Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. They have high resistance against corrosion. Of the large number of different types, the best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Both of these are imprecise terms. Latten is a further term, mostly used for coins with a very high copper content. Today the term copper alloy tends to be substituted for all of these, especially by museums.[1]
Example of a copper alloy object: a Neo-Sumerian "Foundation Nail" of Gudea, circa 2100 BC, made in the lost-wax cast method, overall: 17.5 x 4.5 x 7.3 cm, probably from modern-day Iraq, now in the Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, USA)
Copper deposits are abundant in most parts of the world (globally 70 parts per million), and it has therefore always been a relatively cheap metal. By contrast, tin is relatively rare (2 parts per million), and in Europe and the Mediterranean region, and even in prehistoric times had to be traded considerable distances, and was expensive, sometimes virtually unobtainable. Zinc was somewhere between these two in terms of rarity at 75 parts per million, but often harder to extract from its ores. Bronze with the ideal percentage of tin was therefore expensive and the proportion of tin often reduced to save cost. The discovery and exploitation of the Bolivian tin belt in the 19th century made tin far cheaper, although forecasts for future supplies are gloomy.
There are as many as 400 different copper and copper alloy compositions loosely grouped into the categories: copper, high copper alloy, brasses, bronzes, copper nickels, copper–nickel–zinc (nickel silver), leaded copper, and special alloys.
The similarity in external appearance of the various alloys, along with the different combinations of elements used when making each alloy, can lead to confusion when categorizing the different compositions. The following table lists the principal alloying element for four of the more common types used in modern industry, along with the name for each type. Historical types, such as those that characterize the Bronze Age, are vaguer as the mixtures were generally variable.
† Chemical composition may vary to yield mechanical properties
Brassesedit
Binary Cu Si phase diagram, the base phase diagram for silicon bronzesBinary Cu Al phase diagram, the base phase diagram for aluminium bronzes, generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/al-elem/alcu/alcu.htm - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/Binary Cu Sn phase diagram, the base phase diagram for bronzes, generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cusn/cusn.htm - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/Binary Cu Zn phase diagram, the base phase diagram for brasses, generated using NIMS Open database https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cu_index.htm Cu-Zn - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat https://computherm.com/
A brass is an alloy of copper with zinc. Brasses are usually yellow in colour. The zinc content can vary between few % to about 40%; as long as it is kept under 15%, it does not markedly decrease corrosion resistance of copper.
Brasses can be sensitive to selective leaching corrosion under certain conditions, when zinc is leached from the alloy (dezincification), leaving behind a spongy copper structure.
A bronze is an alloy of copper and other metals, most often tin, but also aluminium and silicon.
Aluminium bronzes are alloys of copper and aluminium. The content of aluminium ranges mostly between 5% and 11%. Iron, nickel, manganese and silicon are sometimes added. They have higher strength and corrosion resistance than other bronzes, especially in marine environment, and have low reactivity to sulphur compounds. Aluminium forms a thin passivation layer on the surface of the metal.
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Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component They have high resistance against corrosion Of the large number of different types the best known traditional types are bronze where tin is a significant addition and brass using zinc instead Both of these are imprecise terms Latten is a further term mostly used for coins with a very high copper content Today the term copper alloy tends to be substituted for all of these especially by museums 1 Example of a copper alloy object a Neo Sumerian Foundation Nail of Gudea circa 2100 BC made in the lost wax cast method overall 17 5 x 4 5 x 7 3 cm probably from modern day Iraq now in the Cleveland Museum of Art Cleveland Ohio USA Copper deposits are abundant in most parts of the world globally 70 parts per million and it has therefore always been a relatively cheap metal By contrast tin is relatively rare 2 parts per million and in Europe and the Mediterranean region and even in prehistoric times had to be traded considerable distances and was expensive sometimes virtually unobtainable Zinc was somewhere between these two in terms of rarity at 75 parts per million but often harder to extract from its ores Bronze with the ideal percentage of tin was therefore expensive and the proportion of tin often reduced to save cost The discovery and exploitation of the Bolivian tin belt in the 19th century made tin far cheaper although forecasts for future supplies are gloomy There are as many as 400 different copper and copper alloy compositions loosely grouped into the categories copper high copper alloy brasses bronzes copper nickels copper nickel zinc nickel silver leaded copper and special alloys Contents 1 Composition 2 Brasses 3 Bronzes 4 Precious metal alloys 5 See also 6 References 6 1 Bibliography 7 External linksComposition editThe similarity in external appearance of the various alloys along with the different combinations of elements used when making each alloy can lead to confusion when categorizing the different compositions The following table lists the principal alloying element for four of the more common types used in modern industry along with the name for each type Historical types such as those that characterize the Bronze Age are vaguer as the mixtures were generally variable Classification of copper and its alloys Family Principal alloying element UNS numbersCopper alloys brass Zinc Zn C1xxxx C4xxxx C66400 C69800Phosphor bronze Tin Sn C5xxxxAluminium bronzes Aluminium Al C60600 C64200Silicon bronzes Silicon Si C64700 C66100Cupronickel nickel silvers Nickel Ni C7xxxxMechanical properties of common copper alloys 2 Name Nominal composition percentages Form and condition Yield strength 0 2 offset ksi Tensile strength ksi Elongation in 2 inches percent Hardness Brinell scale CommentsCopper ASTM B1 B2 B3 B152 B124 R133 Cu 99 9 Annealed 10 32 45 42 Electrical equipment roofing screensCold drawn 40 45 15 90Cold rolled 40 46 5 100Gilding metal ASTM B36 Cu 95 0 Zn 5 0 Cold rolled 50 56 5 114 Coins bullet jacketsCartridge brass ASTM B14 B19 B36 B134 B135 Cu 70 0 Zn 30 0 Cold rolled 63 76 8 155 Good for cold working radiators hardware electrical drawn cartridge cases Phosphor bronze ASTM B103 B139 B159 Cu 89 75 Sn 10 0 P 0 25 Spring temper 122 4 241 High fatigue strength and spring qualitiesYellow or High brass ASTM B36 B134 B135 Cu 65 0 Zn 35 0 Annealed 18 48 60 55 Good corrosion resistanceCold drawn 55 70 15 115Cold rolled HT 60 74 10 180Manganese bronze ASTM 138 Cu 58 5 Zn 39 2 Fe 1 0 Sn 1 0 Mn 0 3 Annealed 30 60 30 95 ForgingsCold drawn 50 80 20 180Naval brass ASTM B21 Cu 60 0 Zn 39 25 Sn 0 75 Annealed 22 56 40 90 Resistance to salt corrosionCold drawn 40 65 35 150Muntz metal ASTM B111 Cu 60 0 Zn 40 0 Annealed 20 54 45 80 Condensor tubesAluminium bronze ASTM B169 alloy A B124 B150 Cu 92 0 Al 8 0 Annealed 25 70 60 80 Hard 65 105 7 210Beryllium copper ASTM B194 B196 B197 Cu 97 75 Be 2 0 Co or Ni 0 25 Annealed solution treated 32 70 45 B60 Rockwell Electrical valves pumps oilfield tools aerospace landing gears robotic welding mold making 3 Cold rolled 104 110 5 B81 Rockwell Free cutting brass Cu 62 0 Zn 35 5 Pb 2 5 Cold drawn 44 70 18 B80 Rockwell Screws nuts gears keysNickel silver ASTM B122 Cu 65 0 Zn 17 0 Ni 18 0 Annealed 25 58 40 70 HardwareCold rolled 70 85 4 170Nickel silver ASTM B149 Cu 76 5 Ni 12 5 Pb 9 0 Sn 2 0 Cast 18 35 15 55 Easy to machine ornaments plumbing 4 Cupronickel ASTM B111 B171 Cu 88 35 Ni 10 0 Fe 1 25 Mn 0 4 Annealed 22 44 45 Condensor salt water pipesCold drawn tube 57 60 15 Cupronickel Cu 70 0 Ni 30 0 Wrought Heat exchange equipment valvesOunce metal 5 Copper alloy C83600 also known as Red brass or composition metal ASTM B62 Cu 85 0 Zn 5 0 Pb 5 0 Sn 5 0 Cast 17 37 25 60 Gunmetal known as red brass in US Varies Cu 80 90 Zn lt 5 Sn 10 other elements lt 1 Mechanical properties of Copper Development Association CDA copper alloys 6 Family CDA Tensile strength ksi Yield strength ksi Elongation typ Hardness Brinell 10 mm 500 kg Machinability YB 100 Min Typ Min Typ Red brass 833 32 10 35 35 35836 30 37 14 17 30 50 65 84838 29 35 12 16 25 50 60 90Semi red brass 844 29 34 13 15 26 50 60 90848 25 36 12 14 30 50 60 90Manganese bronze 862 90 95 45 48 20 170 195 30863 110 119 60 83 18 225 8865 65 71 25 28 30 130 26Tin bronze 903 40 45 18 21 30 60 75 30905 40 45 18 22 25 75 30907 35 44 18 22 20 80 20Leaded tin bronze 922 34 40 16 20 30 60 72 42923 36 40 16 20 25 60 75 42926 40 44 18 20 30 65 80 40927 35 42 21 20 77 45High leaded tin bronze 932 30 35 14 18 20 60 70 70934 25 32 16 20 55 65 70935 25 32 12 16 30 55 65 70936 33 30 16 21 15 79 83 80937 25 35 12 18 20 55 70 80938 25 30 14 16 18 50 60 80943 21 27 13 10 42 55 80Aluminium bronze 952 65 80 25 27 35 110 140 50953 65 75 25 27 25 140 55954 75 85 30 35 18 140 170 60955 90 100 40 44 12 180 200 50958 85 95 35 38 25 150 170 50Silicon bronze 878 80 83 30 37 29 115 40 Brinell scale with 3000 kg loadComparison of copper alloy standards 6 Family CDA ASTM SAE SAE superseded Federal MilitaryRed brass 833836 B145 836 836 40 QQ C 390 B5 C 2229 Gr2838 B145 838 838 QQ C 390 B4 Semi red brass 844 B145 844 QQ C 390 B2 848 B145 848 QQ C 390 B1 Manganese bronze 862 B147 862 862 430A QQ C 390 C4 C 2229 Gr9863 B147 863 863 430B QQ C 390 C7 C 2229 Gr8865 B147 865 865 43 QQ C 390 C3 C 2229 Gr7Tin bronze 903 B143 903 903 620 QQ C 390 D5 C 2229 Gr1905 B143 905 905 62 QQ C 390 D6 907 907 65Leaded tin bronze 922 B143 922 922 622 QQ C 390 D4 B 16541923 B143 923 923 621 QQ C 390 D3 C 15345 Gr10926 926927 927 63High leaded tin bronze 932 B144 932 932 660 QQ C 390 E7 C 15345 Gr12934 QQ C 390 E8 C 22229 Gr3935 B144 935 935 66 QQ C 390 E9 937 B144 937 937 64 QQ C 390 E10 938 B144 938 938 67 QQ C 390 E6 943 B144 943 943 QQ C 390 E1 Aluminium bronze 952 B148 952 952 68A QQ C 390 G6 C 22229 Gr5953 B148 953 953 68B QQ C 390 G7 954 B148 954 954 QQ C 390 G5 C 15345 Gr13955 B148 955 955 QQ C 390 G3 C 22229 Gr8958 QQ C 390 G8 Silicon bronze 878 B30 878The following table outlines the chemical composition of various grades of copper alloys Chemical composition of copper alloys 6 7 Family CDA AMS UNS Cu Sn Pb Zn Ni Fe Al Other Red brass 833 C83300 93 1 5 1 5 4C83400 8 90 10836 4855B C83600 85 5 5 5838 C83800 83 4 6 7Semi red brass 844 C84400 81 3 7 9845 C84500 78 3 7 12848 C84800 76 3 6 15Manganese bronze C86100 9 67 0 5 21 3 5 Mn 4862 C86200 64 26 3 4 Mn 3863 4862B C86300 63 25 3 6 Mn 3865 4860A C86500 58 0 5 39 5 1 1 Mn 0 25Tin bronze 903 C90300 88 8 4905 4845D C90500 88 10 0 3 max 2907 C90700 89 11 0 5 max 0 5 maxLeaded tin bronze 922 C92200 88 6 1 5 4 5923 C92300 87 8 1 max 4926 4846A C92600 87 10 1 2927 C92700 88 10 2 0 7 maxHigh leaded tin bronze 932 C93200 83 7 7 3934 C93400 84 8 8 0 7 max935 C93500 85 5 9 1 0 5 max937 4842A C93700 80 10 10 0 7 max938 C93800 78 7 15 0 75 max943 4840A C94300 70 5 25 0 7 maxAluminium bronze 952 C95200 88 3 9953 C95200 89 1 10954 4870B4872B C95400 85 4 11C95410 10 85 4 11 Ni 2955 C95500 81 4 4 11C95600 11 91 7 Si 2C95700 12 75 2 3 8 Mn 12958 C95800 81 5 4 9 Mn 1Silicon bronze C87200 13 89 Si 4C87400 14 83 14 Si 3C87500 15 82 14 Si 4C87600 16 90 5 5 Si 4 5878 C87800 17 80 14 Si 4C87900 18 65 34 Si 1 Chemical composition may vary to yield mechanical propertiesBrasses edit nbsp Binary Cu Si phase diagram the base phase diagram for silicon bronzes nbsp Binary Cu Al phase diagram the base phase diagram for aluminium bronzes generated using NIMS Open databases https cpddb nims go jp cpddb al elem alcu alcu htm DOI https doi org 10 48505 nims 3060 and Computherm Pandat https computherm com nbsp Binary Cu Sn phase diagram the base phase diagram for bronzes generated using NIMS Open databases https cpddb nims go jp cpddb cu elem cusn cusn htm DOI https doi org 10 48505 nims 3060 and Computherm Pandat https computherm com nbsp Binary Cu Zn phase diagram the base phase diagram for brasses generated using NIMS Open database https cpddb nims go jp cpddb cu elem cu index htm Cu Zn DOI https doi org 10 48505 nims 3060 and Computherm Pandat https computherm com Main article Brass A brass is an alloy of copper with zinc Brasses are usually yellow in colour The zinc content can vary between few to about 40 as long as it is kept under 15 it does not markedly decrease corrosion resistance of copper Brasses can be sensitive to selective leaching corrosion under certain conditions when zinc is leached from the alloy dezincification leaving behind a spongy copper structure Nordic GoldBronzes editMain article Bronze A bronze is an alloy of copper and other metals most often tin but also aluminium and silicon Aluminium bronzes are alloys of copper and aluminium The content of aluminium ranges mostly between 5 and 11 Iron nickel manganese and silicon are sometimes added They have higher strength and corrosion resistance than other bronzes especially in marine environment and have low reactivity to sulphur compounds Aluminium forms a thin passivation layer on the surface of the metal Bell metal Phosphor bronze Nickel bronzes e g nickel silver and cupronickel Speculum metal UNS C69100Precious metal alloys editCopper is often alloyed with precious metals like gold Au and silver Ag Name Cu Au Ag Other Auricupride Ashtadhatu Fe Hg Sn Zn Billon Hg Chinese silver 58 2 17 5 Zn 11 5 Ni Corinthian bronze CuSil 28 72Dymalloy 20 80 C type I diamond Electrum Green gold 6 23 75 80 0 15 0 4 CdGrey gold Mn Guanin 25 56 18Hepatizon trace traceNiello Pb sulfides Panchaloha Fe Sn Pb Zn Rose red and pink gold 20 50 50 75 0 5Spangold 18 19 76 5 6 AlShakudō 90 96 4 10Shibuichi 40 77 0 1 23 60Tibetan silver Ni Sn Tumbaga 3 97 3 97White gold Ni Zn amount unspecifiedSee also editCopper clad steel Copper alloys in aquaculture Antimicrobial copper alloy touch surfaces Lubaloy C41100References edit British Museum Scope Note for copper alloy Lyons William C and Plisga Gary J eds Standard Handbook of Petroleum amp Natural Gas Engineering Elsevier 2006 National Bronze amp Metals Beryllium Copper Lewis Brass amp Company Copper Alloy Data Cast copper alloy C83600 Ounce Metal substech com a b c Industrial Investment Castings Franklin Bronze retrieved 2009 09 07 Brass and Bronze Alloys archived from the original on 2009 08 25 retrieved 2009 09 08 UNS C83400 retrieved 2009 09 08 UNS C86100 retrieved 2009 09 08 UNS C95410 retrieved 2009 09 08 UNS C95600 retrieved 2009 09 08 UNS C95700 retrieved 2009 09 08 UNS C87200 retrieved 2009 09 08 UNS C87400 retrieved 2009 09 08 UNS C87500 retrieved 2009 09 08 UNS C87600 retrieved 2009 09 08 UNS C87800 retrieved 2009 09 08 UNS C87900 retrieved 2009 09 08 Bibliography edit Oberg Erik Jones Franklin D Horton Holbrook L 1992 Machinery s Handbook 24 ed New York Industrial Press Inc p 501 ISBN 0 8311 2492 X External links editCorrosion tests and standards application and interpretation Copper Development Association 1 Copper Binary Phase Diagrams generation code batch file http www gotrawama eu copperNIMS ramefabio txt using open thermodynamic databases available at NIMS https cpddb nims go jp cpddb periodic htm and a commercial software Computherm Pandat available for free at https computherm com help for use https computherm com docs pandat manual pdf Images of the 34 binary phase diagrams are available at http www gotrawama eu copperNIMS PNG Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of copper alloys amp oldid 1202142634, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
