line-drawing characters, and such. For the ASCII BELL code there was a simple bell shape in the character set. Alternatively, the character ROM could produce two-letter abbreviations of the ASCII control characters
  12. ^ even earlier than the SOL-20 were the many early S100 bus based systems one could also insert a video card into, some were very primitive but many had very good graphics capabilities, one such an S100 based system was the ECD Corporation's Micro Mini. A very capable early S100 video card was the "Merlin intelligent video interface" by "MiniTerm" associates. Perhaps the most famous one (at the time) was the Cromemco Dazzler. However all S100 based systems fall outside the scope of this article, as this article describes complete (and standardized) systems, not just video cards
  13. ^ according to user's manual
  14. ^ There is no real video RAM, as the display is mostly built up using software, for purposes other than the character generator driven 32×16 display more RAM could be used.
  15. ^ Common hacked Galaksija 1 firmware allows character definitions to be switched out line by line like the MC6883 does; corresponding Galaksija 2 graphics mode permits full graphics (derived from an 8x13 character matrix)
  16. ^ Using 2×3 text semigraphics characters, like the TRS-80 on an 8×13 pixels per character matrix this means that one of the rows was 4 pixels high instead of 3 note that the pixels were separated by a 1-pixel wide barrier, this was necessary because the bottom (last) row of pixels of any character had to be black, as it was this row that was used during times when not displaying the visible area of the screen.
  17. ^ the default Character generator EEPROM did not support lowercase
  18. ^ due to a special software trick the Galaksija could do smooth scrolling
  19. ^ The OSI Superboard II was also famous for being the first system for which Microsoft BASIC in ROM was available
  20. ^ Virtual clone of Ohio Scientific Superboard II computer with an improved text mode, as the original used a less useful 32×32 text mode
  21. ^ 1.5K with color RAM slot populated
  22. ^ Presumably the Compukit UK101 could access this mode
  23. ^ alternating used and unused lines of a 64x32 matrix
  24. ^ a b c d selectable by a poke to the keyboard register
  25. ^ actually only an area of 24×24 or 48x15 (alternating used and unused lines of a 48x30 matrix) visible, the area outside that wasn't normally visible on a TV, and therefore not used by the software.
  26. ^ actually only an area of 192x192 or 384x120 visible, the area outside that wasn't normally visible on a TV, and therefore not used by the software.
  27. ^ actually only an area of 48X72 or 96x45 visible, the area outside that wasn't normally visible on a TV, and therefore not used by the software.
  28. ^ Ferranti ULA 2C184E / 2C210E integrates the video logic of the ZX80 into one circuit
  29. ^ In fact unlike any other system (except the ZX81) the ZX80 used a flexible "display buffer", that contained no more than the absolute number of bytes, that is one byte for each character displayed from the start of a line, plus an "end of line" byte.
  30. ^ because the display was completely under software control some very ingenious games managed to generate a true "high resolution" display potentially with a 256×192 resolution
  31. ^ Using the eight text semigraphics characters, plus the "inverse video" option, it was possible to display a very coarse 64×48 point addressable mode
  32. ^ slow mode meant that BASIC programs only could generate a display or do computing work, not both at the same time while displaying a picture the only other task the ZX80 did was waiting for a key-press. Some assembler programs managed to overcome the problem. The ZX80 successor, the ZX81 overcame the problem by using the time between two display frames to do some computing
  33. ^ Using 2×3 Videotex block graphics (text semigraphics)
  34. ^ Somewhat like the Sinclair Spectrum with its "parallel attributes" the serial attributes of the Oric could, using an amount of video memory that was just big enough for a monochrome display, create a color display with many extra features. In Oric's case they were double-height characters, blinking characters, switching between text and high-res graphics on the screen, switching between character sets, (from character ROM, or programmable character sets) switching the eight fore- and background colors, and more. However, it came with the price that the screen was difficult to manage, and that the attributes took up six consecutive pixels (a character) on the screen in which only the background color could be displayed. Reference see: [1] 2010-02-15 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ And the plethora of its clones, see List of Apple II clones
  36. ^ The Apple II has a 1K text buffer for the 40×24 text mode or the 40×48 low-resolution graphics mode, and an 8K frame buffer for the 280×192 High-resolution graphics mode. But because Apple had two text and two graphics pages the total reserved memory for video is 18K. The first text/low-resolution page runs from 0400H to 07FFH, the second from 0800H to 0BFFH. The first high-resolution frame buffer runs from 2000H to 3FFFH and the second one from 4000H to 5FFFH.
  37. ^ in a 5×7 dot matrix with one pixel on either side of characters and a one-dot high space between each line.
  38. ^ a b There are six colors available in the High-Resolution Graphics mode: black, white, orange, blue, green and violet. Each dot can be black, white, or color, although not all colors are available for every dot. If a pixel would be 0 then the corresponding pixel would become black, if it was 1, it would become either white or color. Which color a pixel in a 7-pixel "line" of dots would become was determined both by the eighth bit of the pixel data byte, but also by its bit location in the byte. If the bit was in the leftmost column on the screen, or in any even-numbered column, then it would appear violet. If the bit was in the rightmost pixel column, or any odd-numbered column, it would become green, except when two even and odd pixels were on alongside each other, then both pixels would be white. All this is true for all seven pixels of a display byte where its eighth bit would be 0 (off), if this bit was turned "on" (to 1), then the violet and green would be exchanged by blue and orange, except in revision 0 board, which could only display 4 colors, black, white, green and violet, because the eighth bit of the display byte had no effect
  39. ^ The Apple only displayed 7 pixels of each byte of the frame buffer, the eighth one was used to determine which color combinations the pixels of the other seven bits could have
  40. ^ exchanging the character set for blocks of 1x2 pixels
  41. ^ a b each byte of text-mode RAM was divided in two nibbles. The "lower" nibble determined the color of the top block, the upper nibble determined the color of the lower block. The sixteen available bit combinations produced fifteen unique colors as the two grays were identical in shade; the colors were, according to the official documentation: black, magenta, dark blue, purple, dark green, grey 1, medium blue, light blue, brown, orange, grey 2, pink, light green, yellow, aquamarine, white
  42. ^ half the pixel resolution
  43. ^ Characters could also be inverted or blinking, The arrangement was not completely ASCII compatible! Characters from 00H to 3FH were inverted, from 40H to 7FH were flashing, from 80H to BFH the normal set. Later models added first lowercase and then also line-drawing characters from C0 to DFH so that all 256 combinations were used.
  44. ^ In high or low-resolution graphics mode the Apple could replace the bottom 32 display lines with a four-line text "caption", allowing for the simultaneous display of text and graphics.
  45. ^ With clever programming the actual resolution of the screen of 512×240 could be put to good use. Per default, the firmware filled the programmable character set with pseudo graphics symbols like the PET, and the Superboard II and UK101, which could be used to build larger simple graphical figures, like a "Stick figure".
  46. ^ Limited "graphics" modes were possible by programming the 128 (8×8 pixel) programmable characters, one way is to dedicate 64 of them to program 2×3 pseudo graphics characters (text semigraphics like the TRS-80) which would make a 128×90 "pseudo graphics" mode possible.
  47. ^ 128 permanent characters, and 128 free definable (8×8 pixel) characters
  48. ^ The Ferguson Big Board was notorious for being a variant of the microprocessor board for the much-maligned Xerox 820 office computer
  49. ^ A descendant of this computer, the Xerox 8/16, supported 640x256 graphics
  50. ^ 320x96 semigraphics on the Xerox 820-II
  51. ^ the Xerox 820-II was a variant of this computer which also supported semigraphics
  52. ^ derived from Videotext mode feature
  53. ^ 1984 model
  54. ^ for 128x32 display memory
  55. ^ a b Window on display memory
  56. ^ 2K VRAM + 2K Character RAM according to old-computers.com [2] 2010-11-22 at the Wayback Machine. and according to this "self portrait picture [3]"
  57. ^ 8×8 pixel characters
  58. ^ For each character position there was an attribute byte (from C500 to C7FF in memory, see [4](translate with Babelfish)). The three least significant bits (0,1 & 2) determined the foreground color, and the next three bits (3, 4 & 5) the background color, from LSB to MSB in the order blue, red, green. Bit six was used to switch between predefined, and software-defined characters. A similar scheme was used when one of the 16 semi graphics characters was chosen, where two attribute bytes were used for each of the sixteen block combinations, to determine the color of each quadrant of the semi graphics character.
  59. ^ Not point addressable, but through the 8×8 pixel programmable character set
  60. ^ 64×48 by using one of the 16 available characters with a 4×4 pixel (quarter character) text semigraphics pattern
  61. ^ 1K for fonts, (128 8×8 characters) and 1K for character data (768 bytes)
  62. ^ 64×48 using TRS-80 style text semigraphics
  63. ^ for basic system, the Hires expansion board had its own 16K Video RAM
  64. ^ 2, 4 or 16 tints with Hires expansion board; grayscale with monochrome monitor and composite interface only, color with color monitor and composite or TTL RGB interface
  65. ^ a b Code table 1 contained 16 text semigraphics characters with all combinations of a 2×2 matrix of blocks on and off to use to create a pseudo all points addressable 80×50 mode
  66. ^ The MZ-80 K had very poor graphics capabilities, but the large sets of well-chosen pseudo graphic characters made it possible to still create some enjoyable games, especially when the MZ700 came out which added color
  67. ^ Only seven bits of each byte are defined
  68. ^ The 85/1 and 87 also offer semigraphics, but this mode uses a higher 40x24 resolution
  69. ^ Some of its many clones used CRTCs
  70. ^ Actually there were only seven 1024×1 bit RAMs used in the Model I to store the seven bits per character, but there was an unpopulated socket for an eighth RAM. That is also why lowercase could not easily be accomplished. Of the 128 possible characters 64 were used for the "pseudographics", and the remaining 64 came from a character generator PROM that only contained uppercase characters
  71. ^ actually exists in the Model I character set, but Model I needs an eighth chip (which BASIC needs to be disabled) to display it
  72. ^ each character mapped to a matrix of 2×3 pixels to generate a "semi-high resolution mode". No Video RAM arbitration logic meant that writing to the screen caused a lot of "black snow", that is black stripes in the screen during write accesses.
  73. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v In theory it was possible to draw block graphics on the real high-resolution screen, but it was mostly pointless to do this in practice
  74. ^ 16 colors or shades of green
  75. ^ The framebuffer was built out of discrete logic, but a PAL generated the video timing signals
  76. ^ basically the VDU was built using discrete logic, but a Ferranti ZNA134 was used to generate the video timing pulses
  77. ^ Depending on the resolution 715/1430 bytes, 2860/5720 bytes, 11440/22880 bytes or 15840/31680 bytes of RAM was used
  78. ^ a b blocky versions of the high resolution graphics mode
  79. ^ The ZNA134 actually generated the correct video timing pulses for lines of 66 characters but the VDU generally would not display these extra columns in text mode
  80. ^ In 4 color mode the logical palette per line was limited to one foreground and one background color, and in 16 color mode it was limited to four. In either mode only one palette color was allowed to be changed at a time.
  81. ^ Calculated as 288×256 pixels/8 = 9216 bytes for pixel data and 384 bytes for grayscale data (2 bits per pixel) for each of the 48 (6-pixel) rows per line
  82. ^ assuming 6×8 pixels per character, details are unclear
  83. ^ soft fonts as characters are drawn only in a graphics mode screen, no text mode hardware exists
  84. ^ Most likely at least 16 to maintain backward compatibility
  85. ^ a b Part of regular RAM and size depending on graphic resolution
  86. ^ 64×32 when using  K of RAM, 64×64 when using  K of RAM, 64x128 with 1K of RAM
  87. ^ a b in practice text was often drawn in the low resolution graphics mode, especially when using the CHIP-8 programming system
  88. ^ With the CDP 1862 also on board either computer could display 8 colors per pixel on a background that could be chosen from 4 colors, boosting its Video RAM support up to 3K
  89. ^ 64x48 when using 384 Bytes of RAM, 64x96 when using 768 Bytes of RAM, 64x192 with 1.5K of RAM
  90. ^ With the CDP 1862 also on board any of these could display 8 colors per pixel on a background that could be chosen from 4 colors, boosting its Video RAM support up to 4.5K
  91. ^ The Apple IIe used two ASICs (the MMU and IOU) to replace most of the discrete logic of the Apple II. All comments for the Apple II apply to the IIe, but the IIe has additional capabilities.
  92. ^ And Apple IIc Plus, which has identical graphics capabilities
  93. ^ has all the capabilities of the Apple IIe, and an improved character set
  94. ^ Most of the discrete logic of earlier Apple IIs has reimplemented in two ASICs: a memory-management unit (MMU) and an input/output unit (IOU). These chips were also used in the IIc.
  95. ^ The Apple IIe used 1K of auxiliary-slot RAM for the 80-column text mode and 8K of auxiliary-slot RAM for Double Hi-Res. A 64K expansion (the "Extended 80-Column Card") was most commonly installed, though Apple also briefly offered a 1K card that only enabled 80-column text.
  96. ^ a b effectively the color resolution was only 140×192, due to pixel placement restriction
  97. ^ using the "resolution doubler" originally developed for the double low resolution mode uses the second bank of high resolution RAM.
  98. ^ double low resolution mode, using the extra 1K text mode
  99. ^ The Apple IIc now used a small part of the character set to display special "mouse graphics" symbols, and the character ROM was doubled in size, so it was possible to switch to a character set that could display extra local language characters and symbols such as accented letters such as "á", "é", "ç" etc.
  100. ^ The Apple IIe used a hardware character generator, but could not mix text and graphics except by displaying four lines of text beneath the graphics screen, also the text was strictly black and white, so often text on the screen was displayed using software so colored text could be displayed in different fonts.
  101. ^ Video Graphics Chip
  102. ^ using almost half of the system's 4 KB, resulting in only 1.7 KB for (BASIC) programs
  103. ^ 16 foreground, and 16 background colors per character
  104. ^ using TRS-80 like 2×3 Text semigraphics characters, available in the font
  105. ^ Soft logic implementation of MC6847 plus higher color and higher resolution graphics modes
  106. ^ For real 256 color mode, in theory displays artifacts on composite connection
  107. ^ GIME-processed modes use 8x9 or 8x12 character cells
  108. ^ 8 foreground + 8 background
  109. ^ 9 for legacy 32x16 mode
  110. ^ Only intermediate modes available in hardware are 200 lines and glitchy 210 lines where GIME continues processing the last line of real color data "forever"
  111. ^ a b c The characterset includes 8 (one set for each color) ×16 characters with a 2×2 pixel matrix, with this a mixed text and semi graphics mode can be created that can display pixels in 8 colors against a black background, albeit with some color clash
  112. ^ a b c Another semigraphics mode, like the 64×32 mode, but exchanging a more limited number of colors for a somewhat higher resolution
  113. ^ palette of 512 colors
  114. ^ The series of Soviet home computers based on PDP-11 architecture
  115. ^ The K1801VP1-037 with 600 logic elements
  116. ^ It was one of the biggest problems of BK, which wasn't corrected even in updated -0011 model that had 128 KB of memory, as 16 KB was VP1-037's hardwired limit due to the low gate count of its host PLA.
  117. ^ BK-0011 only. VDC lacked hardware text modes, so they were simulated in software by BIOS routines. The -0011 model had an updated BIOS that could display "narrow" symbols. It also had some limited palette support.
  118. ^ 16 hardwired 4-color sets selectable from a 64-color palette
  119. ^ BK's VDC was rather primitive and lacked most advanced features except hardware scrolling (implemented through software-controlled framebuffer offset register). However, the fact that the screen output was almost entirely software-generated, together with powerful 16-bit CPU, made possible seamless integration of text and graphics with escape sequence-controlled composite output.
  120. ^ and Enterprise 128, which is the same machine, only with more memory, also known as DPC, Samurai, Oscar, Elan and Flan
  121. ^ In "LORES" mode using half as much memory, the horizontal resolution is halved, while the number of colors remain the same.
  122. ^ In any mode except 256 color mode, it was possible to choose the colors for the restricted set out of the 256 available colors
  123. ^ The Enterprise's "Nick" chip could be programmed to do more than the built-in software supported, so the mentioned resolutions are meant as what the built-in software supported, not as what the hardware could actually do, it's very hard to get reliable data as to what the "Nick" chip could actually do. These figures are gathered from the "Enterprise programming guide"
  124. ^ and Oric Atmos, which is the same system, only with a better keyboard and improved ROM. The STRATOS / IQ 164 was almost identical but was planning to support 16 colors. Although never released, it inspired the French TELESTRAT, which is also very similar to the Oric 1, but was to have 80-column text mode and CP/M.
  125. ^ When in text mode it reads 40 bytes in memory to display a 240-pixel line, that is it uses six bits per byte, six bits are used to choose one of the 64 available characters in the current character set, (which could be switched) the other two bits are used to choose whether either to display the character or to process an attribute. If both bits are zero then the character is simply displayed. If not then space is displayed in the current background color. The most significant bit is a video reverse bit. When an attribute byte is encountered it immediately affects the rest of the line and can switch foreground and background color, switch between character sets, change the height of the character, switch to graphics mode, and more.
  126. ^ Oric also had a programmable character set
  127. ^ through a programmable character set
  128. ^ Unnamed FPGA-based VLSI, further details unknown
  129. ^ Made by VLSI Technology, no nickname known, contents designed by Bruce Gordon
  130. ^ 6 ¾, 12 or 24K
  131. ^ 2-2-2-1 bit RGBI
  132. ^ Ferranti 6C001E ULA
  133. ^ Eight colors, but with two brightness levels, however the "color" black is repeated twice (it was the same with each brightness level), so actually there are just 15 color tints
  134. ^ The Sinclair Spectrum high-resolution screen has serious color limitations. Each 8×8 pixel block can have only one set of foreground and background colors. This is because of the separate 768-byte color table, (one byte for each 8×8 pixel block). In each of these bytes, the lower three bits (0–2) are the background color, the next three higher bits (3–5) are the foreground color and the two remaining high-order bits were used for a "bright" (6th) and a "blinking" (7th) bit. The color limitations of this design can cause some heavy attribute clashes, for which the Spectrum is indeed infamous. For more information see ZX Spectrum graphic modes.
  135. ^ Timex's own CPLD called an "SCLD", made by NCR Corporation for Sinclair, Type "TS 2068 PAL" in a 68-pin QFP
  136. ^ The Copper is a simple programmed system which allows certain Next Registers to be altered automatically at certain scanline positions.
  137. ^ This is how the QL physically simulated up to 256 colors, but an RF connection did not copy this effect to a TV reliably
  138. ^ In 256×256 (eight-color mode), the QL uses one nibble (four bits) per pixel, three bits are used for the color itself, leaving one bit per pixel which is used for turning hardware blinking on or off on a per-pixel basis.
  139. ^ 8000 bytes for pixels; 6000 bytes for color attributes, either 7000 or 8000 bytes for TO7-70
  140. ^ The TO7 used a complex system with color restrictions, Each line is split into 40 spans of 8  pixels and each span can only have two different colors (among eight or sixteen in the case of the TO7-70). This allows representing 8 pixels with 14-16 bits (two three-bit palette entries [either these and one common intensity bit or two four-bit palette entries in the case of the TO7-70], and 8 one-bit pixel entries) instead of 24 bits or 32 in the case of the TO7-70.
  141. ^ Depending on the boot floppy used, the Aster reconfigured its internal memory map for use as a TRS-80 compatible machine or a fully CP/M compatible machine, including the location in the internal memory map of the video memory. In TRS-80 mode it used 1K (16 lines of 64 characters) and used all 8 bits of the character to support a full set of 256 characters, and in CP/M compatible mode it used 2000 bytes (25 lines of 80 characters) of a dedicated 2K memory, using the same character set as the TRS-80 mode
  142. ^ 160×75 only in the CP/M compatible mode
  143. ^ 80x75 only when booted with a special Videotex terminal emulator program
  144. ^ in TRS-80 as well as in CP/M mode the Aster could switch to a display mode where it would only display the odd display memory bytes at double width. The 40×25 mode was initiated when the system was booted with a special Videotex terminal emulator program. In both modes, a hardware "de-snowing" (Video memory arbitration system) system was employed that removed the bothersome "snow" that appeared on a TRS-80 screen whenever the system made a large number of accesses to the video memory. The memory arbitration logic did not need software support, so it also worked with all existing software
  145. ^ Actually, the Aster could display the TRS-80 graphics in black (pixel off), white (pixel on) and one grayscale halfway in-between black and white, which was accomplished by dithering the pixels in the semi-graphics block with a checkerboard pattern
  146. ^ although the original TRS-80 Model 1 did not support lowercase the Aster did. It also supported a second copy of the 2×3 semi graphics set that was dithered to emulate a "grey" version of the TRS-80 graphics pixels, and it supported a set of semi-graphic characters similar to the PETSCII set
  147. ^ The Aster system could switch "on the fly" between two completely different system architectures, and also switched its video logic and memory map accordingly, it also lowered the dot clock (crystal) in CP/M mode, so the 64×16 and 80×25 screens were equally wide
  148. ^ Part of the character-set was programmable
  149. ^ 2K "screen" RAM, 2K of PCG RAM for 128 8×16 characters
  150. ^ Later models up to 56K (8K each screen + "attribute" + color + 32K PCG
  151. ^ a b Later models also 80×25
  152. ^ Later models 16, 27 and more? but only 2 per character cell
  153. ^ Later models also 26 (limited) full graphics modes from 640x200 to 640x400 in steps of 8 lines and full graphics modes up to 512x512
  154. ^ Later models also 160×75
  155. ^ using the usual TRS-80 semi-graphics trick by programming the font RAM with the needed 2×3 pattern
  156. ^ VRAM 32 KB + 2 KB Character RAM, 2K attribute RAM and 2K Programmable font (PCG) RAM
  157. ^ G version had a NTSC genlocker, and P version a PAL genlocker
  158. ^ Or less when one or more "display pages" were turned off. The Lynx used a display page for each of the three primary colors. For example when the BASIC instruction TEXT was executed the Lynx turned off the display panes for red and blue, so it could reclaim ⅔ of the memory for the display for bigger programs (with all planes on the Lynx had just 16K left for programs) and this also increased the speed of the system because the VDU did not prohibit the CPU access to the memory so often
  159. ^ The Lynx used a trick, the natural resolution of 256 pixels would have called for a display of only 32×24, but by only using 6 pixels wide characters the Lynx could fit in 40 per line, only a very large software overhead was needed, so the display was slow, so slow in fact that the software did not scroll a text screen but simply started on the top line again
  160. ^ Colour Genie used 4080 bytes of video RAM when displaying 160×102 graphics in 4 colors and could use "page flipping" to flip up to 4 different palettes of 4 colors, all of which could be unique
  161. ^ a b or 40×25 with a ROM upgrade
  162. ^ or 320×200 with a ROM upgrade
  163. ^ White, Red, Yellow, Orange. brown, cyan, magenta, light blue, grey, light yellow, violet, light grey, red-violet, bright white
  164. ^ a b or 160×102 with upgraded ROMs
  165. ^ or 80×75 with a ROM upgrade
  166. ^ 128 8×8 pixel programmable characters, plus 128 semi graphic characters in two sets.
  167. ^ There is some confusion here, according to some sources, the programmable character generator (PCG) of the X1 used four bits per pixel, which means 64000 bytes of RAM for 640x200 pixels, other data claims only 48000 bytes of VRAM
  168. ^ Not accessed through the memory map, but through the Z80's special instructions to access the "I/O map"
  169. ^ Turbo series used bank switching to store pixel data for 640x400 resolution and probably 12-bit color
  170. ^ It is not obvious whether this is an All Points Addressable mode, or that these are in fact text modes that used the Programmable Character Generator of the X1 to create an illusion that High-Resolution APA graphics were possible. That is, it is possible that the X1 had 1000 (40×25) or even 2000 (80×25) or even more unique programmable characters so that there could be one PCG character for each screen location)
  171. ^ It is not obvious how many unique programmable characters the X1 had, only that they were programmable on a per-pixel basis with 3 or 4 bits per pixel
  172. ^ Turbo series also 80x50 in 640x400
  173. ^ not sure about this either
  174. ^ in a way the PGC is a kind of sprite system
  175. ^ The X1 had a programmable character generator that allowed per-pixel programming with 3 or 4-bit per pixel data. This meant that delicate color graphic "building blocks" could be created on the fly to create bigger full-color graphic elements, not only for text but more specifically for games. Plus the fact that the X1's VRAM was not memory mapped, but used the Z80 unique extended I/O mapping, where normally the i8080 had just 256 I/O locations, the Z80 supported 16-bit I/O addressing, so the "I/O map" could cover 64K. There is confusion as to whether the X1 used 48000 or 64000 bytes of the I/O map to address VRAM, so all of the 64K memory maps could be RAM (except for a small BIOS/IPL ROM).
  176. ^ 2K for characters; 2K for attributes, which is 3 bits for the foreground, and 3 bits for background color, one bit for blinking, and one bit for double-height characters
  177. ^ Most probably just a tweaked semigraphics mode dividing the text screen's characters into a 2x4 (single height) or 2x8 (double height) semigraphics matrix instead of the presumed 2x3 included in the system font
  178. ^ 1K Video ram and 2K character RAM for 128 programmable characters (6×8 Bytes NTSC or 6×9 Bytes PAL, RAM was available for 6×16 which was possible to use via assembler code)
  179. ^ In Assembler the width and/or height of the characters could be doubled, so 20×24, 40×12, and 20×12 was also possible
  180. ^ Using a programmable font (with 128 characters 6 pixels wide and 9 pixels high) that meant that not each pixel of the theoretical 240×192, 240x216 or 240x384 could be individually addressed. In fact at most 128×6×8 = 6144, 128×6×9 = 6912 or 128x6x16 = 12288 individual pixels could be addressed at any one time
  181. ^ One way to create a real high-res mode was to program the character set by dividing the 6x8 or 6×9 pixels of the character into 3x2 and 3×3 zones (like the TRS-80 graphics mode), in this way an 80×72 point addressable high-res mode was feasible using 64 characters
  182. ^ By using the max character size of 6×16, double-height and double-width a resolution of 120×96 was possible using 120 characters (20x6) to fill the complete screen
  183. ^ Except by reprogramming the 64 character set, But BASIC used uppercase only
  184. ^ Like the MZ-80K but with color added, and without a built in CRT
  185. ^ VHiMZ60719GSO Sharp's own custom VLSI
  186. ^ 1000 bytes for (40×25) characters, and another 1000 Bytes for color data
  187. ^ 160×200 with an expansion option
  188. ^ Most probably the PC-8001 used a pseudo graphics mode based on the 80×25 text screen with a 2×4 (2x8 with expansion) pseudo graphics matrix. The 80×25 mode used 2000 bytes, so there were 1072 bytes leftover for attributes. so three bits for the foreground color and three for the background color, the two remaining bits were used for invert and blinking bits
  189. ^ 1K Video RAM and 2K character ROM
  190. ^ Lapierre, Patrice. "Le wiki d'Alice - Hardware". Le wiki d'Alice. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  191. ^ The Matra Alice 90 featured video-in, so EF9345 graphics could be overlaid onto the input video
  192. ^ The Rabbit 83 is probably a copy of the Belgian GEM 1000, and was also brought out, with more memory, as the Brazilian MC-1000. Unlike many other MC6847 based systems (CoCo clones) it didn't use all Motorola chips, like the 6809 CPU. Instead it used a Z80, and the General Instrument AY-3-8910 sound chip. Graphically it was mainly let down by such a low amount of RAM that most 6847 video modes were impossible
  193. ^ The VTech Laser 200 was also called the "Salora Fellow" (mainly in Scandinavia, particularly Finland), the "Texet TX8000" (in the United Kingdom) and the Dick Smith "VZ 200" (in Australia and New Zealand) The Laser 100 and 110 are simpler earlier models
  194. ^ MC-1000 two years after the other two
  195. ^ European TVs of the time generally would not resolve the colors produced by the 6847 because they had no way to synchronize with its 60 Hz timing
  196. ^ Two intensity levels of block graphic characters
  197. ^ There were three models, but the video display capabilities of the first two models differed only slightly
  198. ^ Some later models of the CoCo model 2 used the MC6847T1.
  199. ^ This semigraphics mode technically exists, but the BASIC cannot access it
  200. ^ Later models that used the MC6847T1 did support lower case
  201. ^ or 'Video interface controller', Pertaining to the MOS technology 6560 (NTSC version) and the 6561 (PAL version) chips. These chips did more than supporting the video display, they also provided the sound system, and had two A/D converters for its paddle game control system
  202. ^ The VIC chip in and of itself could address 16K of address space for screen and character memory. But only the 5K that points to internal RAM can be used by it on the VIC-20 (even with a RAM expansion module plugged in) without a hardware modification, and the unexpanded VIC-20 only had a grand total of 5K of which only 512 bytes was reserved for the screen; character shape data was 2K but normally came from ROM, not RAM. Color memory is nibble memory (4 bits per location) that is separate from normal RAM because both have to be accessed at the same time.
  203. ^ a b 8×8 characters, the VIC also supported 8×16 characters; up to 31x29 possible on NTSC machines or up to 32x35 possible on PAL machines
  204. ^ PETSCII contained 2x2 block graphics characters, and the 22x23 standard for the VIC-20 firmware text screen was enough for PETSCII block graphics to significantly beat the Apple II's block graphics mode, although mysteriously nobody really cared much about that at the time.
  205. ^ Like on the PET, 256 different characters could be displayed at a time, normally taken from one of the two character generators in ROM (one for upper-case letters and simple graphics, the other for mixed-case -- non-English characters were not provided)
  206. ^ 176×184 is the standard for the VIC-20 firmware, although up to 248×232p/464i is possible on an NTSC machine and 256x280 is possible on a PAL machine.
  207. ^ a b c d blocky version of 320x200 mode
  208. ^ The VIC-III would only supply fixed timings, but could access all of palette RAM whichever timing it would be supplying at the time
  209. ^ a b blocky versions of 320x200 and 320x400 modes
  210. ^ 256-color RAM palette, with 16 intensity levels per primary color (yielding 4096 colors)
  211. ^ Included three interval timers
  212. ^ Not to be confused with VGA. Also known as "CGA plus", the PCjr video subsystem consisted of the Video Gate Array, the 6845, and some discrete logic.
  213. ^ Commonly called "TGA", essentially the same in function as the video circuitry in the PCjr.
  214. ^ From 2K to 96K, in fact all of the system memory could be used as Video RAM, though not all of it was also practically usable, at most 32K could be used by any video mode
  215. ^ CGA tweaked text mode
  216. ^ Up to eight font sets could be stored in video memory
  217. ^ All Acorn A-series machines (A300, A5000, etc.) except A7000(+)
  218. ^ for mouse pointer
  219. ^ No fixed graphics modes, any mode can be generated by supplying timings. Modes are limited only by analog video bandwidth, video RAM, or DRAM bandwidth and the minimum refresh rate monitor will accept. Definitions for common monitors are supplied up to 1600×1200×256cols.
  220. ^ SGP=Super Graphic Processor
  221. ^ some versions supported 65536 (16-bit per pixel) colors
  222. ^ a b relevant only for very early systems with text mode displays, possible in software for later systems but not generally relevant
  223. ^ Some versions supported 256 out of 65536 colors
  224. ^ Interface Age magazine
  225. ^ one byte for font and one nibble for color, per character, assumed
  226. ^ Details are very sketchy, this is a "best guess" based on the point addressable mode that there seemed to have been; that is, the 168 bytes of video memory were reinterpreted as the 4-bit RGBI values of a column of 336 pixels, being then reloaded 384 times per frame
  227. ^ Details are very sketchy, this is a "best guess" based on 8×8 (blocky) pixel characters, these most likely being of 3x6i high-resolution pixels
  228. ^ text apparently drawn in blocky pixels on high-resolution graphics screen
  229. ^ Including the Atari 400, 600XL, 800/XE/XL, 65XE, 1200XL and 130XE.
  230. ^ The extremely flexible ANTIC chip can access the entire 64K of addressable memory space. But, the highest of all possible resolutions could utilize a maximum of 15K for playfield graphics, plus 2K for Player/Missile Graphics, plus 1K for the character set. However, since multiple redefined character sets are possible the maximum amount of memory in use by ANTIC could be even higher than 18K. Scrolling map memory can occupy any amount of available RAM.
  231. ^ A maximum of 30 Characters can be displayed in a row in PAL. In 48 Characters Width mode, only 42-44 characters are shown on a normal TV.
  232. ^ blocky version of 64/80/96x48 (60) mode
  233. ^ 192 lines is the arbitrary default set by the Operating System when creating display lists. Custom display lists can use fewer or more lines into the display overscan area limited to the hardware's 240 maximum scan lines of playfield graphics.
  234. ^ The default system font includes lowercase letters, and graphics characters for drawing lines, boxes and graphics on the screen. ANTIC also supports a specific "Lowercase with descenders" mode as part of custom display lists, which is not available via a BASIC GRAPHICS mode command. In this mode characters are 10 pixels high and occupy either the upper or lower 8 pixels of that height. This is not strictly speaking a 40×24 text mode, because of the unusual height.
  235. ^ The character set was easily redirected by changing an ANTIC register, allowing the user to create their own character sets with relative ease, or built out of the CTIA/GTIA's P/M Graphics as had to be done with the TIA of the Atari 2600.
  236. ^ MSX wasn't a single machine, but a standard that was followed by various manufacturers. Thus, specs vary between various models and standard revisions. But from the perspective of the video hardware, all MSX1 systems are the same, as they use the same video display generator with 16K of Video-RAM.
  237. ^ The Memotech MTX500, MTX512A and RS128 machines all have the same video capabilities
  238. ^ the TMS9918 is actually a family of devices. The TMS9918A outputs 60 Hz NTSC composite video and TMS9928 and TMS9929 output three separate signals (Y, R-Y and B-Y) with which either a 60 Hz NTSC (TMS9928A) or a 50 Hz PAL or SECAM (TMS9929A) video signal could be created
  239. ^ TMS9918/28 based systems: in 32×24 text mode the character set is divided in 32 blocks of eight characters. each block of eight characters can have a different foreground and background color. This can be used in games, because it is possible to generate a relatively fast high-resolution mode by reprogramming the characters as 8×8 tiles and grouping them together in blocks of eight with the same colors. The tiles can then be manipulated quickly through the character pointer table. Sprites could be used too in this mode, and all 16 colors could be displayed at the same time. Another use is to have four identical character sets, each with 64 characters in them but with different colors. with this character set, it is possible to create a 32×24 text mode that can display texts with four different foreground and background colors at the same time, on the same screen. In 256×192 graphics mode, there is a 2-color limitation for each 8-pixel wide line inside a character.
  240. ^ the MTX character set included only lowercase letters
  241. ^ Except for the ASCII character set the MSX standard did not define the character set, however, most MSX systems sold in the West did have among Greek and other alphabets a large set of semi graphical characters including some for block graphics. Some systems even had the pseudo graphic characters printed on their keys
  242. ^ Second through fourth revisions of MSX standard, significantly extending the machine's capabilities. Most notable change was the so-called MSX-video chip -- an upgraded version of the TMS9918 VDP used in MSX-1 machines -- and its upgraded version the Yamaha V9958, and a corresponding memory upgrade.
  243. ^ Depending on manufacturer or revision. It can only be expanded to 192KB by modding the machine.
  244. ^ a b 26.5 rows aren't supported by default by MSX BASIC, but it's easy to enable it.
  245. ^ vertical only. Horizontal scroll limited to 16 pixels, by using the screen position adjust register.
  246. ^ 1 color per line. Supports combining sprites as bitplanes to allow 3 or 8 colors per line.
  247. ^ MSX2 machines and higher featured advanced VDP, that was somewhat similar in abilities to the Amiga one. It was able to do hardware-accelerated scrolling, bit copy (with logical operations), line drawing, area-filling, and even included overlay support, digitization, mouse and light pen ports. Sprite engine was especially powerful, allowing preprogrammed movement of multicolored (up to 16 colors) sprites. Several VDP exceptions, such as sprite collision and backtracking, had special status flags that, with skillful manipulation of VDP registers, allowed for many visual tricks.
  248. ^ the P2000M had nothing to do with the P2000T; it was a CP/M business machine without any special video attributes, just 80×24 text
  249. ^ Essentially Philips (a TV maker) simply used a video chip used in their TVs for the display of Teletext, I believe it was the SAA5243 but am not completely sure, as Philips used many different Teletext chips. If there is evidence Philips used another chip please correct.[original research?]
  250. ^ 96K for FM-77AV and AV20, 144K for FM-77AV40
  251. ^ The FM-77AV used twelve (AV and AV20) or eighteen (AV40) "graphics planes", four (AV and AV20) or six (AV40) for each primary color, each plane had one bit for each pixel, so it used 8000 bytes, so 192 bytes per plane went unused
  252. ^ The FM-7 used three "graphics planes", one for each primary color, each plane had one bit for each pixel, so it used 16000 bytes, so 384 bytes per plane went unused
  253. ^ due to its use of a separate 6809 processor for graphics, the FM-7 could use a massive 48K of RAM for three 16K bit planes each using 16000 bytes, and the FM-77AV could use an even more massive 96K (AV and AV20) or 144K (AV40) but only for 8K bit planes each using 8000 bytes (why Fujitsu made this decision is a mystery), that way it could have pixels with twelve or eighteen bits to call their own respectively. The remaining 16K or more (32 or 112K for FM-77AV and AV20 or 48 or 176K for FM-77AV40) of RAM was used to store fonts and drawing routines. To communicate with the main CPU the FM-7 used a shared memory system, not unlike the "Tube" of the BBC Micro.
  254. ^ Pertaining to the Amiga 1000, Amiga 2000 and Amiga 500 machines
  255. ^ a b For DMA memory access and Blitter functions, and a Copper (co-processor), a programmable finite state machine that executes a programmed instruction stream, synchronized with the video hardware
  256. ^ the main video processor. Without using overscan, the display was 320 (low-res) or 640 (hires) pixels wide by 200 (NTSC) or 256 (PAL) tall. It also supported interlacing which doubled the vertical resolution. Anything between 2 and 32 unique colors (1 to 5 bitplanes) from a 12 bit (4096 colors) palette, was supported. A 6th bitplane was available for either the Halfbrite mode that added a copy of the first 32 colors but with half the intensity or Holds And Modify mode which allowed access to all 4096 colors at once. Denise supported eight sprites, smooth scrolling, and "dual playfield". For more information see Original Amiga chipset.
  257. ^ Older versions could only access 512K Chip RAM
  258. ^ All text output rendered by Blitter or software in any graphics mode
  259. ^ a b 320×256p, 640×256p, 320×512i or 640×512i in PAL mode
  260. ^ The Amiga's hardware engine supports only 8 sprites, but with copper support, can present the illusion of many more. Each sprite is drawn in a certain position until the raster beam has passed it; the copper can then instantly change its location and appearance, moving it below the raster beam again
  261. ^ 3 colors (plus a fourth transparent "color"). Two sprites could be attached to make a single 15-color sprite.
  262. ^ Too many to mention, see Original Amiga chipset
  263. ^ Pertaining to the Amiga 3000 machines
  264. ^ Could do all the things the original Agnus chip could and added support for Productivity (640×480 noninterlaced) and Super Highres (1280×200 or 1280×256) display modes, which were however limited to only 4 colors. Also the blitter could copy regions larger than 1024×1024 pixels in one operation. Sprites could be displayed in border regions (outside of any display window where bitplanes are shown).
  265. ^ a b Now In non interlaced too
  266. ^ Even more features than the original chipset, see Enhanced Amiga chipset
  267. ^ used in the CD32, Amiga 1200 and Amiga 4000.
  268. ^ AGA is able to do 8-bit pixels, which gives 256 colors in normal display mode and 262144 colors in HAM-8 (Hold-And-Modify) mode (18-bit color, 6 bits per RGB channel). Palette for AGA chipset is 256 entries from 16,777,216 colors (24-bit). The original Amiga chipset (OCS) had 4096 colors (12-bit, 4 bits per RGB channel), of which 32 could be displayed unless in half-bright (which provided an additional 32 colors fixed at half the brightness of the first 32) or HAM mode.
  269. ^ Other features added to AGA over ECS were SuperHiRes, smooth scrolling, and 32-bit fast page memory fetches to supply the graphics data bandwidth for 8 bitplane graphics modes and wider sprites see Advanced Graphics Architecture, the CD32 has an Akiko bitmap to planar conversion chip
  270. ^ An alternative 80×25 text mode card later also became available
  271. ^ YPbPr (40 column mode), RGBI (80 column mode)
  272. ^ Unique in that the system contained two different video circuits with separate outputs
  273. ^ All text output produced by software in high-res graphics modes
  274. ^ Fullscreen up to 26x36, 52x36, 104x36
  275. ^ Fullscreen up to 208x288, 416x288, 832x288
  276. ^ with an independent palette of 15 colors, but sprite pixels can also be transparent, and each logical color can be any of 4096 colors
  277. ^ three levels of magnification, 1×, 2× and 4×. Independent for X and Y axis
  278. ^ Additional screen controls have been added to allow split screen operation and facilitate smooth scrolling.
  279. ^ The teletext mode only used 1K of memory, the others from 8 to 20K as needed
  280. ^ Using Teletext mode with the aid of an SAA5050, in this mode the Beeb only needed 1K RAM for 40x25 characters of text
  281. ^ by using serial attributes, as common in Teletext systems
  282. ^ spaced display with two blank horizontal lines following every 8 pixel lines
  283. ^ using the 2×3 block graphics of teletext mode
  284. ^ Modes 0 to 6 could display a choice of colors from a logical palette of sixteen, though only eight colors were available; the eight basic RGB colors (0-black, 1-red, 2-green, 3-yellow, 4-blue, 5-magenta, 6-cyan, 7-white) and eight colors in a flashing state, (8-black/white, 9-red/cyan, 10-green/magenta, 11-yellow/blue, 12-blue/yellow, 13-magenta/green, 14-cyan/red, 15-white/black)
  285. ^ Mode 7 was a Teletext mode and extremely economfical on memory, using only 1K, In addition, the BBC B+ and the later Master allowed 'shadow modes', where the framebuffer was stored in 20 K of extra RAM mapped to location 0x8000 onwards ('shadowing' the BASIC ROM mapped to that area), instead of taking up the user memory below 0x8000. This feature was enabled by setting bit 7 of the mode variable, i.e. by requesting modes 128–135.
  286. ^ Teletext graphics, using text semigraphics characters, unlike the TRS-80 the pseudo graphics characters came in two kinds, "massive" and "separate", the first is exactly like the TRS-80, the second has each "pixel block" surrounded by a narrow line of background color
  287. ^ Used a chip designed to display Teletext in TV's. This "video co-processor" uses "serial attributes" for its "teletext text mode"
  288. ^ The two main CRT Controller chips were called "VINAS 1 + 2", later models used a chip called VICON. The "Video Controller" was called "VSOP", or in later models "VIPS". The separate "Sprite Controller" was called "CYNTHIA / Jr" in its first incarnation, and later just "CYNTHIA", then last but not least there was the "Video Data Selector" first called (strangely enough) "RESERVE", but later more fanciful "CATHY"
  289. ^ 512KB Text VRAM, 512KB Graphic VRAM, 32KB Sprite VRAM
  290. ^ The X68000 had a separate 768KB Character Generator ROM, with fonts for 16×16, 8×16, 8×8 and JIS 1 + 2 characters.
  291. ^ software rendered
  292. ^ Hardware scrolling, priority control, super-impose
  293. ^ Potentially drawn on graphics screen

February 14, 2023
list, home, computers, video, hardware, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, require, cleanup, meet, wikipedia, quality, standards, specific, . This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is 300 tangential footnotes and only a handful of sources Please help improve this article if you can June 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article is written like a personal reflection personal essay or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor s personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style June 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message This is a list of home computers sorted alphanumerically which lists all relevant details of their video hardware Home computers are the second generation of desktop computers entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s A decade later they were generally replaced by IBM PC compatible PCs although technically home computers are also classified as personal computers Examples of typical early home computers are the TRS 80 Atari 400 800 BBC Micro the ZX Spectrum the MSX 1 the Amstrad CPC 464 and the Commodore 64 Examples of typical late home computers are MSX 2 systems and the Amiga and Atari ST systems Note in cases of manufacturers who have made both home and personal computers only machines fitting into the home computer category are listed Systems in the personal computer category except for Early Macintosh PCs are generally based on the VGA standard and use a video chip known as a Graphics Processing Unit Very early PCs used one of the much simpler even compared to most home computer video hardware video display controller cards using parts like the MDA the Hercules Graphics Card the CGA and the EGA standard Only after the introduction of the VGA standard could PCs really compete with the home computers of the same era such as the Amiga and Atari ST or even with the MSX 2 Also not listed are systems that are typically only gaming systems like the Atari 2600 and the Bally Astrocade even though these systems could sometimes be upgraded to resemble a home computer The Amstrad CPC 464 was a typical home computer of the 1980s The game displayed is 1985 s Paperboy Contents 1 The importance of having capable video hardware 1 1 Video arbitration logic 2 The main classes of video hardware 3 Explanation of the terms used in the tables 4 The list of home computers and their video capabilities 4 1 Systems with video logic designed as terminals 4 2 Systems using software driven video generation 4 3 Systems using discrete logic 4 3 1 With independent text mode s 4 3 2 Without independent text mode s 4 4 Systems using simple Video Shift Registers 4 5 Systems using custom logic ICs 4 5 1 With independent text mode s 4 5 2 Without independent text mode s 4 6 Systems using a CRTC 4 6 1 MC6845 or second source 4 6 1 1 With independent text mode s 4 6 1 2 Without independent text mode s 4 6 2 Other models 4 7 Systems using a Video Interface Controller 4 7 1 MC6847 or second source 4 7 2 Other models 4 7 2 1 With independent text mode s 4 7 2 2 Without independent text mode s 4 8 Systems using a video co processor 4 8 1 With independent text mode s 4 8 2 Without independent text mode s 4 9 Systems that fall into multiple classifications 4 10 Systems that could not be classified 5 See also 6 NotesThe importance of having capable video hardware EditEarly home computers all used similar hardware and software mostly using the 6502 the Z80 or in a few cases the 6809 microprocessor They could have as little as 1 KB of RAM or as much as 128K and software wise they could use a small 4K BASIC interpreter or an extended 12K or more BASIC The basic systems were quite similar with the exception of the video display hardware As a result the success of a system proved to primarily rely on the performance of the video display hardware since this had a direct implication on the kind of games that could be played on the system The most important aspect of a home computer was how far programmers could push the hardware to create games A case in point is the Commodore 64 Its microprocessor lacked advanced math functions and was relatively slow In addition the built in BASIC interpreter lacked any sort of graphics commands as it was the same version that was developed for the older Commodore PET a computer without any high resolution graphics capabilities at all However these drawbacks were of little consequence because the C64 had the VIC II chip When accessed by machine language programs the graphic capabilities of this chip made it practical to develop arcade style games on a home system 1 Additionally specific machine language code exploiting quirks of the VIC II chip allowed for special tricks to draw even better pictures out of the VIC II chip 2 The comparatively large memory and the audio capabilities of the C64 also lent themselves well toward the production of larger games An example of the opposite is the Aquarius by Mattel which had such incredibly limited video hardware that it was retracted from the market after only four months due to poor sales Video arbitration logic Edit One major problem that early computer video hardware had to overcome was the video bus arbitration problem The problem was determining a way to give both the video hardware VDU and the CPU continuous read access to the video RAM The obvious solution using interleaving time slots for the VDU and RAM was hard to implement because the logic circuits and video memory chips of the time did not have the switching speed necessary to do so For higher resolutions the logic and the memory chips were barely fast enough to support reading the display data let alone for dedicating half the available time for the slow 8 bit CPU That being said one system the Apple II was one of the first to use a feature of the data bus logic of the 6502 processor to implement a very early interleaving time slot mechanism to eliminate this problem The BBC Microcomputer used 4 MHz RAM with a 2 MHz 6502 in order to interleave video accesses with CPU accesses Most other systems used a much simpler approach and the TRS 80 s video logic was so primitive that it simply did not have any bus arbitration at all The CPU had access to the video memory at all times Writing to the video RAM simply disabled the video display logic The result was that the screen often displayed random horizontal black stripes on screen when there was heavy access to the video RAM like during a video game Most systems avoided the problem by having a status register that the CPU could read and which showed when the CPU could safely write to the video memory That was possible because a composite video signal blanks the video output signal during the blanking periods of the horizontal and especially the long vertical video sync pulses So by simply waiting for the next blanking period the stripes were avoidable This approach did have one disadvantage it relied on the software not to write to the screen during the non blanking periods If the software ignored the status register the stripes would re appear Another approach used by most other machines of the time was to temporarily stop the CPU using the WAIT BUSRQ Z80 WAIT 6809 or SYNC 6502 control signal whenever the CPU tried to write to the screen during a non blanking period Yet another more advanced the solution was to add a hardware FIFO so that the CPU could write to the FIFO instead of directly to the RAM chips which were updated from the FIFO during a blanking interval by special logic circuitry Some later systems started using special two port video memory called VRAM that had independent data output pins for the CPU interface and the video logic The main classes of video hardware EditThere are two main categories of solutions for a home computer to generate a video signal A custom design either built from discrete logic chips or based around some kind of custom logic chips an ASIC or PLD A system using some form of video display controller VDC a VLSI chip that contained most of the logic circuitry needed to generate the video signalSystems in the first category were the most flexible and could offer a wide range of sometimes unique capabilities but generally speaking the second category could offer a much more complex system for a comparatively lower price The VDC based systems can be divided into four sub categories Simple video shift register based solutions have a simple video shifter chip and the main CPU doing most of the complex stuff Only one example of such a chip for a home computer exists the RCA CDP1861 used in the COSMAC VIP It could only create a very low resolution monochrome graphic screen The chip in the Sinclair ZX 81 also is a video shifter but is a custom logic chip a ULA rather than a single purpose commercial IC like the CDP1861 Dedicated Video shifter chips did have some use in very early game systems most notably the Television Interface Adapter chip in the Atari 2600 Note that although one of the chips in an Atari ST is also called a video shift register it does not fall into this class mainly because the IC s in this class depends on the main CPU to feed them with picture data They do nothing more than generating the sync signals and convert parallel data into a serial video data stream The Atari ST s chip used a DMA system to read out video data independent of the main CPU and contained a palette RAM and resolution color mode switching logic CRTC Cathode Ray Tube Controller based solutions A CRTC is a chip that generates most of the basic timing and control signals It must be complemented with some Video RAM and some other logic for the arbitration so that the CPU and the CRTC chip can share access to this RAM To complete the design a CRTC chip also needs some other support logic For example a ROM containing the bitmap font for text modes and logic to convert the output from the system into a video signal Video interface controllers were a step up on the ladder these were true VLSI chips that integrated all of the logic that was in a typical CRTC based system plus a lot more into a single chip The VIC II chip is probably the best known chip of this category Video co processor chips are at the highest end of the scale Video interface controllers that can manipulate and or interpret and display the contents of their own dedicated Video RAM without intervention from the main CPU These chips are highly flexible offering options and features with minimal CPU involvement that on other systems are impossible or at best difficult to produce requiring extensive CPU overhead The Atari ANTIC GTIA and Amiga OCS ECS AGA are well known examples of this high feature category But note that not all video co processors are powerful some are even simpler than many Video interface controllers notably the primitive SAA5243 which is still technically a co processor Explanation of the terms used in the tables EditSystem Name The name of the system or if there are many similar versions the name of the most well known variant see Notes Year The year that the first version of this system came on the market Chip name The name of the chip that was used as the basis for the video logic Video RAM The maximum amount of RAM used for the video display depending on the resolution used the system may use less Video mode s i e Text mode s and Graphics modes The numbers of characters per line and lines of text the system supported and the number of colors they could have Sometimes more than one mode was possible The number of horizontal and Vertical pixels the system could display in a high resolution mode and The number of colors each pixel could have in High resolution mode where several high resolution modes exist each one is listed separately Beginning with the Xerox Alto systems forwent independent text modes and drew text on a high resolution graphics screen This required more video RAM but also freed computer fonts from a fixed grid Font extras Describes extra graphical possibilities a video system had because of optional features of their character sets there are currently three categories LC Some systems could only display upper case characters in text mode because of their limited character set If a system was able to also support lower case letters in a text mode in any high resolution mode it is of course always possible then there is LC for Lower Case in this column BG Some systems used a matrix of blocky pixels instead of a letter in their font sets or used dedicated hardware to emulate them like the TRS 80 did to support some sort of all points addressable APA mode It s hard to call this a high resolution mode because the resolution could be as low as 80 48 pixels but in any case it was possible to draw pictures with them In the case of systems that used such a system as its APA mode there is BG for Block Graphics in this column SG Some other systems used semi graphical characters like box drawing characters dots and card symbols and graphical building block geometric shapes such as triangles to give the system the appearance it could do high resolution graphics while in reality it could not Systems like that have SG for semi graphical characters in this column Many systems like the PET had a few of such characters dedicated to blocking graphics for an APA mode as well often only for 2 2 matrix characters Sometimes the system filled or could fill a reprogrammable section of the font set which such characters these systems mainly fall under the soft font heading Note that the BG and SG entries are only used when the system relied on them had them predefined in its default character set or what often happened on early systems had them printed on the keyboard keys for direct entry in combination with some kind of graphic shift key Soft font When the system had a programmable font RAM instead of a static font ROM or when the video system did not have a hardware text mode but painted text in the high res screen using software the video display wasn t dependent on a permanent font set in this case we are talking about a system with a soft font Color resolution in high resolution mode it was often the case that a certain pixel could not be given an arbitrary color often certain clusters of pixels quite often 8 8 pixels large shared the same color attribute so as to spare video memory as an 8 bit computer only had a 64 KB address space and the CPU often had limited capabilities to manipulate video memory therefore it was often necessary to keep the video RAM size as small as possible so a minimum of the address space of the micro was used and also the video content could be changed relatively rapidly Palette support If the system could translate a logical color into a larger number or true colors using a palette mechanism then this column lists the number of logical colors the palette could accept and the number of colors it could translate to HW accel Short for hardware acceleration can take several forms the most obvious form is bit blitting that is the moving of groups of pixels from one place in video memory to another without the CPU doing any of the moving another often used technique is hardware scrolling which in fact emulates moving the whole screen in the video RAM the third form of hardware acceleration is the use of sprites implemented in hardware Some systems also supported drawing lines and sometimes rectangles using special line drawing hardware The entry in the column reveals which methods the hardware supported with two letters for each method BL For blitter DR For hardware supported line drawing SC For hardware scrolling support SP For hardware sprite support TE For hardware Tile engine support in graphic mode Sprite details Covers three facets of the sprite support hardware the system used Each number in the table cell is preceded by two letters S For the first facet is the total number of hardware sprites the system could support in hardware not counting re use of the same hardware if the system doesn t support hardware sprites at all the table cell only contains If S is 1 then the single sprite is most often used to support a mouse cursor SS For the second facet is the size of the sprite in screen pixels A sprite could be displayed by the hardware as a matrix of horizontal by vertical pixels If more than one sprite size mode is available each one is listed SC For the third facet is the number of sprite colors it gives the number of colors that a sprite could have It is about the total number of colors that could be used to define the sprite transparent NOT included so if a sprite could only be displayed as a figure in a single color the number is 1 If more than one sprite size mode is available each one is listed SP For the fourth facet is the number of sprites per scan line Hardware spites use a kind of Z buffer to determine which sprite is on top Availability of hardware to do this limits the number of sprites that can be displayed on each scan line This number tells how many sprites could be displayed on a scanline before one of them became invisible because of hardware limitations Unique features If the video display has unique features or limitations they will be listed here if space is a limitation the remaining special features are expressed as notes A in a table cell means that the answer is irrelevant unknown or in another way has no meaning for example the sprite size of a system that does not support hardware sprites A in a table cell means that the entry has not yet been determined if a follows an entry it means that other options than the listed ones may also exist Mono in a table cell means monochrome that is for example black on white or black on green The list of home computers and their video capabilities EditSystems with video logic designed as terminals Edit System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique featuresText GraphicsApple I 1976 720 Bytes 3 40 24 Mono 40 24 Mono 4 Datapoint 2200 1971 840 Bytes 80 12 Mono 80 12 Mono LC None Shift registers for RAM 5 MUPID 1983 6 64K 7 40 25 16 16 colors 320 240 16 16 colors 320 240 LC BG SG Yes 8 16 fixed colors and 16 chooseable from a palette of 4096 colors Designed by academics as a BTX terminal but with the capabilities of a home computer 9 SOL 20 1976 10 1K 64 16 Mono Limited 512x128 Mono with MC6574 64x16 LC SG 11 No None None One of the first systems with built in video hardware 12 Systems using software driven video generation Edit System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts unique featuresText GraphicsAamber Pegasus 1981 512 Bytes 32 16 Mono text with programmable 7x9 13 characters 32x16 LC YesGalaksija 1983 512 Bytes 14 32 16 Mono Full Limited 256 208 15 Mono Semi 64 48 16 Mono 64x48 32 later 256x208 BG 17 All systems were essentially home built on a single sided PCB Like the ZX81 it was software driven 18 OSI Superboard II 19 Compukit UK101 20 and clones 1979 1K 21 32 32 22 or 64x16 23 24 25 Mono Full limited 256x256 or 512x128 24 26 Mono using full extended character set ROM Semi 64x96 or 128x48 24 27 Mono using 64 characters pseudo graphics of the 128 characters of the optional extended character set ROM 32 32 or 64x16 24 LC SG Early system with 256 character font standard add on card for full 256x256 graphicsOSI C4P 1980 2K 64 32 8 colors Full limited 512x256 8 colors Semi 128x96 8 colors using part of its pseudo graphic characters set 64x32 LC SGZX80 ZX81 1980 1981 28 792 Bytes 29 32 24 Mono Full 256 192 30 Mono Semi 64 48 31 Mono 32x24 BG SG No slow mode software generated display 32 Systems using discrete logic Edit With independent text mode s Edit System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique featuresText GraphicsABC80 1978 1K 40 24 Mono Semi 78 72 33 Mono 39x24 LC BG One of the first systems with serial attributes like Ceefax and Prestel systems needed the first character of a line for switching to graphics mode thus the horizontal resolution is 78 not 80 34 Apple II 35 1977 18K 36 40 24 37 Mono 6 colors 38 Full 280 192 39 Mono 6 colors 38 Semi 40 48 40 15 colors 41 40x48 140 192 42 43 First known system with 4 line caption 44 and software scaling and rotationCommodore PET 2001 1977 1000 Bytes 40 25 Mono 9 Mono monitor Full Limited 320x200 Mono Semi 80 50 using part of its pseudo graphic characters set 80x50 40x200 BG SG Original computer with non ASCII PETSCII character set Exidy Sorcerer 1978 1920 Bytes 64 30 Mono Full Limited 512 240 45 Mono Semi 128x90 46 Mono 128x90 512x240 LC SG 47 Yes Programmable character set allowed TRS 80 and PET like graphicsFerguson Big Board 48 1980 1982 1K 80x24 Mono 49 50 LC 51 NoGrundy NewBrain 1982 max 20K 32 25 30 40 25 30 64 25 30 or 80 25 30 Mono Full 256x256 320x256 512x256 640x256 Mono Semi 64x75 90 80x75 90 128x75 90 160x75 90 52 Mono 64x75 90 80x75 90 128x75 90 160x75 90 256 320 512 640x256 LC BG Built in one line VFD Videotext mode supportInteract Home Computer 1979 2184 Bytes 17 12 4 colors Semi 112 78 4 colors 112 78 Characters were drawn on a 112 78 pixel graphics screen which means that each character was 6 6 pixels including blank space between the characters which led to very blocky characters which simply didn t allow for distinct lower case characters In theory the graphics screen text was drawn on could be the text mode semigraphics screen for a more standard for the time 56x26 or 56x39 high resolution text mode though in practice this real text mode was apparently never used if it even could be 4 of 8Kaypro II series 1982 2 KB 80 24 Mono on 9 built in CRT Semi Presumably 160x72 Mono 80x24 LC BG 53 No NASCOM 1 NASCOM 2 1977 1979 1K 48 16 Mono N A LC No NoneOsborne 1 Osborne Executive and Osborne Vixen 1981 1982 1984 4K 54 52x24 Mono on 5 CRT later 80x24 on 7 CRT Full Presumably limited 416x192 Mono later limited 640x192 using its pseudo graphic characters set 55 52x24 later 80x24 55 LC SG Uses virtual screen to make up for limitations of original 5 CRT a feature presumably not dropped from later models in order to achieve full backward compatibilityPanasonic JR 200 1983 2K 2K 56 32 24 57 8 colors 58 Full 256x192 59 8 colors Semi 64 48 60 8 colors 32x24 LC BG unique semi graphic pixel color attribute scheme made that each of the 64 48 semi graphic pixels consisting of a quarter of an 8 8 pixel character space could have its own independent color these semi graphics could be combined with predefined characters or programmable characters each of which could also have an independent foreground and background color out of a palette of 8 Jupiter Ace 1982 2K 61 32 24 Mono Full Limited 256x192 Mono by using the 128 characters Semi 64 48 62 Mono 32x24 LC BG Limited noneLINK 480Z and Research Machines 380Z 1982 2K 63 40 25 or 80 25 Mono 64 A separate independent video display generator board could be added that did support high resolution graphics of 640 192 1 320 192 2 or 160 96 4 bits per pixel LC n of 16 with Hires expansion board 16 out of 256 logical intensities with composite interface 16 logical colors with TTL RGB interfaceMZ 80K 1979 1000 Bytes 40 25 Mono Full Limited 320x200 Mono Semi 80 50 65 Mono 40x25 LC BG SG No None many well chosen pseudo graphics characters 66 KC 87 KC85 1 1987 960 bytes 87 x1 960 960 67 bytes 85 1 87 40x20 Mono for 85 1 87 x0 16 foreground colors 8 background colors for 87 x1 85 1 87 Limited 320x192 Mono for 85 1 87 x0 16 foreground colors 8 background colors for 87 x1 using its pseudo graphic characters set 87 x1 40x24 LC 68 TRS 80 Models I and III 69 1977 1980 up to 1K 70 32 16 or 64 16 Mono Semi 64 48 or 128 48 Mono 32x16 or 64x16 LC 71 BG No None The canonical system to use Text semigraphics 72 TRS 80 Model 4 1983 1920 bytes 32 16 40x24 64 16 or 80x24 Mono Semi 64 48 80x72 128 48 or 160x72 Mono 32x16 40x24 64x16 or 80x24 LC BG Can display full 640x240 or 512x192 graphics with a standardized expansion boardWithout independent text mode s Edit System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support unique featuresApple III 1980 64K 40 24 Text in 280 192 Graphics or 80 24 in 560 192 73 2 or 16 colors 74 140x192 280x192 140x192 560x192 LC 228 programmable characters bundled with Apple II software emulatorApple Lisa Macintosh XL 1983 Presumably 2x32760 bytes drawn by software on 720x364r 608x432s 73 mono 4 gray scales 720x364r 608x432s YesApple Macintosh 128K and other compact models 1984 75 2x21888 bytes drawn by software on 512x342 73 mono 4 grayscales 512x342 SE 30 and Classic were the only 32 bit models to use discrete logic to implement video hardwareDAI Personal Computer 1979 76 31680 bytes 77 88 65 176 130 78 352 260 60x24 79 Text in 528 240 Graphics 4 or 16 colors 88 65 176 130 78 352 260 528 240 LC 4 of 16 80 split screen text and graphics mode with 4 line captionPMD 85 1985 9600 Bytes 81 48 32 82 Text in 288 256 73 Graphics 4 gray scales 4 colors for 85 3 288x256 LC 83 4 out of gray scales 4 out of 84 colors for 85 3 no text modes only a single 288 256x2 bits per pixel graphics modeTiki 100 1984 32K 40 25 Text in 256 256 Graphics 16 colors 80 25 in 512 256 4 colors 160 25 in 1024 256 2 colors 73 256 256 512 256 1024 256 LC Yes 256 SCRobotron KC 85 2 1984 16K 320x256 40x64 16fg8bg Yes No CPU VRAM access can cause visual distortions Half character attribute cells 8x4 a KC 85 3 1986 LCKC 85 4 1988 64K 320x256 40x256 16fg8bg 320x256 4 b LC Yes No Vertical video ram Single line vertical attribute cells 8x1 2 buffersXerox Alto 1973 61206 bytes drawn by software on 606x808 Mono 606x808 LC Yes First known system with graphics First known system without separate text buffer Relationship to KC85 1 in name only The KC85 2 and KC85 3 were very similar overall the only difference being more ROM and an internal piezo speaker white black red cyan Systems using simple Video Shift Registers Edit System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode soft fonts unique featuresCOSMAC VIP Telmac 1800 1977 CDP 1861 256 Bytes 85 64 32 Mono graphics 86 87 Yes Incredibly primitive but supporting color 88 Oscom NANO ETI 660 Telmac 2000 1980 1981 CDP 1864 1 5K 85 64x192 Mono graphics 87 89 Incredibly primitive but supporting color 90 Systems using custom logic ICs Edit With independent text mode s Edit System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique featuresText GraphicsApple IIe 91 Apple IIc 92 93 1983 1984 MMU IOU 94 27K 95 40 24 or 80 24 Mono Full 280 192 6 96 or 15 Colors or 560 192 15 colors 96 97 Semi 40 48 or 80 48 15 colors 41 98 40x48 80x48 140x192 280x192 140x192 LC 99 No 100 NoneApple IIGS 1986 VGC 101 32K 40 24 or 80 24 16 colors Full 280 192 6 or 16 colors or 560 192 16 colors 320 200 16 3200 colors or 640 200 4 800 pure or 16 dithered colors Semi 40 48 or 80 48 16 colors 40x48 80x48 140x192 280x192 140x192 320x200 640x200 LC No Apple modes none other modes 4096Mattel Aquarius 1983 TEA1002 2000 bytes 102 40 25 16 colors 103 Full Presumably at least limited 320x200 16 colors through assembly language routines and graphical symbols included in its character set Semi 80 75 16 colors 104 40 25 LC BG NoneTRS 80 Color Computer Model 3 1986 GIME 105 72000 bytes 106 20x16 25 32x16 25 40x16 25 64x16 25 or 80x16 25 107 16 colors 108 109 Full 64 64 4 colors 128 64 128 96 128 192 2 or 4 colors 160x192 225 110 256 192 225 320x192 225 2 4 16 or 256 colors 512x192 225 or 640x192 225 2 4 or 16 colors Semi 64x32 111 9 colors 64x48 112 4 colors 64 64 128 64 128 96 128 192 160x192 225 256 192 225 320x192 225 512x192 225 or 640x192 225 64x32 64x48 BG LC No Without independent text mode s Edit System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique featuresAtari ST 1985 ST Shifter 32K drawn by software 16 colors on 320 200 16 colors 640 200 4 colors or 640 400 2 colors 73 320x200 640x200 LC Yes Yes 512 113 Hi Res non interlaced 31 kHz 72 HzElectronika BK 0010 0011 114 1985 ULA 115 16K 116 32 25 Text in 256 256 Graphics 4 colors or 64 25 in 512 256 73 2 colors 256 256 or 512 256 Yes 117 118 SC 119 Enterprise 64 120 1985 Nick 64K Full 80x256 256 colors 160x256 16 colors 40 32 Text in 320x256 Graphics 4 colors 80 32 or 28 in 640x256p 64 in 512i 2 colors 121 Semi 80x96 160x84p 96p 192i 2 or 4 colors via soft fonts 80x256 160x256 320x256 640x256p 512i 40 32 80 32 or 28 or 80 64 interlaced Yes 122 Advanced for its time 123 Oric 1 124 1983 HSC 10017 ULA 8K Full 40 28 Text in 240 200 Graphics 8 colors limited 240x224 through soft font Semi 80x84 8 colors through soft font 40 224 125 LC 126 Yes 127 None NoneNimbus PC 186 1984 FPGA 128 64K 40 25 Text in 320 250 Graphics 16 colors or 80 25 in 640 350 4 16 colors 73 320 250 or 640 350 LC 4 of 16 Early x86 based non IBM PC system with good graphicsSAM Coupe 1989 ASIC 129 24K 130 32 24 Text in 256 192 Graphics 8 or 16 colors or 85 24 in 512 192 4 colors 73 32 24 32 192 or 256 192 512 192 16 entries 128 colors 131 Backward compatible with Sinclair SpectrumSinclair ZX Spectrum 1982 ULA 132 6912 Bytes Full 32x24 Text in 256 192 Graphics 15 colors Semi 64x48 15 colors 133 32 24 LC BG None color limitations 134 Timex Sinclair TS2068 1983 CPLD 135 12288 bytes max Full 32x24 Text in 256 192 Graphics 15 colors or 64x24 in 512 192 Mono Semi 64x48 15 colors or 128x48 Mono 32 24 32 192 swapping between two 256 192 screensZX Spectrum Next 2020 FPGA 6912 Bytes 48K layer 0 1280 Bytes sprite RAM Full 32x24 Text in 256 192 Graphics 15 or 256 colors 80x24 in 512x192 2 or 256 colors Semi 64x48 15 colors 32 24 32x192 256 192 512x192 LC BG SC SP yes 256 entries 512 colors 64 sprites hardware scrolling copper 136 tile map backward compatible with older SpectrumsSinclair QL 1984 ZX8301 ULA 32K Full 42 25 Text in 256 256 Graphics 8 colors or 85 25 in 512 256 4 colors Semi 84x75 8 colors or 170x75 4 colors through soft font 128x128 8 colors or 256x128 4 colors stippled 137 256 256 or 512 256 128x128 or 256x128 LC Yes none hardware pixel based blinking 138 Thomson MO5 1984 EFGJ03L gate array 16K Full 40 25 Text in 320 200 Graphics 16 colors Semi 80x75 16 colors through soft font 40 25 320x200Thomson TO7 1982 MC 13000 ALS gate array on TO 7 70 14000 bytes either 15000 or 16000 bytes for TO7 70 139 40 25 Text in 320 200 Graphics 73 8 colors 16 for TO7 70 40 200 140 Thomson systems MO6 TO8 and TO9 1986 custom TI gate array plus EF 9369P color palette 16K Full 8 modes from 160 200 16 colors to 640 200 2 colors 40 25 Text in 320 200 Graphics and 80 25 in 640 200 Semi 80x75 4 colors or 160x75 2 colors through soft font from 160 200 to 640 200 yes 16 entries 4096 colorsSystems using a CRTC Edit MC6845 or second source Edit With independent text mode s Edit System name Year Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique featuresText GraphicsABC 800 series 1981 1K 800C 2K 800M 802 806 128K 806 40x24 or 80 24 800M 802 806 8 or 2 colors Full 256 240 or 512x240 16 colors 806 semi 78x75 8 or 2 colors or 158x75 800M 802 806 256 240 or 512x240 806 40x24 or 80 24 802 806 LC BG No None None HR board for 800 and 802 provides 16K for 240 240 graphics in 4 of 8 colorsAster CT 80 1979 1K or 2K 141 64 16 32 16 80 25 or 40 25 Mono Semi 128 48 64x48 160 75 142 or 80x75 143 144 3 gray scales 145 128 48 64x48 160 75 or 80x75 LC BG SG 146 Dual memory map support 147 Early clone of the TRS 80 with additional graphic modesCommodore PET 4000 and 8000 series 1980 1981 1000 Bytes 4000 2000 Bytes 8000 40 25 4000 or 80 25 8000 Mono on 12 Mono monitor Full Limited 320x200 Mono 4000 or 640x200 Mono 8000 Semi 80 50 Mono 4000 or 160 50 Mono 8000 using part of its pseudo graphic characters set 40 25 4000 or 80 25 8000 BG SG No NoneLNW 80 1982 1K or 2K 80 24 64 16 or 32 16 8 colors Full 480 192 2 colors or 384x192 8 colors Semi 160 72 or 128 48 8 colors 480 192 64 16 LC BG NoLOBO MAX 80 1982 1K or 2K 80 24 or 64 16 Mono Full Limited 640x240 or 512x192 Mono via programmable character set Semi 160 72 or 128 48 Mono 80x24 or 64x16 Yes 148 MicroBee 1982 4K 149 150 64 16 151 Mono 152 Full 17 limited modes from 512x128 to 512x256 Mono in steps of 8 lines 153 Semi 128 48 154 155 Mono 64x16 151 YesSony SMC 70 1982 38KB 156 40 25 or 80 25 2 colors 160 100 320 200 16 colors 640 200 4 colors or 640 400 2 colors 40 25 or 80 25 160 100 320 200 640 200 640 400 LC yes n of 16 Genlocker G amp P versions 157 Without independent text mode s Edit System name Year Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique featuresCamputers Lynx 1983 32K 158 Full 40 24 159 Text in 256 252 Graphics 8 colors Semi Presumably 80x72 8 colors 40x24 256x252 LC No None NoneColour Genie 1982 16K 160 Full Limited 40 24 161 Text in 320 192 162 163 Graphics using 8 8 pixel programmable characters 16 colors Semi 160x96 164 4 colors or presumably 80 72 165 16 colors 40x24 161 160x96 164 LC BG SG Yes 4 of 16 Programmable characters 166 Sharp X1 CZ 800C 1982 48000 bytes 167 168 169 40 25 Text in 320 200 Graphics 80 25 in 640 200 73 170 171 172 8 colors 320 200 640 200 LC yes None 173 174 powerful APA color PCG 175 Casio FX 9000P 1980 4K 32 16 Text in 256 128 73 Graphics Mono 256x128 None Other models Edit System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel unique featuresText GraphicsCompucolor II 1977 SMSC CRT5027 4K 176 64 32 or 64 16 8 colors on 13 built in color screen Full Limited 512x256 8 colors Semi 128 128 177 8 colors or presumably 128 96 8 colors or 128x48 8 colors through block graphics characters included in the font 64x16 or 64x32 128x128 BG said to be the first color home computer on the market very nice graphics for the timeComx 35 and clones 1983 CDP1869 CDP1870 3K 178 40 24 179 8 foreground colors 4 per 6 8 or 6 9 pixels 1 per 6 pixel line 8 background colors for the whole screen Full Limited 240 192 NTSC 240x216 PAL 240x384 expanded RAM 180 8 foreground colors 4 per 6 8 or 6 9 pixels 1 per 6 pixel line 8 background colors for the whole screen Semi 80 72 181 120 96 182 8 foreground colors 4 per 6 8 or 6 9 pixels 1 per 6 pixel line 8 background colors for the whole screen 40x24 BG SG 183 Yes 8 foregrounds 8 background out of Durango F 85 1977 Intel 8275 2 KB 80 24 or 64 16 Mono on 9 built in CRT Semi Presumably 160x72 or 128x48 Mono 80x24 or 64x16 LC BGMZ 700 184 1982 M60719 185 2000 Bytes 186 40 25 8 colors full Limited 320x200 8 colors semi 80 50 65 8 colors 40x25 LC BG SG NoPC 8001 1979 iPD3301D 3K 16K 48K 40 20 40 25 80 20 or 80 25 8 colors Full 320x200 or 640x200 8 colors Semi 160 100 187 188 8 colors 320x200 or 640x200 80x25 LC BG NoRobotron 1715 1984 Intel 8275 2 KB 80 24 or 64 16 Mono Semi Presumably 160x72 or 128x48 Mono 80x24 or 64x16 LC BG for 1715W model had two switchable ROMs for Cyrillic Latin lettersTelmac TMC 600 1982 CDP1869 CDP1870 1K 189 Presumably 40x24 8 colors Semi 80x72 8 colors 40x24 LC NoMatra Alice 32 90 and clones and Philips VG5000 1984 EF9345 8K 32 16 40 25 or 80 25 9 colors Full 160 125 or 320 250 190 16 colors Semi 64x32 80x50 or 160x50 9 colors 32x16 40x25 80x25 LC BG 3 100 user definable characters but only in 40 25 text mode Full and half intensity foreground plus background out of 8 DR Video Input 191 Systems using a Video Interface Controller Edit MC6847 or second source Edit System name Year Chip name Video mode s color resolution Font extras HW accel Sprite detailsText GraphicsAcorn Atom APF Imagination Machine GEM 1000 Charlemagne 999 192 Laser 100 110 Laser 200 210 and 310 193 SPC 1000 later models TRS 80 MC 10 and clones 1979 1980 1981 1983 1985 194 MC6847 32 16 9 colors 195 Full 64 64 4 colors 128 64 128 96 128 192 2 or 4 colors or 256 192 2 colors Semi 64x32 111 9 colors or 64x48 112 4 colors 64 64 128 64 128 96 128 192 or 256 192 64x32 or 64x48 BG 196 NoneSPC 1000 early models 1983 AMI S68047NEC PC 6001 1981 M5C6847P 1 Full 64 64 4 colors 128 64 128 96 128 192 2 or 4 colors 256 128 or 256 192 2 colors Semi 64x32 9 colors or 64x48 4 or 9 colors 64 64 128 64 128 96 128 192 256 128 or 256 192 64x32 or 64x48TRS 80 Color Computer 1 amp 2 and clones 197 1980 MC6847 198 MC6883 Full 64 64 4 colors 128 64 128 96 128 192 2 or 4 colors or 256 192 Semi 64 32 64 64 64x96 or 64x192 199 111 9 colors 64 48 112 4 colors 64 64 128 64 128 96 128 192 or 256 192 64 32 64 48 64 64 64x96 or 64x192 BG 200 The MC6883 could actually be used as a limited sort of sprite hardware in semigraphics modes making them in practice limited 256x192x9 graphics modesOther models Edit With independent text mode s Edit System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel Sprite details unique featuresText GraphicsVIC 20 1980 VIC 201 506 bytes 506 nibbles 202 22 23 203 16 colors upper 8 unusable as foreground Technically full 160 160 16 colors upper 8 unusable as foreground or more in special cases or limited 176 184 16 colors upper 8 unusable as foreground Semi technically 44x46 16 colors upper 8 unusable as foreground using part of its PETSCII character set 204 22 23 203 LC BG SG 205 Yes not really but something similar could be done by manipulating the four colors out of sixteen chosen for each tile or the global background color The VIC chip allowed a character generator in RAM to redefine the pixel by pixel depictions of the on screen characters and it allowed for double height characters 8 pixels wide 16 pixels high It was possible to get a fully addressable 160 by 160 screen by filling the screen with a sequence of 200 different double height characters then turning on the pixels selectively inside the RAM based character definitions The 200 character limitation was so that enough bytes would be left over for the screen character grid itself to remain addressable by the VIC chip The Super Expander cartridge provided such a mode in BASIC although it often had to move the BASIC program around in memory to do it It was also possible to fill a larger area of the screen with addressable graphics using a more dynamic allocation scheme if the contents were sparse or repetitive enough The VIC 20 had hardware support for a Light pen but its most obvious features were its text mode with very wide characters and its built in composite video output and the NTSC VIC s interlaced mode 206 Commodore 64 1982 VIC II 16K 40 25 16 colors Full 160 200 207 or 320 200 16 colors semi 80 50 16 colors using part of its pseudo graphic characters set 40x25 LC BG SG 1 320 px or 3 160 px foreground 1 background out of 16 SP SC S 8 SS 24 21 12 21 SC 1 SP 8 ManyCommodore 65 1991 VIC III up to 500K supported 208 40 25 or 80 25 16 colors full 160 200 160 400 209 320 200 320 400 640 200 640 400 1280 200 or 1280 400 up to 256 colors semi 80 50 or 160x50 16 colors using part of its pseudo graphic characters set 40x25 160 200 160 400 209 320 200 320 400 640 200 640 400 1280 200 or 1280 400 4096 210 SP SC BL All the Commodore 64 plus DMA blitter support amp genlock Commodore 16 116 and Plus 4 1984 TED 8K 40 25 16 colors Full 160 200 207 or 320 200 121 colors semi 80 50 16 colors using part of its pseudo graphic characters set 40x25 1 320 px or 3 160 px foreground 1 background out of 121 None Some 211 IBM PCjr amp Tandy 1000 1984 Video Gate Array 6845 PCjr 212 Tandy proprietary chip 213 32K 214 40 25 or 80 25 16 colors Full 160 200 320 200 4 or 16 colors or 640 200 2 or 4 colors semi 160 100 215 16 colors 40 25 or 80x25 160 200 207 320 200 or 640 200 LC No 2 or 4 out of 16IBM PS 1 1990 VGA 128K Commonly 80 25 40 25 80 43 or 80 50 16 colors on 14 Monitor Commonly 640 480 640 400 640 350 16 colors or 320 200 16 or 256 colors 73 Commonly 640 480 640 400 640 350 or 320 200 LC Yes 216 16 or 256 colors out of a 262144 colors palette 6 bit per RGB channel SC Video tweaking Without independent text mode s Edit System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel Sprite details unique featuresAcorn Archimedes 217 1987 VIDC1 480KB from system RAM Text sized by software in Flexible Graphics no more than 256 colors e g 800 600 16cols 73 up to 1152x896 LC Yes 16 groups of 16 from 4096 SP S 1 218 SS 32 n SC 3 SP 1Acorn RiscPC 1994 VIDC20 2MB 1MB Text sized by software in Flexible Graphics up to 16M colors e g 1600 1200 256cols 73 219 up to 1600x1200 In lt 256 color modesNEC PC 8801 1981 SGP 220 48K Full 80 25 Text in 640 200 Graphics 640 400 2 colors 40 25 in 320 200 or 320 400 8 colors 221 Semi 160 100 222 8 colors 160x100 222 640 200 640 400 320 200 or 320 400 LC BG SG Yes 8 or 2 out of 512 223 No early highres supportVideoBrain 1978 UV 201 amp UV 202 224 168 bytes 225 384x336i 226 Graphics 16 colors 16 7 Text in 128x56 227 Semigraphics 16 colors 16 7 384x336i SG 228 No NoneSystems using a video co processor Edit With independent text mode s Edit System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel Sprite details unique featuresText GraphicsAtari 8 bit family 229 1979 ANTIC plus CTIA GTIA 18K of 64K 230 32 40 48 24 30 16 20 24x24 30 or 16 20 24x12 15 231 2 5 colors 32 40 48x24 30 232 64 80 96x48 60 64 80 96x96 120 128 160 192x96 120 128 160 192x192 240 2 or 4 colors 256 320 384x192 240 2 colors 64 80 96 192 240 233 9 16 8 or 16 colors 32 40 48x24 30 64 80 96x48 60 64 80 96x96 120 128 160 192x96 120 128 160 192x192 240 64 80 96 192 240 LC BG SG 234 Yes 235 16 out of 128 with FGTIA or GTIA or 256 only with GTIA SP SC S 4 4 or 5 SS 8 2 or 5 256 max SC 1 SP 4 4 or 5 Many especially hardware support for a Light pen and the Display list Possibly the most capable hardware of the early 80s considering it was designed in the 70s Coleco Adam VTech CreatiVision MSX1 236 Pencil 2 Memotech MTX 237 Sega SC 3000 Sord M5 SV 318 and SV 328 Tatung Einstein TI 99 4 TI 99 4A Tomy Tutor Pyuuta 1979 1984 TMS9918A 238 16K 32 24 239 16 colors or 40 24 2 colors Full 256 192 16 colors Semi 64 48 16 colors 32x24 32 192 LC BG SG 240 241 Yes None SP TE S 32 SS 8 8 16 16 SC 1 SP 4 The TMS9918 was designed for the TI 99 4 it has text characters of 8x8 32 characters per line or 8x6 pixels 40 characters per line and features limited attribute clash colour limitations it has 32 monochrome sprites of 8x8 or 16x16 pixels MSX2 MSX2 TurboR 242 1986 1988 Yamaha V9938 Yamaha V9958 64K 128K or 192K 243 32 24 32 26 5 16 colors 40 24 40 26 5 2 colors 80 24 or 80 26 5 244 4 colors Full 256 192p 256 212p 256 384i 256 424i 4 16 or 256 later also 12499 or 19268 colors 512 192p 512 212p 512 384i 512 424i 4 or 16 colors Semi 64 48p 64x53p 64x96i or 64x106i 16 colors 32 24 40 24 80 24 32 26 5 40 26 5 or 80 26 5 244 32x192 256 192p 512 192p 256 212p 512 212p 256 384i 512 384i 256 424i 512 424i LC BG SG Yes 2 4 or 16 out of 512 colors SP TE SC 245 BL DR S 32 SS 8 8 16 16 SC 16 246 SP 8 Many unique features 247 P2000T 248 1980 SAA5243 249 960 Bytes 40 24 8 colors Semi 80 72 8 colors 40 24 LC BG No None One of the earliest systems with color Teletext graphicsWithout independent text mode s Edit System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel Sprite details unique featuresFM 7 1982 MC6809 48K 96 or 144K in AV mode 250 40 25 or 40 20 Text in 320x200 251 Graphics 4096 colors for FM 77AV and AV20 or 262144 colors for FM 77AV40 or 80 25 80 20 Text in 640x200 252 Graphics 8 colors 320x200 or 640x200 LC Yes None 320x200x4096 colors for FM 77AV and AV20 or 262144 colors for FM 77AV40 and 640 200 8 colors without color limitations 253 Amiga first generation 254 1985 Agnus 255 and Denise 256 1M Chip RAM 257 Any Text size up to 80 32 80x64 in interlaced mode 258 in 320 200p 640 200p 320 400i or 640 400i 73 259 Graphics 2 to 64 colors and 4096 colors 320 200p 640 200p 320 400i or 640 400i 259 LC Yes 2 to 32 colors out of 4096 colors BL SP SC DR S 8 260 SS 16 wide arbitrary height SC 3 or 15 261 SP 8 Many unique features 262 Amiga second generation 263 1990 Super Agnus 255 and Hires Denise 264 1M or 2M Chip RAM Any Text size up to 160 32 160x64 in interlaced mode in NTSC Graphics 320 200 640 200 320 400 640 400 265 2 to 64 colors and 4096 colors 1280 200p or 1280x400i 4 colors PAL Graphics 320x256 640x256 320x512 640x512 265 2 to 64 colors and 4096 colors 1280 256p or 1280x512i 4 colors 73 NTSC 320 200 640 200 320 400 640 400 1280 200p or 1280x400i PAL 320x256 640x256 320x512 640x512 1280 256p or 1280x512i even more unique features 266 Amiga Third generation 267 1992 Advanced Graphics Architecture AGA 268 2M Chip RAM Any Text size up to 160 32 160x64 in interlaced mode 100x75 in Super72 mode in NTSC 320 200 1280 400 Graphics 2 to 256 4096 to 262144 colors PAL 320 256 1280 512 Graphics 2 to 256 4096 to 262144 colorsVGA 640 480 2 to 256 4096 to 262144 colorsSuper72 400 300 800 600 interlaced 73 Graphics 2 to 256 4096 to 262144 colors NTSC 320 200 1280 400 PAL 320 256 1280 512VGA 640 480Super72 400 300 800 600 interlaced 2 to 256 colors out of 16 777 216 colors S 8 SS 64 wide arbitrary height SC 2 or 15 SP 8 still more unique features 269 Atari Falcon 1992 VIDEL COMBEL Blitter 1 to 14M Chip RAM Any Text size up to 160 32 in CRT 320 200 to 1600 608 Graphics 2 4 16 256 colors indexed 32768 colors overlay 65536 colors Hi Color VGA 640 480 or 800 608 73 Graphics 2 4 16 256 colors indexed 32768 colors overlay 65536 colors Hi Color CRT 320 200 to 1600 608 VGA 640 480 or 800 608 2 to 65536 colors out of 262 144 colors BL scan doublerSystems that fall into multiple classifications Edit For these systems it is established that they are based on multiple technologies The hardware chosen to be used by these systems may have a substantial or insubstantial impact on the video they output System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette support HW accel Sprite details unique featuresText GraphicsAcorn Eurocard systems 270 1980 MC6845 SAA5050 1K 40 25 8 colors Semi 80 75 8 colors 40x25 LC BG No NoneCommodore CBM II Series 1982 MC6845 VIC II 2000 Bytes with CRTC 16K with video interface controller 80 25 Mono on 12 Mono monitor with CRTC or 40x25 16 colors with video interface controller Full limited 640 200 Mono with CRTC or 160x200 or 320x200 16 colors with video interface controller Semi 160 50 Mono with CRTC or 80 50 16 colors with video interface controller using part of its pseudo graphic characters set 80 25 with CRTC or 40x25 with video interface controller LC with video interface controller BG SG 1 320 px or 3 160 px foreground 1 background out of 16 with video interface controller SP SC with video interface controller S 8 SS 24 21 12 21 SC 1 SP 8 with video interface controllerCommodore 128 1985 VIC IIE 40 column mode VDC 80 column mode 16K 16K 128 or 64K 128D dedicated to VDC 40 25 80 25 or 80 50 16 colors 271 Full 160 200 207 or 320 200 40 column mode 640 200 or 640 400 80 column mode 16 colors semi 80 50 160x50 or 160x100 16 colors using part of its pseudo graphic characters set 40x25 40 column mode 640x200 or 640x400 80 column mode 1 320 px or 3 160 px foreground 1 background out of 16 40 column mode SP SC 40 column mode BL 80 column mode S 8 SS 24 21 12 21 SC 1 SP 8 40 column mode Uses two different video circuits 272 Amstrad CPC 1984 1990 MC6845 ASIC 16K 20 25 16 colors 40 25 4 colors or 80 25 273 274 2 colors 160 200 16 colors 320 200 4 colors or 640 200 73 275 2 colors 160 200 320 200 or 640 200 LC Yes 17 of 27 original 32 of 4096 Plus SC SP Plus S 16 276 SS 16 16 277 SC 1 SP 16 Plus 3 level RGB original screen control 278 Plus BBC Micro 1981 MC6845 SAA5050 20K max 279 280 80 32 or 80 25 2 colors 40 32 2 or 4 colors 40 25 2 4 or 8 colors 281 20 32 4 or 8 colors Full 640 256 640 200 282 2 colors 320 256 320 200 2 or 4 colors or 160 256 4 or 8 colors Semi 80 75 283 8 colors 640 256 320 256 160 256 640 200 or 320 200 40x25 LC BG No 16 284 None Teletext mode shadow RAM support 285 NEC PC 6001 MKII 1983 1984 MC6845 M5C6847P 1 50K 32 16 or 40x20 later also 40x25 80x20 or 80x25 9 or 16 colors Full 64 64 4 or 16 colors 128 64 128 96 128 192 2 4 or 16 colors 256 128 256 192 2 or 16 colors 160x200 320x200 4 or 16 colors later also 640x200 4 colors Semi 64x32 9 or 16 colors or 64x48 4 9 or 16 colors or 80x40 16 colors later also 80x50 160x40 160x50 16 colors 64 64 128 64 128 96 128 192 256 128 256 192 160x200 320x200 later also 640x200 32 16 or 40x20 later also 40x25 80x20 or 80x25 2 or 4 of 16 Polycorp Poly 1 1980 2 x SAA5050 SAA5020 discrete logic 48K 40 24 80x20 8 colors Full 240x204 or 480x204 8 colors Semi 80 72 286 8 colors 240x204 or 480x204 40 24 None Also used three Teletext chips designed for TV s 287 Sharp X68000 1987 VINAS 1 2 VSOP CYNTHIA Jr RESERVE 288 1056K 289 from 16 16 to 128 128 290 256 colors from 256 256 to 1024 1024 73 256 colors from 256 256 to 1024 1024 LC Yes 291 65 536 Palette SP S 128 SS 16 16 SC 16 SP 32 special hardware options 292 Systems that could not be classified Edit For these systems it could not be established what technology they are based on therefore some information regarding them may be inaccurate System name Year Chip name Video RAM Video mode s color resolution Font extras soft fonts palette supportText GraphicsAgat series 1983 Unknown 8 KB 32 32 16 colors 64x64 16 colors 128x128 8 colors or 256 256 2 colors 64x64 128x128 or 256 256 LC Unknown n out of 16Orao 1984 up to 24 KB 32 32 up to 8 Gray levels Full 256 256 up to 8 Gray levels Semi 64x96 up to 8 Gray levels 32x32 256x256 YesVector 06C 1987 32 KB 32 32 2 or 16 colors or 64x32 293 2 or 4 colors 256 256 2 or 16 colors or 512x256 2 or 4 colors 73 256 256 or 512x256 Unknown 256See also EditList of computer hardware palettes Semi graphical characters Text semigraphics Video Display ControllerNotes Edit History of the C64 as gaming platform Some of the graphics capabilities of the 1982 VIC II chip designed at a time that other systems could only generate much more primitive graphics Actually the real figure is more complex it s 6144 bits of which 5760 bits were actually used This is so because the video data was stored not in RAM but in six Signetics 2504 Dynamic shift registers which each held 1024 bits But only 40 24 960 locations in the shift register were actually used the six bits per character location were only enough to address 64 characters A Signetics 2513 character generator ROM held only uppercase characters and some other alphanumerical characters in a 5 7 matrix The Datapoint used shift registers for its video RAM and used the power line frequency timing 50 or 60 cycles per second for a complete refresh cycle When writing to the Display the CPU had to wait for the next window which came 50 or 60 times a second Then the CPU could write a single character or with special software multiple characters up to all 960 oldcomputers com entry tells us that the Mupid was developed between 1981 and 1983 Archived from the original on 2010 11 21 Retrieved 2012 10 14 2K 32 bits woorden per karakter zie user generated graphic symbols lie at the heart of the Mupid s graphics capabilities TU Graz page about how the Mupid came to be The SOL 20 used the Motorola 6574 character generator ROM as a basis the first 32 characters in the Motorola character generator ROM contained special pseudo graphics characters mostly line drawing characters and such For the ASCII BELL code there was a simple bell shape in the character set Alternatively the character ROM could produce two letter abbreviations of the ASCII control characters even earlier than the SOL 20 were the many early S100 bus based systems one could also insert a video card into some were very primitive but many had very good graphics capabilities one such an S100 based system was the ECD Corporation s Micro Mini A very capable early S100 video card was the Merlin intelligent video interface by MiniTerm associates Perhaps the most famous one at the time was the Cromemco Dazzler However all S100 based systems fall outside the scope of this article as this article describes complete and standardized systems not just video cards according to user s manual There is no real video RAM as the display is mostly built up using software for purposes other than the character generator driven 32 16 display more RAM could be used Common hacked Galaksija 1 firmware allows character definitions to be switched out line by line like the MC6883 does corresponding Galaksija 2 graphics mode permits full graphics derived from an 8x13 character matrix Using 2 3 text semigraphics characters like the TRS 80 on an 8 13 pixels per character matrix this means that one of the rows was 4 pixels high instead of 3 note that the pixels were separated by a 1 pixel wide barrier this was necessary because the bottom last row of pixels of any character had to be black as it was this row that was used during times when not displaying the visible area of the screen the default Character generator EEPROM did not support lowercase due to a special software trick the Galaksija could do smooth scrolling The OSI Superboard II was also famous for being the first system for which Microsoft BASIC in ROM was available Virtual clone of Ohio Scientific Superboard II computer with an improved text mode as the original used a less useful 32 32 text mode 1 5K with color RAM slot populated Presumably the Compukit UK101 could access this mode alternating used and unused lines of a 64x32 matrix a b c d selectable by a poke to the keyboard register actually only an area of 24 24 or 48x15 alternating used and unused lines of a 48x30 matrix visible the area outside that wasn t normally visible on a TV and therefore not used by the software actually only an area of 192x192 or 384x120 visible the area outside that wasn t normally visible on a TV and therefore not used by the software actually only an area of 48X72 or 96x45 visible the area outside that wasn t normally visible on a TV and therefore not used by the software Ferranti ULA 2C184E 2C210E integrates the video logic of the ZX80 into one circuit In fact unlike any other system except the ZX81 the ZX80 used a flexible display buffer that contained no more than the absolute number of bytes that is one byte for each character displayed from the start of a line plus an end of line byte because the display was completely under software control some very ingenious games managed to generate a true high resolution display potentially with a 256 192 resolution Using the eight text semigraphics characters plus the inverse video option it was possible to display a very coarse 64 48 point addressable mode slow mode meant that BASIC programs only could generate a display or do computing work not both at the same time while displaying a picture the only other task the ZX80 did was waiting for a key press Some assembler programs managed to overcome the problem The ZX80 successor the ZX81 overcame the problem by using the time between two display frames to do some computing Using 2 3 Videotex block graphics text semigraphics Somewhat like the Sinclair Spectrum with its parallel attributes the serial attributes of the Oric could using an amount of video memory that was just big enough for a monochrome display create a color display with many extra features In Oric s case they were double height characters blinking characters switching between text and high res graphics on the screen switching between character sets from character ROM or programmable character sets switching the eight fore and background colors and more However it came with the price that the screen was difficult to manage and that the attributes took up six consecutive pixels a character on the screen in which only the background color could be displayed Reference see 1 Archived 2010 02 15 at the Wayback Machine And the plethora of its clones see List of Apple II clones The Apple II has a 1K text buffer for the 40 24 text mode or the 40 48 low resolution graphics mode and an 8K frame buffer for the 280 192 High resolution graphics mode But because Apple had two text and two graphics pages the total reserved memory for video is 18K The first text low resolution page runs from 0400H to 07FFH the second from 0800H to 0BFFH The first high resolution frame buffer runs from 2000H to 3FFFH and the second one from 4000H to 5FFFH in a 5 7 dot matrix with one pixel on either side of characters and a one dot high space between each line a b There are six colors available in the High Resolution Graphics mode black white orange blue green and violet Each dot can be black white or color although not all colors are available for every dot If a pixel would be 0 then the corresponding pixel would become black if it was 1 it would become either white or color Which color a pixel in a 7 pixel line of dots would become was determined both by the eighth bit of the pixel data byte but also by its bit location in the byte If the bit was in the leftmost column on the screen or in any even numbered column then it would appear violet If the bit was in the rightmost pixel column or any odd numbered column it would become green except when two even and odd pixels were on alongside each other then both pixels would be white All this is true for all seven pixels of a display byte where its eighth bit would be 0 off if this bit was turned on to 1 then the violet and green would be exchanged by blue and orange except in revision 0 board which could only display 4 colors black white green and violet because the eighth bit of the display byte had no effect The Apple only displayed 7 pixels of each byte of the frame buffer the eighth one was used to determine which color combinations the pixels of the other seven bits could have exchanging the character set for blocks of 1x2 pixels a b each byte of text mode RAM was divided in two nibbles The lower nibble determined the color of the top block the upper nibble determined the color of the lower block The sixteen available bit combinations produced fifteen unique colors as the two grays were identical in shade the colors were according to the official documentation black magenta dark blue purple dark green grey 1 medium blue light blue brown orange grey 2 pink light green yellow aquamarine white half the pixel resolution Characters could also be inverted or blinking The arrangement was not completely ASCII compatible Characters from 00H to 3FH were inverted from 40H to 7FH were flashing from 80H to BFH the normal set Later models added first lowercase and then also line drawing characters from C0 to DFH so that all 256 combinations were used In high or low resolution graphics mode the Apple could replace the bottom 32 display lines with a four line text caption allowing for the simultaneous display of text and graphics With clever programming the actual resolution of the screen of 512 240 could be put to good use Per default the firmware filled the programmable character set with pseudo graphics symbols like the PET and the Superboard II and UK101 which could be used to build larger simple graphical figures like a Stick figure Limited graphics modes were possible by programming the 128 8 8 pixel programmable characters one way is to dedicate 64 of them to program 2 3 pseudo graphics characters text semigraphics like the TRS 80 which would make a 128 90 pseudo graphics mode possible 128 permanent characters and 128 free definable 8 8 pixel characters The Ferguson Big Board was notorious for being a variant of the microprocessor board for the much maligned Xerox 820 office computer A descendant of this computer the Xerox 8 16 supported 640x256 graphics 320x96 semigraphics on the Xerox 820 II the Xerox 820 II was a variant of this computer which also supported semigraphics derived from Videotext mode feature 1984 model for 128x32 display memory a b Window on display memory 2K VRAM 2K Character RAM according to old computers com 2 Archived 2010 11 22 at the Wayback Machine and according to this self portrait picture 3 8 8 pixel characters For each character position there was an attribute byte from C500 to C7FF in memory see 4 translate with Babelfish The three least significant bits 0 1 amp 2 determined the foreground color and the next three bits 3 4 amp 5 the background color from LSB to MSB in the order blue red green Bit six was used to switch between predefined and software defined characters A similar scheme was used when one of the 16 semi graphics characters was chosen where two attribute bytes were used for each of the sixteen block combinations to determine the color of each quadrant of the semi graphics character Not point addressable but through the 8 8 pixel programmable character set 64 48 by using one of the 16 available characters with a 4 4 pixel quarter character text semigraphics pattern 1K for fonts 128 8 8 characters and 1K for character data 768 bytes 64 48 using TRS 80 style text semigraphics for basic system the Hires expansion board had its own 16K Video RAM 2 4 or 16 tints with Hires expansion board grayscale with monochrome monitor and composite interface only color with color monitor and composite or TTL RGB interface a b Code table 1 contained 16 text semigraphics characters with all combinations of a 2 2 matrix of blocks on and off to use to create a pseudo all points addressable 80 50 mode The MZ 80 K had very poor graphics capabilities but the large sets of well chosen pseudo graphic characters made it possible to still create some enjoyable games especially when the MZ700 came out which added color Only seven bits of each byte are defined The 85 1 and 87 also offer semigraphics but this mode uses a higher 40x24 resolution Some of its many clones used CRTCs Actually there were only seven 1024 1 bit RAMs used in the Model I to store the seven bits per character but there was an unpopulated socket for an eighth RAM That is also why lowercase could not easily be accomplished Of the 128 possible characters 64 were used for the pseudographics and the remaining 64 came from a character generator PROM that only contained uppercase characters actually exists in the Model I character set but Model I needs an eighth chip which BASIC needs to be disabled to display it each character mapped to a matrix of 2 3 pixels to generate a semi high resolution mode No Video RAM arbitration logic meant that writing to the screen caused a lot of black snow that is black stripes in the screen during write accesses a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v In theory it was possible to draw block graphics on the real high resolution screen but it was mostly pointless to do this in practice 16 colors or shades of green The framebuffer was built out of discrete logic but a PAL generated the video timing signals basically the VDU was built using discrete logic but a Ferranti ZNA134 was used to generate the video timing pulses Depending on the resolution 715 1430 bytes 2860 5720 bytes 11440 22880 bytes or 15840 31680 bytes of RAM was used a b blocky versions of the high resolution graphics mode The ZNA134 actually generated the correct video timing pulses for lines of 66 characters but the VDU generally would not display these extra columns in text mode In 4 color mode the logical palette per line was limited to one foreground and one background color and in 16 color mode it was limited to four In either mode only one palette color was allowed to be changed at a time Calculated as 288 256 pixels 8 9216 bytes for pixel data and 384 bytes for grayscale data 2 bits per pixel for each of the 48 6 pixel rows per line assuming 6 8 pixels per character details are unclear soft fonts as characters are drawn only in a graphics mode screen no text mode hardware exists Most likely at least 16 to maintain backward compatibility a b Part of regular RAM and size depending on graphic resolution 64 32 when using 1 4 displaystyle tfrac 1 4 K of RAM 64 64 when using 1 2 displaystyle tfrac 1 2 K of RAM 64x128 with 1K of RAM a b in practice text was often drawn in the low resolution graphics mode especially when using the CHIP 8 programming system With the CDP 1862 also on board either computer could display 8 colors per pixel on a background that could be chosen from 4 colors boosting its Video RAM support up to 3K 64x48 when using 384 Bytes of RAM 64x96 when using 768 Bytes of RAM 64x192 with 1 5K of RAM With the CDP 1862 also on board any of these could display 8 colors per pixel on a background that could be chosen from 4 colors boosting its Video RAM support up to 4 5K The Apple IIe used two ASICs the MMU and IOU to replace most of the discrete logic of the Apple II All comments for the Apple II apply to the IIe but the IIe has additional capabilities And Apple IIc Plus which has identical graphics capabilities has all the capabilities of the Apple IIe and an improved character set Most of the discrete logic of earlier Apple IIs has reimplemented in two ASICs a memory management unit MMU and an input output unit IOU These chips were also used in the IIc The Apple IIe used 1K of auxiliary slot RAM for the 80 column text mode and 8K of auxiliary slot RAM for Double Hi Res A 64K expansion the Extended 80 Column Card was most commonly installed though Apple also briefly offered a 1K card that only enabled 80 column text a b effectively the color resolution was only 140 192 due to pixel placement restriction using the resolution doubler originally developed for the double low resolution mode uses the second bank of high resolution RAM double low resolution mode using the extra 1K text mode The Apple IIc now used a small part of the character set to display special mouse graphics symbols and the character ROM was doubled in size so it was possible to switch to a character set that could display extra local language characters and symbols such as accented letters such as a e c etc The Apple IIe used a hardware character generator but could not mix text and graphics except by displaying four lines of text beneath the graphics screen also the text was strictly black and white so often text on the screen was displayed using software so colored text could be displayed in different fonts Video Graphics Chip using almost half of the system s 4 KB resulting in only 1 7 KB for BASIC programs 16 foreground and 16 background colors per character using TRS 80 like 2 3 Text semigraphics characters available in the font Soft logic implementation of MC6847 plus higher color and higher resolution graphics modes For real 256 color mode in theory displays artifacts on composite connection GIME processed modes use 8x9 or 8x12 character cells 8 foreground 8 background 9 for legacy 32x16 mode Only intermediate modes available in hardware are 200 lines and glitchy 210 lines where GIME continues processing the last line of real color data forever a b c The characterset includes 8 one set for each color 16 characters with a 2 2 pixel matrix with this a mixed text and semi graphics mode can be created that can display pixels in 8 colors against a black background albeit with some color clash a b c Another semigraphics mode like the 64 32 mode but exchanging a more limited number of colors for a somewhat higher resolution palette of 512 colors The series of Soviet home computers based on PDP 11 architecture The K1801VP1 037 with 600 logic elements It was one of the biggest problems of BK which wasn t corrected even in updated 0011 model that had 128 KB of memory as 16 KB was VP1 037 s hardwired limit due to the low gate count of its host PLA BK 0011 only VDC lacked hardware text modes so they were simulated in software by BIOS routines The 0011 model had an updated BIOS that could display narrow symbols It also had some limited palette support 16 hardwired 4 color sets selectable from a 64 color palette BK s VDC was rather primitive and lacked most advanced features except hardware scrolling implemented through software controlled framebuffer offset register However the fact that the screen output was almost entirely software generated together with powerful 16 bit CPU made possible seamless integration of text and graphics with escape sequence controlled composite output and Enterprise 128 which is the same machine only with more memory also known as DPC Samurai Oscar Elan and Flan In LORES mode using half as much memory the horizontal resolution is halved while the number of colors remain the same In any mode except 256 color mode it was possible to choose the colors for the restricted set out of the 256 available colors The Enterprise s Nick chip could be programmed to do more than the built in software supported so the mentioned resolutions are meant as what the built in software supported not as what the hardware could actually do it s very hard to get reliable data as to what the Nick chip could actually do These figures are gathered from the Enterprise programming guide and Oric Atmos which is the same system only with a better keyboard and improved ROM The STRATOS IQ 164 was almost identical but was planning to support 16 colors Although never released it inspired the French TELESTRAT which is also very similar to the Oric 1 but was to have 80 column text mode and CP M When in text mode it reads 40 bytes in memory to display a 240 pixel line that is it uses six bits per byte six bits are used to choose one of the 64 available characters in the current character set which could be switched the other two bits are used to choose whether either to display the character or to process an attribute If both bits are zero then the character is simply displayed If not then space is displayed in the current background color The most significant bit is a video reverse bit When an attribute byte is encountered it immediately affects the rest of the line and can switch foreground and background color switch between character sets change the height of the character switch to graphics mode and more Oric also had a programmable character set through a programmable character set Unnamed FPGA based VLSI further details unknown Made by VLSI Technology no nickname known contents designed by Bruce Gordon 6 12 or 24K 2 2 2 1 bit RGBI Ferranti 6C001E ULA Eight colors but with two brightness levels however the color black is repeated twice it was the same with each brightness level so actually there are just 15 color tints The Sinclair Spectrum high resolution screen has serious color limitations Each 8 8 pixel block can have only one set of foreground and background colors This is because of the separate 768 byte color table one byte for each 8 8 pixel block In each of these bytes the lower three bits 0 2 are the background color the next three higher bits 3 5 are the foreground color and the two remaining high order bits were used for a bright 6th and a blinking 7th bit The color limitations of this design can cause some heavy attribute clashes for which the Spectrum is indeed infamous For more information see ZX Spectrum graphic modes Timex s own CPLD called an SCLD made by NCR Corporation for Sinclair Type TS 2068 PAL in a 68 pin QFP The Copper is a simple programmed system which allows certain Next Registers to be altered automatically at certain scanline positions This is how the QL physically simulated up to 256 colors but an RF connection did not copy this effect to a TV reliably In 256 256 eight color mode the QL uses one nibble four bits per pixel three bits are used for the color itself leaving one bit per pixel which is used for turning hardware blinking on or off on a per pixel basis 8000 bytes for pixels 6000 bytes for color attributes either 7000 or 8000 bytes for TO7 70 The TO7 used a complex system with color restrictions Each line is split into 40 spans of 8 pixels and each span can only have two different colors among eight or sixteen in the case of the TO7 70 This allows representing 8 pixels with 14 16 bits two three bit palette entries either these and one common intensity bit or two four bit palette entries in the case of the TO7 70 and 8 one bit pixel entries instead of 24 bits or 32 in the case of the TO7 70 Depending on the boot floppy used the Aster reconfigured its internal memory map for use as a TRS 80 compatible machine or a fully CP M compatible machine including the location in the internal memory map of the video memory In TRS 80 mode it used 1K 16 lines of 64 characters and used all 8 bits of the character to support a full set of 256 characters and in CP M compatible mode it used 2000 bytes 25 lines of 80 characters of a dedicated 2K memory using the same character set as the TRS 80 mode 160 75 only in the CP M compatible mode 80x75 only when booted with a special Videotex terminal emulator program in TRS 80 as well as in CP M mode the Aster could switch to a display mode where it would only display the odd display memory bytes at double width The 40 25 mode was initiated when the system was booted with a special Videotex terminal emulator program In both modes a hardware de snowing Video memory arbitration system system was employed that removed the bothersome snow that appeared on a TRS 80 screen whenever the system made a large number of accesses to the video memory The memory arbitration logic did not need software support so it also worked with all existing software Actually the Aster could display the TRS 80 graphics in black pixel off white pixel on and one grayscale halfway in between black and white which was accomplished by dithering the pixels in the semi graphics block with a checkerboard pattern although the original TRS 80 Model 1 did not support lowercase the Aster did It also supported a second copy of the 2 3 semi graphics set that was dithered to emulate a grey version of the TRS 80 graphics pixels and it supported a set of semi graphic characters similar to the PETSCII set The Aster system could switch on the fly between two completely different system architectures and also switched its video logic and memory map accordingly it also lowered the dot clock crystal in CP M mode so the 64 16 and 80 25 screens were equally wide Part of the character set was programmable 2K screen RAM 2K of PCG RAM for 128 8 16 characters Later models up to 56K 8K each screen attribute color 32K PCG a b Later models also 80 25 Later models 16 27 and more but only 2 per character cell Later models also 26 limited full graphics modes from 640x200 to 640x400 in steps of 8 lines and full graphics modes up to 512x512 Later models also 160 75 using the usual TRS 80 semi graphics trick by programming the font RAM with the needed 2 3 pattern VRAM 32 KB 2 KB Character RAM 2K attribute RAM and 2K Programmable font PCG RAM G version had a NTSC genlocker and P version a PAL genlocker Or less when one or more display pages were turned off The Lynx used a display page for each of the three primary colors For example when the BASIC instruction TEXT was executed the Lynx turned off the display panes for red and blue so it could reclaim of the memory for the display for bigger programs with all planes on the Lynx had just 16K left for programs and this also increased the speed of the system because the VDU did not prohibit the CPU access to the memory so often The Lynx used a trick the natural resolution of 256 pixels would have called for a display of only 32 24 but by only using 6 pixels wide characters the Lynx could fit in 40 per line only a very large software overhead was needed so the display was slow so slow in fact that the software did not scroll a text screen but simply started on the top line again Colour Genie used 4080 bytes of video RAM when displaying 160 102 graphics in 4 colors and could use page flipping to flip up to 4 different palettes of 4 colors all of which could be unique a b or 40 25 with a ROM upgrade or 320 200 with a ROM upgrade White Red Yellow Orange brown cyan magenta light blue grey light yellow violet light grey red violet bright white a b or 160 102 with upgraded ROMs or 80 75 with a ROM upgrade 128 8 8 pixel programmable characters plus 128 semi graphic characters in two sets There is some confusion here according to some sources the programmable character generator PCG of the X1 used four bits per pixel which means 64000 bytes of RAM for 640x200 pixels other data claims only 48000 bytes of VRAM Not accessed through the memory map but through the Z80 s special instructions to access the I O map Turbo series used bank switching to store pixel data for 640x400 resolution and probably 12 bit color It is not obvious whether this is an All Points Addressable mode or that these are in fact text modes that used the Programmable Character Generator of the X1 to create an illusion that High Resolution APA graphics were possible That is it is possible that the X1 had 1000 40 25 or even 2000 80 25 or even more unique programmable characters so that there could be one PCG character for each screen location It is not obvious how many unique programmable characters the X1 had only that they were programmable on a per pixel basis with 3 or 4 bits per pixel Turbo series also 80x50 in 640x400 not sure about this either in a way the PGC is a kind of sprite system The X1 had a programmable character generator that allowed per pixel programming with 3 or 4 bit per pixel data This meant that delicate color graphic building blocks could be created on the fly to create bigger full color graphic elements not only for text but more specifically for games Plus the fact that the X1 s VRAM was not memory mapped but used the Z80 unique extended I O mapping where normally the i8080 had just 256 I O locations the Z80 supported 16 bit I O addressing so the I O map could cover 64K There is confusion as to whether the X1 used 48000 or 64000 bytes of the I O map to address VRAM so all of the 64K memory maps could be RAM except for a small BIOS IPL ROM 2K for characters 2K for attributes which is 3 bits for the foreground and 3 bits for background color one bit for blinking and one bit for double height characters Most probably just a tweaked semigraphics mode dividing the text screen s characters into a 2x4 single height or 2x8 double height semigraphics matrix instead of the presumed 2x3 included in the system font 1K Video ram and 2K character RAM for 128 programmable characters 6 8 Bytes NTSC or 6 9 Bytes PAL RAM was available for 6 16 which was possible to use via assembler code In Assembler the width and or height of the characters could be doubled so 20 24 40 12 and 20 12 was also possible Using a programmable font with 128 characters 6 pixels wide and 9 pixels high that meant that not each pixel of the theoretical 240 192 240x216 or 240x384 could be individually addressed In fact at most 128 6 8 6144 128 6 9 6912 or 128x6x16 12288 individual pixels could be addressed at any one time One way to create a real high res mode was to program the character set by dividing the 6x8 or 6 9 pixels of the character into 3x2 and 3 3 zones like the TRS 80 graphics mode in this way an 80 72 point addressable high res mode was feasible using 64 characters By using the max character size of 6 16 double height and double width a resolution of 120 96 was possible using 120 characters 20x6 to fill the complete screen Except by reprogramming the 64 character set But BASIC used uppercase only Like the MZ 80K but with color added and without a built in CRT VHiMZ60719GSO Sharp s own custom VLSI 1000 bytes for 40 25 characters and another 1000 Bytes for color data 160 200 with an expansion option Most probably the PC 8001 used a pseudo graphics mode based on the 80 25 text screen with a 2 4 2x8 with expansion pseudo graphics matrix The 80 25 mode used 2000 bytes so there were 1072 bytes leftover for attributes so three bits for the foreground color and three for the background color the two remaining bits were used for invert and blinking bits 1K Video RAM and 2K character ROM Lapierre Patrice Le wiki d Alice Hardware Le wiki d Alice Retrieved 4 April 2018 The Matra Alice 90 featured video in so EF9345 graphics could be overlaid onto the input video The Rabbit 83 is probably a copy of the Belgian GEM 1000 and was also brought out with more memory as the Brazilian MC 1000 Unlike many other MC6847 based systems CoCo clones it didn t use all Motorola chips like the 6809 CPU Instead it used a Z80 and the General Instrument AY 3 8910 sound chip Graphically it was mainly let down by such a low amount of RAM that most 6847 video modes were impossible The VTech Laser 200 was also called the Salora Fellow mainly in Scandinavia particularly Finland the Texet TX8000 in the United Kingdom and the Dick Smith VZ 200 in Australia and New Zealand The Laser 100 and 110 are simpler earlier models MC 1000 two years after the other two European TVs of the time generally would not resolve the colors produced by the 6847 because they had no way to synchronize with its 60 Hz timing Two intensity levels of block graphic characters There were three models but the video display capabilities of the first two models differed only slightly Some later models of the CoCo model 2 used the MC6847T1 This semigraphics mode technically exists but the BASIC cannot access it Later models that used the MC6847T1 did support lower case or Video interface controller Pertaining to the MOS technology 6560 NTSC version and the 6561 PAL version chips These chips did more than supporting the video display they also provided the sound system and had two A D converters for its paddle game control system The VIC chip in and of itself could address 16K of address space for screen and character memory But only the 5K that points to internal RAM can be used by it on the VIC 20 even with a RAM expansion module plugged in without a hardware modification and the unexpanded VIC 20 only had a grand total of 5K of which only 512 bytes was reserved for the screen character shape data was 2K but normally came from ROM not RAM Color memory is nibble memory 4 bits per location that is separate from normal RAM because both have to be accessed at the same time a b 8 8 characters the VIC also supported 8 16 characters up to 31x29 possible on NTSC machines or up to 32x35 possible on PAL machines PETSCII contained 2x2 block graphics characters and the 22x23 standard for the VIC 20 firmware text screen was enough for PETSCII block graphics to significantly beat the Apple II s block graphics mode although mysteriously nobody really cared much about that at the time Like on the PET 256 different characters could be displayed at a time normally taken from one of the two character generators in ROM one for upper case letters and simple graphics the other for mixed case non English characters were not provided 176 184 is the standard for the VIC 20 firmware although up to 248 232p 464i is possible on an NTSC machine and 256x280 is possible on a PAL machine a b c d blocky version of 320x200 mode The VIC III would only supply fixed timings but could access all of palette RAM whichever timing it would be supplying at the time a b blocky versions of 320x200 and 320x400 modes 256 color RAM palette with 16 intensity levels per primary color yielding 4096 colors Included three interval timers Not to be confused with VGA Also known as CGA plus the PCjr video subsystem consisted of the Video Gate Array the 6845 and some discrete logic Commonly called TGA essentially the same in function as the video circuitry in the PCjr From 2K to 96K in fact all of the system memory could be used as Video RAM though not all of it was also practically usable at most 32K could be used by any video mode CGA tweaked text mode Up to eight font sets could be stored in video memory All Acorn A series machines A300 A5000 etc except A7000 for mouse pointer No fixed graphics modes any mode can be generated by supplying timings Modes are limited only by analog video bandwidth video RAM or DRAM bandwidth and the minimum refresh rate monitor will accept Definitions for common monitors are supplied up to 1600 1200 256cols SGP Super Graphic Processor some versions supported 65536 16 bit per pixel colors a b relevant only for very early systems with text mode displays possible in software for later systems but not generally relevant Some versions supported 256 out of 65536 colors Interface Age magazine one byte for font and one nibble for color per character assumed Details are very sketchy this is a best guess based on the point addressable mode that there seemed to have been that is the 168 bytes of video memory were reinterpreted as the 4 bit RGBI values of a column of 336 pixels being then reloaded 384 times per frame Details are very sketchy this is a best guess based on 8 8 blocky pixel characters these most likely being of 3x6i high resolution pixels text apparently drawn in blocky pixels on high resolution graphics screen Including the Atari 400 600XL 800 XE XL 65XE 1200XL and 130XE The extremely flexible ANTIC chip can access the entire 64K of addressable memory space But the highest of all possible resolutions could utilize a maximum of 15K for playfield graphics plus 2K for Player Missile Graphics plus 1K for the character set However since multiple redefined character sets are possible the maximum amount of memory in use by ANTIC could be even higher than 18K Scrolling map memory can occupy any amount of available RAM A maximum of 30 Characters can be displayed in a row in PAL In 48 Characters Width mode only 42 44 characters are shown on a normal TV blocky version of 64 80 96x48 60 mode 192 lines is the arbitrary default set by the Operating System when creating display lists Custom display lists can use fewer or more lines into the display overscan area limited to the hardware s 240 maximum scan lines of playfield graphics The default system font includes lowercase letters and graphics characters for drawing lines boxes and graphics on the screen ANTIC also supports a specific Lowercase with descenders mode as part of custom display lists which is not available via a BASIC GRAPHICS mode command In this mode characters are 10 pixels high and occupy either the upper or lower 8 pixels of that height This is not strictly speaking a 40 24 text mode because of the unusual height The character set was easily redirected by changing an ANTIC register allowing the user to create their own character sets with relative ease or built out of the CTIA GTIA s P M Graphics as had to be done with the TIA of the Atari 2600 MSX wasn t a single machine but a standard that was followed by various manufacturers Thus specs vary between various models and standard revisions But from the perspective of the video hardware all MSX1 systems are the same as they use the same video display generator with 16K of Video RAM The Memotech MTX500 MTX512A and RS128 machines all have the same video capabilities the TMS9918 is actually a family of devices The TMS9918A outputs 60 Hz NTSC composite video and TMS9928 and TMS9929 output three separate signals Y R Y and B Y with which either a 60 Hz NTSC TMS9928A or a 50 Hz PAL or SECAM TMS9929A video signal could be created TMS9918 28 based systems in 32 24 text mode the character set is divided in 32 blocks of eight characters each block of eight characters can have a different foreground and background color This can be used in games because it is possible to generate a relatively fast high resolution mode by reprogramming the characters as 8 8 tiles and grouping them together in blocks of eight with the same colors The tiles can then be manipulated quickly through the character pointer table Sprites could be used too in this mode and all 16 colors could be displayed at the same time Another use is to have four identical character sets each with 64 characters in them but with different colors with this character set it is possible to create a 32 24 text mode that can display texts with four different foreground and background colors at the same time on the same screen In 256 192 graphics mode there is a 2 color limitation for each 8 pixel wide line inside a character the MTX character set included only lowercase letters Except for the ASCII character set the MSX standard did not define the character set however most MSX systems sold in the West did have among Greek and other alphabets a large set of semi graphical characters including some for block graphics Some systems even had the pseudo graphic characters printed on their keys Second through fourth revisions of MSX standard significantly extending the machine s capabilities Most notable change was the so called MSX video chip an upgraded version of the TMS9918 VDP used in MSX 1 machines and its upgraded version the Yamaha V9958 and a corresponding memory upgrade Depending on manufacturer or revision It can only be expanded to 192KB by modding the machine a b 26 5 rows aren t supported by default by MSX BASIC but it s easy to enable it vertical only Horizontal scroll limited to 16 pixels by using the screen position adjust register 1 color per line Supports combining sprites as bitplanes to allow 3 or 8 colors per line MSX2 machines and higher featured advanced VDP that was somewhat similar in abilities to the Amiga one It was able to do hardware accelerated scrolling bit copy with logical operations line drawing area filling and even included overlay support digitization mouse and light pen ports Sprite engine was especially powerful allowing preprogrammed movement of multicolored up to 16 colors sprites Several VDP exceptions such as sprite collision and backtracking had special status flags that with skillful manipulation of VDP registers allowed for many visual tricks the P2000M had nothing to do with the P2000T it was a CP M business machine without any special video attributes just 80 24 text Essentially Philips a TV maker simply used a video chip used in their TVs for the display of Teletext I believe it was the SAA5243 but am not completely sure as Philips used many different Teletext chips If there is evidence Philips used another chip please correct original research 96K for FM 77AV and AV20 144K for FM 77AV40 The FM 77AV used twelve AV and AV20 or eighteen AV40 graphics planes four AV and AV20 or six AV40 for each primary color each plane had one bit for each pixel so it used 8000 bytes so 192 bytes per plane went unused The FM 7 used three graphics planes one for each primary color each plane had one bit for each pixel so it used 16000 bytes so 384 bytes per plane went unused due to its use of a separate 6809 processor for graphics the FM 7 could use a massive 48K of RAM for three 16K bit planes each using 16000 bytes and the FM 77AV could use an even more massive 96K AV and AV20 or 144K AV40 but only for 8K bit planes each using 8000 bytes why Fujitsu made this decision is a mystery that way it could have pixels with twelve or eighteen bits to call their own respectively The remaining 16K or more 32 or 112K for FM 77AV and AV20 or 48 or 176K for FM 77AV40 of RAM was used to store fonts and drawing routines To communicate with the main CPU the FM 7 used a shared memory system not unlike the Tube of the BBC Micro Pertaining to the Amiga 1000 Amiga 2000 and Amiga 500 machines a b For DMA memory access and Blitter functions and a Copper co processor a programmable finite state machine that executes a programmed instruction stream synchronized with the video hardware the main video processor Without using overscan the display was 320 low res or 640 hires pixels wide by 200 NTSC or 256 PAL tall It also supported interlacing which doubled the vertical resolution Anything between 2 and 32 unique colors 1 to 5 bitplanes from a 12 bit 4096 colors palette was supported A 6th bitplane was available for either the Halfbrite mode that added a copy of the first 32 colors but with half the intensity or Holds And Modify mode which allowed access to all 4096 colors at once Denise supported eight sprites smooth scrolling and dual playfield For more information see Original Amiga chipset Older versions could only access 512K Chip RAM All text output rendered by Blitter or software in any graphics mode a b 320 256p 640 256p 320 512i or 640 512i in PAL mode The Amiga s hardware engine supports only 8 sprites but with copper support can present the illusion of many more Each sprite is drawn in a certain position until the raster beam has passed it the copper can then instantly change its location and appearance moving it below the raster beam again 3 colors plus a fourth transparent color Two sprites could be attached to make a single 15 color sprite Too many to mention see Original Amiga chipset Pertaining to the Amiga 3000 machines Could do all the things the original Agnus chip could and added support for Productivity 640 480 noninterlaced and Super Highres 1280 200 or 1280 256 display modes which were however limited to only 4 colors Also the blitter could copy regions larger than 1024 1024 pixels in one operation Sprites could be displayed in border regions outside of any display window where bitplanes are shown a b Now In non interlaced too Even more features than the original chipset see Enhanced Amiga chipset used in the CD32 Amiga 1200 and Amiga 4000 AGA is able to do 8 bit pixels which gives 256 colors in normal display mode and 262144 colors in HAM 8 Hold And Modify mode 18 bit color 6 bits per RGB channel Palette for AGA chipset is 256 entries from 16 777 216 colors 24 bit The original Amiga chipset OCS had 4096 colors 12 bit 4 bits per RGB channel of which 32 could be displayed unless in half bright which provided an additional 32 colors fixed at half the brightness of the first 32 or HAM mode Other features added to AGA over ECS were SuperHiRes smooth scrolling and 32 bit fast page memory fetches to supply the graphics data bandwidth for 8 bitplane graphics modes and wider sprites see Advanced Graphics Architecture the CD32 has an Akiko bitmap to planar conversion chip An alternative 80 25 text mode card later also became available YPbPr 40 column mode RGBI 80 column mode Unique in that the system contained two different video circuits with separate outputs All text output produced by software in high res graphics modes Fullscreen up to 26x36 52x36 104x36 Fullscreen up to 208x288 416x288 832x288 with an independent palette of 15 colors but sprite pixels can also be transparent and each logical color can be any of 4096 colors three levels of magnification 1 2 and 4 Independent for X and Y axis Additional screen controls have been added to allow split screen operation and facilitate smooth scrolling The teletext mode only used 1K of memory the others from 8 to 20K as needed Using Teletext mode with the aid of an SAA5050 in this mode the Beeb only needed 1K RAM for 40x25 characters of text by using serial attributes as common in Teletext systems spaced display with two blank horizontal lines following every 8 pixel lines using the 2 3 block graphics of teletext mode Modes 0 to 6 could display a choice of colors from a logical palette of sixteen though only eight colors were available the eight basic RGB colors 0 black 1 red 2 green 3 yellow 4 blue 5 magenta 6 cyan 7 white and eight colors in a flashing state 8 black white 9 red cyan 10 green magenta 11 yellow blue 12 blue yellow 13 magenta green 14 cyan red 15 white black Mode 7 was a Teletext mode and extremely economfical on memory using only 1K In addition the BBC B and the later Master allowed shadow modes where the framebuffer was stored in 20 K of extra RAM mapped to location 0x8000 onwards shadowing the BASIC ROM mapped to that area instead of taking up the user memory below 0x8000 This feature was enabled by setting bit 7 of the mode variable i e by requesting modes 128 135 Teletext graphics using text semigraphics characters unlike the TRS 80 the pseudo graphics characters came in two kinds massive and separate the first is exactly like the TRS 80 the second has each pixel block surrounded by a narrow line of background color Used a chip designed to display Teletext in TV s This video co processor uses serial attributes for its teletext text mode The two main CRT Controller chips were called VINAS 1 2 later models used a chip called VICON The Video Controller was called VSOP or in later models VIPS The separate Sprite Controller was called CYNTHIA Jr in its first incarnation and later just CYNTHIA then last but not least there was the Video Data Selector first called strangely enough RESERVE but later more fanciful CATHY 512KB Text VRAM 512KB Graphic VRAM 32KB Sprite VRAM The X68000 had a separate 768KB Character Generator ROM with fonts for 16 16 8 16 8 8 and JIS 1 2 characters software rendered Hardware scrolling priority control super impose Potentially drawn on graphics screen Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of home computers by video hardware amp oldid 1138098352, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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