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List of Scottish breeds

January 01, 1970


This is a list of domestic animal breeds originating in Scotland. To be considered domesticated, a population of animals must have their behaviour, life cycle, or physiology systemically altered as a result of being under human control for many generations.[1]

Scotland has produced some of the longest-established domestic animal breeds.[citation needed] There are thirty-seven extant animal breeds from Scotland, and three that are extinct. The Soay Sheep has prehistoric origins,[citation needed] and the Galloway breed of beef cattle dates back several hundred years. New breeds have also been developed more recently in Scotland, such as the Scottish Fold cat, which dates from 1961.[2]

The North Ronaldsay Sheep is a most unusual breed, subsisting largely on a diet of seaweed.[3] The Boreray was in 2012 the only sheep breed listed by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust as 'critical', its highest level of concern at that time;[4] in 2022 it was listed as 'at risk', the lower of the two levels of concern of the Trust.[5] Some breeds, such as the Shetland Pony and the Border Collie are well known throughout much of the Western world, whilst others such as the Scots Dumpy chicken are little-known, even at home.[citation needed] Fifteen breeds of dog have Scottish origins, including six terrier breeds.[6] Indeed, the relative isolation of many Scottish islands has led to a preponderance of breeds from these places being represented. Various breeds are now extinct, including the Grice, an archaic and somewhat aggressive pig.[7]

Breeds edit

Cats edit

Breed Image Place and date of origin Status
Scottish Fold   Coupar Angus, 1961 rare[2]

Cattle edit

Breed Image Place and date of origin Status
Aberdeen Angus   Aberdeenshire, Angus, 18th century not at risk[8]
Ayrshire   Ayrshire, before 1800 not at risk[9][10]
Belted Galloway   Galloway, 17–18th century rare[11]
Galloway   Galloway, 700–1100 not at risk[12]
Highland   West Highlands, before 1800 not at risk[13]
Luing   Luing, after 1947 not at risk[14]
Shetland   Shetland, 700–1100 at risk[15]

Chickens edit

Breed Image Place and date of origin Status
Scots Dumpy Highlands, 11th century priority;[16] rare[17]

Scots Grey

  Lanarkshire, 16th century priority;[16] rare[18]

Dogs edit

Breed Image Place and date of origin Status
Bearded Collie   Highlands, 16th century vulnerable native breed[19]

Border Collie

  Scottish Borders, late 19th century not at risk[20]
Border Terrier   Scottish Borders, 1700s not at risk[21]
Cairn Terrier   Scottish highlands, 16th–19th century not at risk[22]
Dandie Dinmont   Skye and Scottish Borders, mid-18th century or earlier vulnerable native breed[22][23]
Golden Retriever   Glen Affric, 1865 not at risk[24]
Gordon Setter   Moray, 1700s vulnerable native breed[25]
Rough Collie   Scottish Highlands, 19th century not at risk[26]
Smooth Collie   Scotland, 19th century vulnerable native breed
Scottish Terrier   Aberdeen, 15th–16th century at risk[22][27]
Scottish Deerhound Probably the Highlands, possibly in the Middle Ages vulnerable native breed
Shetland Sheepdog
or Sheltie 		  1900s not at risk[28]
Skye Terrier   Skye, before 1588 vulnerable native breed[22][29][30]
West Highland White Terrier
or Westie 		  Skye & Argyll, 16th century not at risk[22]

Geese edit

Breed Image Place and date of origin Status
Shetland Shetland, unknown UK and US - priority;[16] critical[31]

Horses edit

Breed Image Place and date of origin Status
Clydesdale   Clydesdale, 1750s at risk[32]
Eriskay Pony   Hebrides critical[33][34]
Highland Pony   Highlands and Islands, 16th century at risk[35][36][37]
Shetland Pony   Shetland, B.C. not at risk[38][39]

Sheep edit

Breed Image Place and date of origin Status

Boreray

  St Kilda, Scotland, 1930s critical[40]

Castlemilk Moorit

  Dumfriesshire, from more ancient Scottish and other breeds including Soay and Shetland, 1900s critical[41][42]

Cheviot

  Scottish Borders, 14th century or earlier not at risk[43]

Hebridean

  Cumbria, probably from sheep from the Hebrides, 19th century rare[44]

North Country Cheviot

  Cheviot Hills, Caithness, Sutherland, 18th century UK and North America[45]

North Ronaldsay

  North Ronaldsay, Iron Age rare[3][46]

Scottish Blackface

  Scottish Borders, about 1500 not at risk[47]

Shetland

  Shetland, Iron Age UK and North America[48]

Soay

  Soay, St Kilda, Neolithic or Bronze Age rare[49][4]

Extinct breeds edit

 
A Paisley Terrier

Prior to their demise, the Paisley Terrier contributed to the bloodline of the Yorkshire Terrier and the Scottish Tan Face to the Boreray sheep. Although Galloway Ponies were praised by Gervaise Markham in the 17th century for their "fine shape, easie pace, pure metall and infinit toughness", true to form Samuel Johnson described them as "common hackneys".[50] It shares its origins with the still extant Fell Pony. A model of the Grice, whose habit of attacking lambs cannot have aided its survival, was recreated by a taxidermist in 2006.[7]

Breed Species Date of Origin Location of Origin Date of extinction
Paisley Terrier or Clydesdale Terrier Dog 19th century Paisley, Clyde Valley 20th century[51]
Galloway Pony Horse 16th century or earlier Galloway post 1901[50]
Grice Pig Unknown Highlands and Islands (also Ireland) c. 1930[7]
Scottish Dunface or Old Scottish Shortwool Sheep Iron Age Highlands and Islands (previously British Isles) late 19th century[52] (Survives as Shetland, Boreray, North Ronaldsay, Hebridean.)

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Zeder MA (2015). "Core questions in domestication Research". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (11): 3191–8. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.3191Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.1501711112. PMC 4371924. PMID 25713127.
  2. ^ a b "Scottish Fold Cat Information". Pet Finder. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  3. ^ a b "North Ronaldsay". Sheep Breeds. Seven Sisters Sheep Centre. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
  4. ^ a b "RBST Watchlist". Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  5. ^ . Kenilworth, Warwickshire: Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived 28 September 2022.
  6. ^ "Dogs from Scotland". InfoDogs. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  7. ^ a b c "Extinct Island Pig Spotted Again". BBC News. 17 November 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
  8. ^ "Angus" Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  9. ^ "The Breed" 29 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine Ayrshire Cattle Society. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  10. ^ "Why Ayrshires" US Ayrshire Breeders' Association. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  11. ^ "Belted Galloway" 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  12. ^ "Galloway History" 14 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Galloway Cattle Society of New Zealand. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  13. ^ "The Highland Breed" Highland Cattle Society. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  14. ^ "History of the Breed" 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine Luing Cattle Society. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  15. ^ "Home" Shetland Cattle Breeders Association. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  16. ^ a b c Watchlist 2017–18. Stoneleigh Park, Warwickshire: Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Accessed May 2017.
  17. ^ "Scots Dumpy chickens at Kintaline Farm" scotsdumpy.co.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  18. ^ " Scots Grey Hens at Kintaline Farm" 25 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine scotsgrey.co.uk Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  19. ^ "Vulnerable native breeds | Getting a dog | the Kennel Club".
  20. ^ "Collie breed history barkbytes.com. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  21. ^ "History of the Border Terrier" 23 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Oberlin University. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  22. ^ a b c d e Initial grouping of several of the highland terriers (including the Scottie) under the generic name Skye terriers has caused some confusion in the breed’s lineage. There is much disagreement over whether the Skye terriers mentioned in early 16th century records actually descended from forerunners of the Scottie or vice versa. See Choosing a Scottish Terrier" Petplace.com. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  23. ^ . Caledonian Dandie Dinmont Terrier Club. Archived from the original on 10 September 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  24. ^ "Golden Retrievers: History" K9web.com. Retrieved 30 November 2007.
  25. ^ "About Gordon Setters" 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Gordon Setter Cub of America. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  26. ^ "History of the Rough Collie" 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine collienet.com. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  27. ^ "Scottish Terrier" Britanica. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  28. ^ "Endemic Vertebrates of Shetland"[permanent dead link] nature-shetland.co.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2009. This source suggests that this is "a debatable breed, the Kennel Club variety probably differing significantly from the dogs that were used in Shetland in the past".
  29. ^ Threlfall, Sine "Breed History" 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Skye Terrier Club Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  30. ^ Savill, Richard (5 July 2006) The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  31. ^ "Shetland Goose" American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  32. ^ Clydesdale Horse Society. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  33. ^ . Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
  34. ^ "Watchlist: Eriskay" 20 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  35. ^ "History of Highland Ponies" 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Strathspey Highland Ponies/freespace.virgin.net. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  36. ^ "Highland Pony" mahalo.com. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  37. ^ Both sources state that fossil remains of the ancestors of the modern breed have been found dating from "60,000 BC" prior to the last Ice Age.
  38. ^ "Breed History" 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Shetland Pony Studbook Society. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  39. ^ "Shetland Pony" 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Equine World. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  40. ^ "Watchlist: Boreray" 6 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Retrieved 20 July 2009. This categorisation indicates that fewer than 300 individuals are known to exist.
  41. ^ . Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University Dept. of Animal Science. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
  42. ^ "Castlemilk Description". Castlemilk Moorit Sheep Society. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
  43. ^ "Cheviot". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University, Dept. of Animals Science. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  44. ^ "History of the Breed" 22 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Hebridean Sheep Society. Retrieved 20 July 2009. The breed is sometimes referred to as "St. Kilda Sheep", although it has no specific connection with the archipelago.
  45. ^ . Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University, Dept. of Animal Science. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
  46. ^ "A historic Introduction". The Native Sheep of North Ronaldsay. Sheep-Isle. Retrieved 23 April 2009.
  47. ^ "Scottish Blackface" sheep101.info/breedsS. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  48. ^ "Shetland". Sheep Breeds - S-St. Sheep101.info. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  49. ^ "A Thumbnail History Of The Soay Sheep Of St. Kilda" Southern Oregon Soay Sheep Farms. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
  50. ^ a b "Galloways and Fell Galloways" 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Fell Pony Museum. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
  51. ^ Bailey, Susan (24 January 2008) "The Evolution Of The Yorkshire Terrier" articlealley.com. Retrieved 21 July 2009. This source suggest the Paisley and Clydesdale were two distinct breeds at one time.
  52. ^ Culley, George (1807) Observations on Livestock London. Wilkie, Robinson et al. pp 146, 160–161. Retrieved 7 July 2010.

January 01, 1970
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This is a list of domestic animal breeds originating in Scotland To be considered domesticated a population of animals must have their behaviour life cycle or physiology systemically altered as a result of being under human control for many generations 1 Scotland has produced some of the longest established domestic animal breeds citation needed There are thirty seven extant animal breeds from Scotland and three that are extinct The Soay Sheep has prehistoric origins citation needed and the Galloway breed of beef cattle dates back several hundred years New breeds have also been developed more recently in Scotland such as the Scottish Fold cat which dates from 1961 2 The North Ronaldsay Sheep is a most unusual breed subsisting largely on a diet of seaweed 3 The Boreray was in 2012 the only sheep breed listed by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust as critical its highest level of concern at that time 4 in 2022 it was listed as at risk the lower of the two levels of concern of the Trust 5 Some breeds such as the Shetland Pony and the Border Collie are well known throughout much of the Western world whilst others such as the Scots Dumpy chicken are little known even at home citation needed Fifteen breeds of dog have Scottish origins including six terrier breeds 6 Indeed the relative isolation of many Scottish islands has led to a preponderance of breeds from these places being represented Various breeds are now extinct including the Grice an archaic and somewhat aggressive pig 7 Contents 1 Breeds 1 1 Cats 1 2 Cattle 1 3 Chickens 1 4 Dogs 1 5 Geese 1 6 Horses 1 7 Sheep 2 Extinct breeds 3 See also 4 ReferencesBreeds editCats edit Breed Image Place and date of origin Status Scottish Fold nbsp Coupar Angus 1961 rare 2 Cattle edit Breed Image Place and date of origin Status Aberdeen Angus nbsp Aberdeenshire Angus 18th century not at risk 8 Ayrshire nbsp Ayrshire before 1800 not at risk 9 10 Belted Galloway nbsp Galloway 17 18th century rare 11 Galloway nbsp Galloway 700 1100 not at risk 12 Highland nbsp West Highlands before 1800 not at risk 13 Luing nbsp Luing after 1947 not at risk 14 Shetland nbsp Shetland 700 1100 at risk 15 Chickens edit Breed Image Place and date of origin Status Scots Dumpy Highlands 11th century priority 16 rare 17 Scots Grey nbsp Lanarkshire 16th century priority 16 rare 18 Dogs edit Breed Image Place and date of origin Status Bearded Collie nbsp Highlands 16th century vulnerable native breed 19 Border Collie nbsp Scottish Borders late 19th century not at risk 20 Border Terrier nbsp Scottish Borders 1700s not at risk 21 Cairn Terrier nbsp Scottish highlands 16th 19th century not at risk 22 Dandie Dinmont nbsp Skye and Scottish Borders mid 18th century or earlier vulnerable native breed 22 23 Golden Retriever nbsp Glen Affric 1865 not at risk 24 Gordon Setter nbsp Moray 1700s vulnerable native breed 25 Rough Collie nbsp Scottish Highlands 19th century not at risk 26 Smooth Collie nbsp Scotland 19th century vulnerable native breed Scottish Terrier nbsp Aberdeen 15th 16th century at risk 22 27 Scottish Deerhound Probably the Highlands possibly in the Middle Ages vulnerable native breed Shetland Sheepdogor Sheltie nbsp 1900s not at risk 28 Skye Terrier nbsp Skye before 1588 vulnerable native breed 22 29 30 West Highland White Terrieror Westie nbsp Skye amp Argyll 16th century not at risk 22 Geese edit Breed Image Place and date of origin Status Shetland Shetland unknown UK and US priority 16 critical 31 Horses edit Breed Image Place and date of origin Status Clydesdale nbsp Clydesdale 1750s at risk 32 Eriskay Pony nbsp Hebrides critical 33 34 Highland Pony nbsp Highlands and Islands 16th century at risk 35 36 37 Shetland Pony nbsp Shetland B C not at risk 38 39 Sheep edit Breed Image Place and date of origin Status Boreray nbsp St Kilda Scotland 1930s critical 40 Castlemilk Moorit nbsp Dumfriesshire from more ancient Scottish and other breeds including Soay and Shetland 1900s critical 41 42 Cheviot nbsp Scottish Borders 14th century or earlier not at risk 43 Hebridean nbsp Cumbria probably from sheep from the Hebrides 19th century rare 44 North Country Cheviot nbsp Cheviot Hills Caithness Sutherland 18th century UK and North America 45 North Ronaldsay nbsp North Ronaldsay Iron Age rare 3 46 Scottish Blackface nbsp Scottish Borders about 1500 not at risk 47 Shetland nbsp Shetland Iron Age UK and North America 48 Soay nbsp Soay St Kilda Neolithic or Bronze Age rare 49 4 Extinct breeds edit nbsp A Paisley Terrier Prior to their demise the Paisley Terrier contributed to the bloodline of the Yorkshire Terrier and the Scottish Tan Face to the Boreray sheep Although Galloway Ponies were praised by Gervaise Markham in the 17th century for their fine shape easie pace pure metall and infinit toughness true to form Samuel Johnson described them as common hackneys 50 It shares its origins with the still extant Fell Pony A model of the Grice whose habit of attacking lambs cannot have aided its survival was recreated by a taxidermist in 2006 7 Breed Species Date of Origin Location of Origin Date of extinction Paisley Terrier or Clydesdale Terrier Dog 19th century Paisley Clyde Valley 20th century 51 Galloway Pony Horse 16th century or earlier Galloway post 1901 50 Grice Pig Unknown Highlands and Islands also Ireland c 1930 7 Scottish Dunface or Old Scottish Shortwool Sheep Iron Age Highlands and Islands previously British Isles late 19th century 52 Survives as Shetland Boreray North Ronaldsay Hebridean See also editFauna of Scotland Shetland animal breeds Scottish inventions and discoveriesReferences edit Zeder MA 2015 Core questions in domestication Research Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112 11 3191 8 Bibcode 2015PNAS 112 3191Z doi 10 1073 pnas 1501711112 PMC 4371924 PMID 25713127 a b Scottish Fold Cat Information Pet Finder Retrieved 14 November 2015 a b North Ronaldsay Sheep Breeds Seven Sisters Sheep Centre Retrieved 23 April 2009 a b RBST Watchlist Retrieved 8 November 2015 Watchlist 2022 23 Kenilworth Warwickshire Rare Breeds Survival Trust Archived 28 September 2022 Dogs from Scotland InfoDogs Retrieved 14 November 2015 a b c Extinct Island Pig Spotted Again BBC News 17 November 2006 Retrieved 1 January 2007 Angus Oklahoma State University Retrieved 21 July 2009 The Breed Archived 29 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine Ayrshire Cattle Society Retrieved 20 July 2009 Why Ayrshires US Ayrshire Breeders Association Retrieved 20 July 2009 Belted Galloway Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Oklahoma State University Retrieved 20 July 2009 Galloway History Archived 14 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine Galloway Cattle Society of New Zealand Retrieved 20 July 2009 The Highland Breed Highland Cattle Society Retrieved 20 July 2009 History of the Breed Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine Luing Cattle Society Retrieved 20 July 2009 Home Shetland Cattle Breeders Association Retrieved 20 July 2009 a b c Watchlist 2017 18 Stoneleigh Park Warwickshire Rare Breeds Survival Trust Accessed May 2017 Scots Dumpy chickens at Kintaline Farm scotsdumpy co uk Retrieved 20 July 2009 Scots Grey Hens at Kintaline Farm Archived 25 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine scotsgrey co uk Retrieved 20 July 2009 Vulnerable native breeds Getting a dog the Kennel Club Collie breed history barkbytes com Retrieved 21 July 2009 History of the Border Terrier Archived 23 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Oberlin University Retrieved 21 July 2009 a b c d e Initial grouping of several of the highland terriers including the Scottie under the generic name Skye terriers has caused some confusion in the breed s lineage There is much disagreement over whether the Skye terriers mentioned in early 16th century records actually descended from forerunners of the Scottie or vice versa See Choosing a Scottish Terrier Petplace com Retrieved 20 July 2009 Dandie Dinmont Terrier History Caledonian Dandie Dinmont Terrier Club Archived from the original on 10 September 2009 Retrieved 21 July 2009 Golden Retrievers History K9web com Retrieved 30 November 2007 About Gordon Setters Archived 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Gordon Setter Cub of America Retrieved 20 July 2009 History of the Rough Collie Archived 16 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine collienet com Retrieved 21 July 2009 Scottish Terrier Britanica Retrieved 20 July 2009 Endemic Vertebrates of Shetland permanent dead link nature shetland co uk Retrieved 20 July 2009 This source suggests that this is a debatable breed the Kennel Club variety probably differing significantly from the dogs that were used in Shetland in the past Threlfall Sine Breed History Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Skye Terrier Club Retrieved 20 July 2009 Savill Richard 5 July 2006 Skye Seven raise hope for breed s survival The Telegraph Retrieved 20 July 2009 Shetland Goose American Livestock Breeds Conservancy Retrieved 20 July 2009 Breed History Clydesdale Horse Society Retrieved 20 July 2009 Eriskay Pony Breeds of Livestock Oklahoma State University Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 Retrieved 19 March 2009 Watchlist Eriskay Archived 20 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine Rare Breeds Survival Trust Retrieved 20 July 2009 History of Highland Ponies Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Strathspey Highland Ponies freespace virgin net Retrieved 20 July 2009 Highland Pony mahalo com Retrieved 20 July 2009 Both sources state that fossil remains of the ancestors of the modern breed have been found dating from 60 000 BC prior to the last Ice Age Breed History Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Shetland Pony Studbook Society Retrieved 20 July 2009 Shetland Pony Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Equine World Retrieved 20 July 2009 Watchlist Boreray Archived 6 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Rare Breeds Survival Trust Retrieved 20 July 2009 This categorisation indicates that fewer than 300 individuals are known to exist Castlemilk Moorit Breeds of Livestock Oklahoma State University Dept of Animal Science Archived from the original on 18 November 2007 Retrieved 27 January 2008 Castlemilk Description Castlemilk Moorit Sheep Society Retrieved 7 April 2009 Cheviot Breeds of Livestock Oklahoma State University Dept of Animals Science Retrieved 15 April 2009 History of the Breed Archived 22 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Hebridean Sheep Society Retrieved 20 July 2009 The breed is sometimes referred to as St Kilda Sheep although it has no specific connection with the archipelago North Country Cheviot Breeds of Livestock Oklahoma State University Dept of Animal Science Archived from the original on 24 February 2009 Retrieved 6 April 2009 A historic Introduction The Native Sheep of North Ronaldsay Sheep Isle Retrieved 23 April 2009 Scottish Blackface sheep101 info breedsS Retrieved 20 July 2009 Shetland Sheep Breeds S St Sheep101 info Retrieved 1 May 2009 A Thumbnail History Of The Soay Sheep Of St Kilda Southern Oregon Soay Sheep Farms Retrieved 20 July 2009 a b Galloways and Fell Galloways Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine The Fell Pony Museum Retrieved 21 July 2009 Bailey Susan 24 January 2008 The Evolution Of The Yorkshire Terrier articlealley com Retrieved 21 July 2009 This source suggest the Paisley and Clydesdale were two distinct breeds at one time Culley George 1807 Observations on Livestock London Wilkie Robinson et al pp 146 160 161 Retrieved 7 July 2010 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of Scottish breeds amp oldid 1209684799, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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