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List of presidents of Portugal
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The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution that installed a republican regime. This list includes not only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Portugal but also those who de facto served as head of state since 1910. This is the case of Teófilo Braga who served as President of the Provisional Government after the republican coup d'état. Also Sidónio Pais, Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa, as well as Canto e Castro and Óscar Carmona in their early months, were not sworn into office as presidents of the Republic, usually being prime ministers, but de facto accumulated this function, thus combining in practice head of state and head of government in one person. See the notes for more information.
- Top left: Teofilo Braga President of the Provisional Government of the Republic.
- Top right: Óscar Carmona was the longest serving head of state.
- Bottom left: António Ramalho Eanes was the first president elected in democracy.
- Bottom right: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa is the incumbent president.
Presidents edit
The numbering reflects the uninterrupted terms in office served by a single man. For example, Jorge Sampaio served two consecutive terms and is counted as the 19th president (not the 19th and 20th). Teófilo Braga served as the first and sole president of the Provisional Government, and therefore is not considered to be the first president, although he would serve again as head of state and be the second president after the resignation of Manuel de Arriaga. However, Bernardino Machado served two non-consecutive terms, and he is counted as both the third and the eighth presidents. Because of this, the list below contains 20 presidencies, but only 19 presidents.
Under the Constitution of Portugal adopted in 1976, in the wake of the 1974 Carnation Revolution, the president is elected to a five-year term; there is no limit to the number of terms a president may serve, but a president who serves two consecutive terms may not serve again in the next five years after the second term finishes.
The official residence of the president of Portugal is the Belém Palace.
The current president of the Portuguese Republic is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, the winner of the 2016 presidential election and re-elected in the 2021 presidential election.
The colors indicate the political affiliation of each president.
Republican
Democratic
National Republican/Sidonist
Evolutionist Party/Republican Liberal
National Union/Popular National Action
Democratic Renewal
Socialist
Social Democratic
No party/Independent
First Republic (1910–1926) edit
| No. | President (Birth–Death) | Portrait | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| President of the Provisional Government of the Republic (1910–1911) | |||||||
| - | Teófilo Braga[1] (1843–1924) | – | 5 October 1910 | 24 August 1911 | Republican | [2] | |
| Presidents of the Republic (1911–1926) | |||||||
| 1 | Manuel de Arriaga (1840–1917) | 1911 | 24 August 1911 | 26 May 1915[R] | Republican later Democratic Republican[3] | [4][3] | |
| 2 | Teófilo Braga (1843–1924) | May 1915 | 29 May 1915 | 5 October 1915 | Democratic Republican[5] | [4][5] | |
| 3 | Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) | August 1915 | 5 October 1915 | 5 December 1917[C] | Democratic Republican[6] | [4][6] | |
| - | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Sidónio Pais | – | 12 December 1917 | 28 April 1918 | – | [4][7] | |
| 4 | Sidónio Pais[8] (1872–1918) | April 1918 | 28 April 1918 | 14 December 1918[A] | National Republican or "Sidonist"[citation needed] | [4][7] | |
| - | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: João do Canto e Castro | – | 14 December 1918 | 16 December 1918 | – | [9] | |
| 5 | João do Canto e Castro[10] (1862–1934) | December 1918 | 16 December 1918 | 5 October 1919 | National Republican or "Sidonist"[citation needed] | [4][11] | |
| 6 | António José de Almeida (1866–1929) | 1919 | 5 October 1919 | 5 October 1923 | Evolutionist Party later Republican Liberal[citation needed] | [4][12] | |
| 7 | Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860–1941) | 1923 | 5 October 1923 | 11 December 1925[R] | Democratic Republican[citation needed] | [4][13] | |
| 8 | Bernardino Machado (1851–1944) 2nd time | 1925 | 11 December 1925 | 31 May 1926[C] | Democratic Republican[citation needed] | [4][6] | |
Second Republic (1926–1974) edit
| No. | President (Birth–Death) | Portrait | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) (1926–1932) | |||||||
| 9 | José Mendes Cabeçadas[14] (1883–1965) | – | 31 May 1926 | 17 June 1926[C] | Military officer[citation needed] | [4][15] | |
| - | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Manuel Gomes da Costa | – | 17 June 1926 | 29 June 1926 | – | [16] | |
| 10 | Manuel Gomes da Costa[14] (1863–1929) | – | 29 June 1926 | 9 July 1926[C] | Military officer[citation needed] | [4][17] | |
| - | Ministry (Head of State ex officio) President: Óscar Carmona | – | 9 July 1926 | 16 November 1926 | – | [4][18] | |
| 11 | Óscar Carmona[14][19] (1869–1951) | – | 16 November 1926 | 25 March 1928 | Military officer | [4][18] | |
| Estado Novo (New State) (1932–1974) | |||||||
| 11 | Óscar Carmona (1869–1951) | 1928 | 15 April 1928 | 26 April 1935 | Military officer from 1932 National Union | [4][18] | |
| 1935 | 26 April 1935 | 15 April 1942 | |||||
| 1942 | 15 April 1942 | 20 April 1949 | |||||
| 1949 | 20 April 1949 | 18 April 1951[D] | |||||
| - | António de Oliveira Salazar[20] (1889–1970) (interim) | – | 18 April 1951 | 21 July 1951 | National Union | [21] | |
| 12 | Francisco Craveiro Lopes (1894–1964) | 1951 | 21 July 1951 | 9 August 1958 | National Union | [4][22] | |
| 13 | Américo Tomás (1894–1987) | 1958 | 9 August 1958 | 9 August 1965 | National Union from 1970 People's National Action | [4][23] | |
| 1965 | 9 August 1965 | 9 August 1972 | |||||
| 1972 | 9 August 1972 | 25 April 1974[C] | |||||
Third Republic (1974–present) edit
| No. | President (Birth–Death) | Portrait | Elected | Term of office | Political party | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Presidents appointed in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution (1974–1976) | |||||||
| - | National Salvation Junta[24] President: António de Spínola | – | 25 April 1974 | 15 May 1974 | – | [25] | |
| 14 | António de Spínola (1910–1996) | – | 15 May 1974 | 30 September 1974[R] | Military officer | [4][25] | |
| 15 | Francisco da Costa Gomes (1914–2001) | – | 30 September 1974 | 13 July 1976 | Military officer | [4][26] | |
| Presidents elected under the Constitution of the Republic (1976–present) | |||||||
| 16 | António Ramalho Eanes (born 1935) | 1976 | 14 July 1976 | 14 January 1981 | Military officer from 1985 Democratic Renewal | [4][27] | |
| 1980 | 14 January 1981 | 9 March 1986 | |||||
| 17 | Mário Soares (1924–2017) | 1986 | 9 March 1986 | 9 March 1991 | Socialist | [4][28] | |
| 1991 | 9 March 1991 | 9 March 1996 | |||||
| 18 | Jorge Sampaio (1939–2021) | 1996 | 9 March 1996 | 9 March 2001 | Socialist | [4][29] | |
| 2001 | 9 March 2001 | 9 March 2006 | |||||
| 19 | Aníbal Cavaco Silva (born 1939) | 2006 | 9 March 2006 | 9 March 2011 | Social Democratic | [4][30] | |
| 2011 | 9 March 2011 | 9 March 2016 | |||||
| 20 | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (born 1948) | 2016 | 9 March 2016 | 9 March 2021 | Social Democratic | [31] | |
| 2021 | 9 March 2021 | Incumbent | |||||
- Left office early:
- [A] Assassinated.
- [D] Died in office of natural causes.
- [R] Resigned.
- [C] Forced to resign due to a coup d'état.
Timeline edit
Birthplaces edit
class=notpageimage|
Birthplaces of the presidents of the Portuguese Republic. Not shown are Manuel de Arriaga (born in Horta, Azores, Portugal), Teófilo Braga (born in Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal), and Bernardino Machado (born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil).Presidents by time in office edit
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Teófilo Braga served as President of the Provisional Government, the de facto head of government and head of state, from the republican revolution of 1910 to the election of Manuel de Arriaga, the 1st President of Portugal.
- ^ "MRP - Teófilo Braga". www.museu.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- ^ a b "Manuel de Arriaga - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Braga, Paulo Drumond 1965- (2010). "Os Presidentes da República Portuguesa : sociologia de uma função".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Teófilo Braga". PRESIDENCY OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
- ^ a b c "Bernardino Machado - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
- ^ a b "Sidónio Pais - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
- ^ After leading a coup d'état, Sidónio Pais became President of the Revolutionary Junta and later Prime Minister (President of the Ministry). He then abolished the post of Prime Minister, assuming himself as the head of government as President of the Republic. He was assassinated in 1918.
- ^ "Lei Nº 833, de 16 de Dezembro de 1918" (PDF). www.parlamento.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- ^ Canto e Castro was head of the Council of Ministers that served as the head of state of Portugal after the assassination of Sidónio Pais in 1918, from December 14 to December 16. He then became interim president until the election of António José de Almeida.
- ^ "Canto e Castro - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
- ^ "António José de Almeida - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
- ^ "Teixeira Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
- ^ a b c Mendes Cabeçadas, Gomes da Costa and Óscar Carmona were the heads of the revolutionary provisional governments during the year of 1926. Although not called Presidents, they were de facto heads of state.
- ^ "Mendes Cabeçadas - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
- ^ "MRP - Manuel Gomes da Costa". www.museu.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- ^ "Gomes da Costa - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
- ^ a b c "Óscar Carmona - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
- ^ Óscar Carmona served initially as head of the revolutionary government after a counter-coup deposed Gomes da Costa. He was de facto head of state between July 9 and November 16, 1926. However he officially took office as President of the Republic on November 16, 1926. Six years later, in 1932, the Estado Novo was proclaimed and the National Union, the only legal party, was formed by António de Oliveira Salazar. Carmona joined the party and was the party's candidate for every presidential election (that were considered fraudulent) until 1951, when he died.
- ^ António de Oliveira Salazar, the dictatorial President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) occupied the post of president interim between the death of Óscar Carmona and the election of Francisco Craveiro Lopes.
- ^ Alves, Maria Teixeira (2016-12-28). "Site da Presidência exclui Salazar da lista de Presidentes da República". www.jornaleconomico.pt (in Portuguese). Jornal Económico. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- ^ "Craveiro Lopes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
- ^ "Américo Tomás - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-09-04.
- ^ Between the Carnation Revolution on April 25, 1974 and May 15 of the same year, António de Spínola was the head of the National Salvation Junta, being the de facto head of state and government. After May 15 Adelino da Palma Carlos became the Prime Minister, and Spínola continued as de jure head of state as President of the Republic.
- ^ a b "António de Spínola - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ "Costa Gomes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ "Ramalho Eanes - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ "Mário Soares - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ "Jorge Sampaio - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ "Aníbal Cavaco Silva - PREVIOUS PRESIDENTS: - PRESIDENCIA.PT". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ "Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa". www.presidencia.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-10-05.